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PHYSICS PROJECT

ON

MEASUREMENT OF
PLANCKS CONSTANT
THROUGH KNEE
VOLTAGE OF LEDs

NAME :- Ishaan Arora


CLASS :- XII SCIENCE
BOARD ROLL
NO :-
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CERTIFICATE
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THAT I
ISHAAN ARORA OF CLASS
12TH SCIENCE HAS SATISFACTORILY
COMPLETED PHYSICS PROJECT
TITLED
MEASUREMENT OF PLANCKS
CONSTANT USING LIGHT-EMITTING
DIODES THROUGH KNEE VOLTAGE

DURING THE ACADEMIC SESSION


2017-18 UNDER THE SUPERVISION
OF MR. UDAY KANT ROY.

TEACHERS SIGNATURE :-
DATE :-
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I ISHAAN ARORA WISH TO


EXPRESS MY GRATITUDE
AND SINCERE THANKS TO MY
PHYSICS LAB ASSISTANT
MR. SURESH UNDER THE
GUIDANCE OF MY PHYSICS
TEACHER MR. UDAY KANT
ROY FOR THE COMPLETION
OF THE PROJECT.
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CONTENTS
Introduction
History
Advantages
& Disadvantages
Applications
Aim
Apparatus Required
Theory
Procedure
Observation
Conclusion
Precautions
Bibliography
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INTRODUCTION

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Electronic Symbol :-

Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)


convert electrical energy
into light energy. They emit
radiation (photons) of visible
wavelengths when they are
forward biased. This is
caused by electrons from
the n region in the LED
giving up light as they fall
into holes in the p region.
This effect is called
electroluminescence and
the color of the light
(corresponding to the
energy of photon) is
determined by energy gap
of the
Semiconductor.
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HISTORY

LED Invented by: Nick Holonyak Jr. (1962)

Electroluminescence as a phenomenon was discovered in


1907 by the British experimenter H. J. Round of Marconi
Labs, using a crystal of silicon carbide and a cat's-whisker
detector. Russian inventor Oleg Losev reported creation of
the first LED in 1927. His research was distributed in Soviet,
German and British scientific journals, but no practical use
was made of the discovery for several decades. Kurt
Lehovec, Carl Accardo, and Edward Jamgochian
explained these first light-emitting diodes in 1951 using an
apparatus employing SiC crystals with a current source of
battery or pulse generator and with a comparison to a
variant, pure, crystal in 1953.
The first visible-spectrum (red) LED was developed in 1962
by Nick Holonyak, Jr. while working at General Electric M.
George Craford, a former graduate
student of Holonyak, invented the first
yellow LED and improved the brightness
of red and red-orange LEDs

The Plancks constant (denoted h) is a


physical constant that is the quantum of
action.
First recognized in 1900 by Max Planck.
An Old LED
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ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES

Very low voltage and current are enough to


drive the LED.
Voltage range 1 to 2 volts.
Current 5 to 20 milliamperes.
The response time is very less only about 10
nanoseconds.
The device does not need any heating and
warm up time.
Miniature in size and hence light weight.
An LED has a life span of more than 20 years.

DISADVANTAGES

A slight excess in voltage or current can


damage the device.
The device is known to have a much wider
bandwidth compared to the laser.
The temperature depends on the radiant output
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power and wavelength.


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APPLICATIONS
Indicators and signs
Large-area LED displays are used as stadium
displays, dynamic decorative displays, and
dynamic message signs on freeways. Thin,
lightweight message displays are used at
airports and railway stations, and as
destination displays for trains and buses.

Lighting
LEDs are used as street lights. They are also
used in handheld devices such as flashlights.
LED strobe lights or camera flashes

Data communication and other


signaling

Other applications
The LEDs are used extensively in
optical fiber and free space
optics communications. This
includes remote controls, such
as for TVs, VCRs, and LED
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Computers, where infrared LEDs are often
used
Efficiency

> >

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AIM

To measure Plancks
constant using light-
emitting diodes using
Knee voltage.

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APPARATUS
REQUIRED
0-10 V power supply.
One-way key
Rheostat
Ammeter
Voltmeter
1 K resistor
Different known wavelength
LEDs (Light-Emitting Diodes)
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THEORY
an LED

Like a normal diode, the LED consists of a chip of


semiconducting material doped with impurities to
create a p-n junction. As in other diodes, current flows
easily from the p-side, or anode, to the n-side, or
cathode, but not in the reverse direction. Charge-
carrierselectrons and holesflow into the junction
from electrodes with different voltages. When an
electron meets a hole, it falls into a lower energy
level and releases energy in the form of a photon.
The wavelength of the light emitted, and thus its
colour, depends on the band gap energy of the
materials forming the p-n junction. The materials used
for the LED have a direct band gap with energies
corresponding to near-infrared, visible, or near-
ultraviolet light.
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The following table shows the available colours with
wavelength range, voltage drop, and material:

Voltage
Colour Wavelength [nm] Semiconductor material
drop [V]

Gallium arsenide (GaAs)


Infrared > 760 V < 1.63 Aluminium gallium
arsenide (AlGaAs)

Aluminium gallium
1.63 < V < arsenide (AlGaAs)
Red 610 < < 760
2.03 Gallium arsenide
phosphide (GaAsP)

Gallium arsenide
2.03 < V <
Orange 590 < < 610 phosphide (GaAsP)
2.10
Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)

Gallium arsenide
2.10 < V < phosphide (GaAsP)
Yellow 570 < < 590
2.18 Aluminium gallium indium
phosphide (AlGaInP)

Traditional green:
1.9 < V < Gallium(III) phosphide (GaP)
Green 500 < < 570
4.0 Pure green:
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)

2.48 < V <


Blue 450 < < 500 Zinc selenide (ZnSe)
3.7
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An LED is a two-terminal semiconductor light source.
In the unbiased condition a potential barrier is
developed across the p-n junction of the LED. When
we connect the LED to an external voltage in the
forward biased direction, the height of potential
barrier across the p-n junction is reduced. At a
particular voltage the height of potential barrier
becomes very low and the LED starts glowing, i.e., in
the forward biased condition electrons crossing the
junction are excited, and when they return to their
normal state, energy is emitted. This particular voltage
is called the knee voltage or the threshold voltage.
Once the knee voltage is reached, the current may
increase but the voltage does not change.
The light energy emitted during forward biasing is
given as,
hc
E= (1)

where
c - Velocity of light.
h - Plancks constant.
- Wavelength of light.
If V0 is the forward voltage applied across the LED
when it begins to emit light (the knee voltage), the
energy given to electrons crossing the junction is,

= e0 (2)
13

Equating (1) and (2), we get


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0 = (3)

The knee voltage V0 can be measured for LEDs with


different values of (wavelength of light).
hc 1
0 = () (4)
e
Now from equation (4), we see that the slope s of a
1
graph of V0 on the vertical axis vs on the horizontal

axis is

= (5)

To determine Plancks constant h, we take the slope s
from our graph and calculate

=

Using the known value

= 5.33 1028 1

Alternatively, we can write equation (3) as


e
h = 0 (6)
c
and calculate h for each LED, and take the average
of our results.
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PROCEDURE
1. Make connections as shown in the circuit
diagram.
2. Insert the key to start the experiment.
3. Adjust the rheostat value till the LED starts
glowing, or in the case of the IR diode, whose
light is not visible, until the ammeter indicates
that current has begun to increase.

4. Corresponding voltage across the LED is


measured using a voltmeter, which is the
knee voltage.
5. Repeat, by changing the LED and note
down the corresponding knee voltage.
6. Using the formula given and slope of
graph find the value of the Planck's constant.
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OBSERVATION
From Equation

Colour Wavelengt No. of Knee


=
of LED h divisions in voltage
Voltmeter (Kgm2s-1)
/ ( )
( )
(n)
(L.C. X n)
Red 630 38 1.9 6.568 x
10-34
Yellow 590 44 2.2 6.605 x
10-34
Green 510 48 2.4 6.552 x
10-34
Blue 470 52 2.6 6.565 x
10-34
CALCULATION
Least count of Voltmeter = 0.05 V
Mean value of Plancks constant =
(6.568 x 10-34) +(6.552 x 10-34) +(6.565 x 10-34)+(6.605 x 10-34)
4
16

= 6.572 x 10-34 Kgm2s-1


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From Graph

3 V0 vs 1/
2.5
2.6
2.4 Blue
2
2.2 Green
Yellow
1.9
V0

1.5
Red

0.5

0
1587301.59 1694915.25 1960784.31 2127659.57
1/

CALCULATION
Slope from graph (S) = 1.75 X 10-6

Value of Plancks constant ( = )


= 5.33 1028
[ ]
= 1.75 106

= 5.33 1028 1.75 106


= 6.266 x 10-34 Kgm2s-1
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CONCLUSION

The actual (theoretical) value


of Plancks constant is
6.626 x10-34 Kgm2s-1
and the values in the above
experiment are precise as
well as in the close conformity
with the actual value of the
Plancks constant. 18
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Following websites and
books served as a source
for my project: -

=D https://www.google.co.in

=D https://www.wikipedia.org

=D http://vlab.amrita.edu

=D https://www.shutterstock.com
(CREDIT: Images)

=D New Simplified Physics


A. S.L. Arora
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