Mechanical Engineering Laboratory

Report

Impact of jet

Name (as in SEGi ID): _Bandar Khaled Bamuqabel_

Student ID: ___SUKD1603137_____________________

Group ID: _____F4__________________________________

Course Code: EME3411 ________________________________

Course Name: Laboratory Investigations 2_________________

Submission Date: _______2017-10-10_________________________

Abstract :
In this experiment, we verify the momentum equation experimentally
through impact of jet experiment. To compare difference forces as 0.6N,
0.9N, 1.3N and 1.5N generated by impact of jet on deflectors of various
shapes for instance Plate and Cone. Use stopwatch to calculate the flow
time of 10 liters of water and calculate the flow rate and velocity of the
water by equation below. Compare the experimental results to the
theoretical results. Also to understand how forces can affect the change
of momentum flow in the jet .

Introduction :
The Impact of a Jet experiment shows the force produced by a jet of
water as it strikes a flat plate or cone. The study of these reaction forces
is an essential step in the subject of mechanics of fluids which can be
applied to hydraulic machinery such as the Pelton wheel and the impulse
turbine .

i. For Plate:

Fth = V (W1 W2)

If W2 = 0 then ,
Fth= V W1

i. For Cone:

Fth = V (W1 W2x)

If = 45 then,
W2 = - W1 cos
W2x= W2 cos
Fth = V W1 (1+ cos2 )
The velocity, W1 of the jet from the nozzle is calculated from the
volumetric flow V and the cross-sectional area, AD of the nozzle:

4
1 = =
2

2
where, =
4

Nozzle diameter, d = 10mm

Objective :
- To investigate the momentum equation experimentally produced by
the impact of a jet of water on to various target vanes.
-To understand how this force affects the rate of momentum flow in the
jet .

APPARATUS :
HM150 impact of jet
* as shown in Figure 1
- Loading weights
Lever -
-mechanism
-Deflector
-Nozzle
-Perspex vessel
-Drain connection
-Base plate
-Inlet connection
-Various deflectors (Plate cone )
-A set of weights - stop watch
PROCEDURES:
1- Ensured that the unit is in proper operating condition
.2.Made a hose connection and connected the unit to the nearest power
supply
.3.Opened the discharge pipe.
4. Assembled plate deflectors. Loosen the 3 screws (3) on the cover
(4).Removed the cover together with the lever mechanism.
5. Fitted appropriate deflector. Tighten lock nut (2) on the rod. Screwed
cover back onto vessel.
6. Used adjusting screw (5) to set pointer to zero (7).
7. Applied desired 0.3N loading weight: 0.6N, 0.9N, 1.3N, , and 1.5N.
8. Closed main clock.
9. Switched on the pump and opened main cock until pointer is on zero
again.
10. Closed drain cock and determined volumetric flow rate. Used
stopwatch to establish time required for raising the level in the
volumetric tank from 4 to14 liters.
11. Switched off pump and opened drain.
12. Repeated all the steps above for deflector cone)

Result :
Table 1.1 Results of Measurement for 90 deflection
Deflector Plate (90 deflection)
Force F in Flow rate in liter per
Measuring time in second
N second
0.6 63 0.1587
0.9 65 0.1538
1.1 36 0.2778
 1.5 33 0.3030
Measured volume: 10 L

Table 1.2 Results of Measurement for 45 deflection

Deflector Cone (45 deflection)
Force F in Flow rate in liter per
Measuring time in second
N second
0.6 66 0.1515
0.9 66 0.1515
1.1 48 0.2041
1.5 38 0.2732
Measured volume: 10 L

Table 2.1 Results of Force Calculation for 90 deflection

Deflector Plate (90 deflection)

Flow rate V in Velocity w1 in Calculated Measured Percentage
liter per m/s force Fth in N force F in N error
second
0.1587 2.0206 0.3108 0.6 48.2 %
0.1538 1.9582 0.3012 0.9 66.53 %
0.2778 3.5371 0.9827 1.1 10.66 %
0.3030 3.8579 1.1689 1.5 22.07 %

Table 2.2 Results of Force Calculation for 45 deflection

Deflector Cone (45 deflection)
Flow rate V in Velocity w1 in Calculated Measured Percentage
liter per m/s force Fth in N force F in N
error
second
0.1515 1.9290 0.2922 0.6 51.3 %
0.1515 1.9290 0.2922 0.9 67.53 %
0.2041 2.5987 0.5304 1.1 51.78 %
0.2732 3.4785 0.9503 1.5 36.65 %

The flow rate is calculated using the formula =

The volume is fixe for all two deflectors: V=10 L

Here is the simple graph comparing between experiment and theoretical

result

1.6 deflector plate (90 deflection )

1.4

1.2

1
Deflector Plate

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
10 20 30 40
Experimental Value 0.3108 0.3012 0.9827 1.1689
Theoretical Value 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.5

1.6
1.4
deflector cone
1.2
1
Deflector Cone

0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
10 20 30 40
Experimental Value 0.2922 0.2922 0.5304 0.9503
Theoretical Value 0.6 0.9 1.1 1.5
Discussion :
Discussion differences obtained from the experiment as compared to
theoretical calculation
A theoretical said that to hold impact surface stationary is obtained by
applying yhrintegral forms of the continuity and momentum equations.
The details of the model depend on whether or not the fluid stream
leaving the impact surface is symmetric relative to the vertical axis of the
surface however from the experiment its obviously there is a bit
differences from theoretical that is more accurate rather than
.theoreticalcalculation.2

Discuss possible factors influencing the results of the experiment

1- Error when taking readings.
2- Parallax error occur reading.
3-Vibration occurs when the reading is being taken to influence the
meter reading on the equipment.
4-Damage to pointer screw.
From the table its seemed that the relation between velocity and the
measured force are proportional, increasing in force led to increase the
velocity of the water, and that was in both deflectors ( cone and plate )
Also, the table 1.2 of measurement of cone ( 45 deflection ) show that
increasing of the flow rate and force take less time . For example 0.6 N
and 0.15 of flow rate took 66 second, other side, 1.5N and 0.273 of flow
rate took 38 second. Same relation found it at plate deflector.
From the graphs, its seemed that the theoretical value of the force are
higher than experiments values. For instant, at plate deflectors the
theoretical value of force was 1.1 N and the experiment value was 0.98N
which is about 10% of error.
Conclusion:
As a conclusion, this experiment gives a better understanding about fluid
pressure and its related machines. To investigative the effects of a jet
flow on differently shaped targets, comparing theoretical predictions
with actual measurements. Its another way to understand fluid pressure
by using the pressure to accelerate the fluid to a plate by adding high
velocity in a jet which in result will generate Force due to impulse Both
of the forces will have directly proportional relation. Theoretically, the
calculated force should be the same as the measure force. However, this
cannot be achieved experimentally due to the errors made during the
experiment.

REFERENCES:
1- White, F.M. and Frank, W. (2003) Fluid mechanics - 5th edition.5th
.edn. NewYork, NY: McGraw Hill Higher Education
2- R.K. Bansal 1983, A Textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic
Machines, 1st Edition, Laxmi Publications (P) Ltd, India .
3- Janna, W.S. (2009) Introduction to fluid mechanics, fourth edition. 4th
edn. BocaRaton: Taylor & Francis
4- Rama Durgaiah, 2002, Fluid Mechanics and Machinery, 1st
Edition, New Age International (P) Ltd, India.
5- Munson, Young, and Okiishi. Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics, Fifth
Edition.Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.