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  • 28 Density Diference 12 Icosomef 1989

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    28 Density Diference 12 Icosomef 1989

    Diunggah oleh

    Tadeu Castro
    Densidade diferencial

    Hak Cipta:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Unduh sebagai PDF atau baca online dari Scribd
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    andar @ PROCEEDINGS OF THE TWELFTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING RIO DE JANEIRO/ 13-18 AUGUST 1989 EDITOR: PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE OF XII ICSMFE OFFPRINT COMPTES RENDUS DU DOUZIEME CONGRES INTERNATIONAL DE MECANIQUE DES SOLS ET DES TRAVAUX DE FONDATIONS RIO DE JANEIRO / 13-18 AOUT 1989 EDITEUR: COMITE DES PUBLICATIONS DU XI! CIMSTF TIRE-A-PART & A.A.BALKEMA / ROTTERDAM / BROOKFIELD / 1989 124 Cools Tht, Mee. doleg Quo de Termeni GP) a7 The density difference method for relative density control of sand fills La méthode des différences de densité pour le contréle de la densité relative des remblais en sable ‘S.S.SANORONI, Visiting Lecturer, COPPE/UFR4, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Geotechnical Adviser, Engavix SA., Brazil SYNOPSIS: Based on the empirically established fact that in sands the maximum and minimum densities correlate linearly and at 45 degrees, this work presents Zelations between the relative density and the Gifference between field density and minimum density. Experimental data which support the cor relations and basic equations are presented in the texts A methodology for donsity control of sand fills, which has been used with success in several pro Jects is developed and explained. This methodology attenuates the fluctuations of relarive density values and allows adaptations for the case of particularly heterogeneous sand deposits. 1 awrRosucrrox Rolative Density (RD) is defined as: Samay Ba - Bdmir 10 I Fanon Yimin where amex : maximo gry density; Sdwin + mini~ Sum dey density; and tg? in eitu dry deneity. ‘The Maximum and minimum densities ace refer fence values which show both varlabiliey (varia~ Elon of reaules obtained by different. Laborato- ries) and reproducibility [variation of results ina given laboratory) probleme (Zavenae et al 1972) Apat from experinental fluctuations, the re ference values Usually span a considerable ange inany given deposit as 2 consequence of natural heterogeneity. Relative density is widely used in the study of propertics and in specifications for guality Control of sand fills. Tho variability of the Eeference values and the heterogenelty Of the deposits frequently cause awkward situations such Jas excessive scatter and absurdly high or lew relative density values. This work reports = simple procedure for treat- ent of the reference values and relative density dats which mitigates these unconfortable situa~ ‘ons: The procedure {s based on the empirically estabiished fact that minimum and maximin densi~ Eos correlate linearly and has been used suc= cessfully in several jobs. o 2 CORRELATION AND BQUATIONS The valuss of the maximum and minimum densities obtained via the ASTM 2049 procedure for 36, Sands have boon plotted in figure 1a, Included in this figure are sands with D60/DI0 between 1-25, and 25." As can bo seen, the least squares Straight line correlation has an inclination practically identical to 45 degrees. ‘This sana relation has been observed in aeve~ zal heterogeneous sand deposits investigated by Gasp for hydro projects (Ferreira 1986), one of which is show in figure 2. Sinflar trends can bbe found in the Literature such as in Poulos Hea (1972) « Experimefital support, therefore, seems to ex- ist for the relation: @ Lammy +b Fama Fan There will always be scatter of points around relation (2), Let dy be the height of the band formed by two straight Lines parallel and aqui~ distant to (2), and including * of the points. ‘Then the following relation defines the bound= arigs of the band: Comes ® Fania (BBY ay ow, Lf we define Density Difference (00) a8 D0« Yn w equation (1) becomes 2 Lime — RO* FineDD Bquation (5) gives the average value of the re- lative density as a function of band DD. Equation (5) is practically independent of the minimum density value for the Gsual range, say, 12 to 20 KN/m?; and therefore can be used with an average velie of the minimun denssty without Significant lose of accuracy. Also, equation (5) is practically equal to 8D ='Db/b but use 18 not made of this cimpler relation due to the fact that the calculations Involved are slresdy easy enough and thus there is no good reason to in= Exeduce the approxination that vould be involy= ea, Since there is 2 scatter in the minimum density vs. maximum density relation, the DD va. RD re lation will also fluctuate around the average: Tho amplitude of this fluctuation can be obtained by inserting (3) in (3): ep = 22. Fadia , Ach Sie Tb eae eS dh PRR ae (Sr o2008) SJ SSovenoe OI so STRGURN Mey pow Yeo: Mmin 386 (a) Keg 081 00-%- amin ans Figure 1, Study of keveral sands tested via aSTA 2049 ( from several references and jobs ) oo > imox,, | srw 00049) ¢ f 7 cma | ¢ | I / g I i f set A wnast ell i /y (a) ouawereninm z ein 8703) _ 2 oa | Z ‘ LEE a (e a oo ton/n?) , Figure 2, Study of a single heterogeneous deposit ( Ferreira, 1986 ) 310 Tt is convenient to normalize the fluctuation by eliminating DD. Thus, dividing (6) by (3)? deo. batman Ade e Ro = oe elm Gee Equation (7) relates the variation of relative Gonsity with the average relative density as 3 Function of b and dy «As with (5), equation (7) is practically independent” of the minimum dens ity'value and so can be used without Llosa of ac= curacy with an average Value Of minimum density. 3 metHopoLocy ‘the proposed procedure involves the following steps (follow wien figure 1)? Ty obtain a representative quantity of maximum and minimun deneity valuse and plot thes against each other. 2. Through the mean point of the data trace a straight line with an inclination of 43 degrees @ieiersse tine)" oneain the value p as the ait ference betweeh the maximan and minimum densicy values at any point of this Lise’ 3. Draw two Straight lines parallel to and equidistant fron the average line, so that) & of the points are included in the band. thd hogone cP tale band’ will Bey a ‘with the value Of b and the average value of the minimum density, woe formula (5) to pro @ace a graph relating DD to the RD. This ie the average DD vs. RD relation. 5. mith the values band dy, use formula (7) and obtain. RD/#D. calculated the value of bRD for a fow values of RO and draw the band of #9 yalues which will be. RD/2 above and” RD/2 Be Yow the average Dp vs. RD reletion obtained in a. 4 PRACTICAL COMMENTS 4.1 Simplicity of the field tests The field testing procedures connected with the present methodology ie very simple and quick to carry out. Apart from the ia sstu density, the 25 2s er Binsmam conssey Sa needed, this is beained ina few minutes using the sane macer= jal collected for the in situ test and with no need for special equipment utilizing the AST 2043 procedure. Te ie advisable to make three determinations of tho minimam density and to fake the average value, A place far from the vibrations of the constrvetion activities must be chosen to carry out the tests, 4.2 choice of the deposits value in very heterogeneous ‘The width of the band in the DD vs. RD graph de~ pends on the scatter of the maxinua vs. minimum density relation which is reflected in’ the value Of a.” If the scatter jn the maximum vs. mini mun gvaph is large, the RO range may become, mach larget.in such a cade, ost probably, any other method’ of treating the relative density data Would aiso run into trouble. With the present methodology we might reduce ‘the n value, leaving 2 larger portion of the points outside the band Considered in the maximum ve. minimum graph. 4,3 specifications for small jobs in the caso of small to medium fills where there might not be tine or resouross for a detailed testing campaign, use may be made of the act that any clean sand, say with up to St fines, with or without small dnounts of gravel or mica, wll be~ Yong to the set collected in figure 1. therefore, part (b) of this figure can be used a a basic ro~ ference pb vs. RD curve. Por example, if DD= 2.10 ki/m?, the relative density of practically any Sand Will be between sone S08 and #58. In ocher words, it will suffice to specify an acceptable bp value based on figure Ib- 4.4 major file In large jobs the present methodology should be used as 2 "data base" which se started in the di Sign phase and grows during the construction stage by Including the results of the quality contol tests. At any time, evaluations can be made about Changes in the chafacteristies of the source depo- Sit and corresponding adaptations oan be inple= mented, Such as a change in the b or dy values or Hevgrouping of data in wore convenient sets. REFERENCES Ferreira, R.C. (1986). Personal communication. Poulos, $7. i Med, &. (1972). Density neasure- ment ina hy@raulie #111. AsmM, 0° 523, tavenas, F., Ladd, B.S. & ig Rochelle, P. (1972). ‘Accuracy Of relative density measurements: Re~ Suits of a comparative test program, ASIN, STP 523, ait ‘New & recent publications Publications Committe ofthe XII ICSMFE (eds) 906191 890 1 Proceedings ofthe 12th international Conference on Soil Me- chanics and Foundation Engineering Rio de Janeiro, 13-18 ‘August 1959 Comptes rendus du 12bme congrésinterna- tionale de mécanique des sos et des travaux de fondations Rio de Janeiro, 13-18 a0ds 1989 1989, 30 em, .2500 pp, 5 vols, iL.1250 /$580.00/£355 ‘The most important confereace on soil mechanics & foundation engineering held every four years. Al papers were selected and reviewed by the national societies ofthe ICSMFE. Recent devel- ‘opments in laboratery strength & deformation testing: SPT,CPT, ressuremeter testing recent developments in in-sis testing: Selection of design parameters fr dam foundations; Offshore exploration & foundations; Construction problems related toexca- vation on sft rocks; Engineering properties & design assessment of tropical soils; Collapsible de swelling soil; Geotechnical prop- erties of coarse grained soils; Selection of design parameters for underground constuction; Probabilistic approaches in geotech- nical engineering, Model esting: Anchors & injected piles; Large diameter piles; Driveabity of piles; Static & dynamic esting of Foundation of transmission towers; Reinforced sol slopes & ‘walls; Grouting & other forms of ground iny Soll freez- japhragm & sary walls; Control of landslides & instumentation; Slope stability in residual soils & weathered rocks; Filters (natural material & geotextils); Road & earthwork ‘constructions on soft soil; Land subsidence; Environmental con- ‘woof toxic wastes; Earthquakes; te. ‘WEVan Impe 906191 8057 Soilimprovement techniques & thelr evolution 1988, 25cm, 131 pp.,H-70/$35.00/£20 Inroduetion; Temporary sol improvement techniques; Permanent suilimprovement without addition of any material; Permanent soil ‘improvement by adding materials, Testing the completed soilim- provements; General conclusions; Auhor: Ghent State University Babb, EE. & BLHarod (eds) 9061918766 Landslides: Extent and economic significance — Proceedings of ‘the 28thinternational geologic congress symposium on land- slides, Washingion DC. 17 July 1989 1989, 30m, 399 pp, Hl. 135 /$60.00 £38.50 ‘The fist systematic documentation of the exient & expense ofthe landslide problem in more than 100 countries & subsea areas. It provides an overview of factors that contribute to lndsliding, suchas precipitation, eathquake shaking, volcanism, & weak geologic units, Summaries of dominant landslide mechanisms & ‘descriptions of major destructive landslides are included. 36 apes. Editors: Geological Survey, Menlo Park Calif USA. Bonnard, Ch.) 9061918375 Landslides Proceedings ofthe Sthinternaional symposium, Lausanne, 10-15 July 1988 1988-89, 30cm, c.1500 pp. 3 vols, Hf.ASS /$275.00/£130 Geology & selection of parameters; Monitoring methods & Held measurements; Analysis methods & forecasting betuviour, ran- age & stabilization; Evaluation & appraisal risks of instability. 906191 8162 Geomechanics in tropical solls- Proceedings ofthe second international conference Singapore, 12-14 December 1988 1988, .700 pp, 2vos, Hl. 195 /$95.00/£55 (Characterization, dentiication& classification tropical soils; En- gineering properties; Stability of slopes & excavations; Founda- ‘ons of buildings; Construction of dams, roads, ariel, harbours 4& land reclamation. Editors: Nanyang Techn Inst, Singapore. Bare, J. & R-Gourvts (eds) 9961919843 Powder and grains Proceedings ofan international congress umiromechanics of graar medi, Clemont Ferrand. 4-8 September I 7 1989, 25 om, 528 pp, Hi 160 /$75.00 £46 “Micromechanics of granular mea arose from the necessity to understand beter the relationships between the global behaviour ‘ofsuch materials and the discrete phenomenoms which occur at tho level of particles, Geometry; Grain mechanics; Stochastic approach & protabilty; Mechanics ofthe continvous equivalent media; Industrial aspects forthe powder & grain; et. Editors: ‘Ecole Cenrale de Paris & CUST, Univ Blaise Pascal de Clermont. Ferand, ‘Alemayehu Tefera & Edgar Schultze 906191 8049 Forme, charts ond ables inthe areas of soilmechanics and foundation engineering Siesesin soils Formely, Tafeln und Tabelln aus dem Gebiet Grundbau und Bodenmechanik -Bodenspannurgen 1988, 25cm, 300 pp. HIL.95 /$45.00/£27 “This handbook s theres of many years of arduous work of systematically electing the seared scientist that is highly valabl to students and practicing enginersin he fies of soll mechanics and foundation engineering. The meitof the hand- took ie not only inthe ofimportant information hat ‘is normally not easily accessible to students and practicing en- _gincers, butalso in the provision of adequate illustrative examples ‘hat wl facilitate ie aplication of the formule chars and tables, norderto give he user the ediional possibility wreferto the original works, references are given at the end of each topic. -Elastic-isotropic half-space (Surface; Loads in half-space); Two layers - Vera surface loading Pont oats Line loads Strip Joading, Uniformly distributed rectangular loads: Axial symme- tee load; Loading with any shape; Swesses at ineace); Maliple ayers (Stresses at interfaces; Circular uniform loading). Authors: ‘Adis Ababa Universiy & Geman Academic Exchange. Waller, Bruce F & Robin ell (eds) 9061917301 ‘Sollslope instability and stabilisation Proceedings ofthe ex. ‘tension cows, Sydney, 30 November -2 December 1987 1987,25 cm, 448 pp, Hl.120/$59.00/£34 Landslide classification, geomorphology, & site investigations; Determination of drained shear strength for slope stability aral- ysis; Methods of stability analysis; Groundwater prediction; ec. Jones, RH. & LTHolden (eds) 906191 9243 Ground freezing 88 — Proceedings ofthe ifthinernatonal sym: positon, Notingham, 26-27 uly 1988 1988-89, 25em,c.600pp, 2vols, HI.135 /$70,00/£38.50 eat & mass transfer (Thermal propertics & their measurement, ‘mathematical modelling of feezing& thaseng, frost heave & ‘heaving pressure, ec); Mechanical properties (Strest-staintime ‘behaviour, changes in mechanical properties, ek); Engineering

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