HEAT LOAD
INSTITUTE OF ESTIMATIONS
EXCELLENCE
ISHRAE
INDIAN SOCIETY OF HEATING
REFRIGERATING AND AIR-
CONDITIONING ENGINEERS
ISHRAE INSTITUTE OF EXCELLENCE (IIE) was conceived after an intense deliberation and
pondering over the pros and cons of different seminars and workshops conducted by ISHRAE and
ASHRAE for the HVAC&R and allied subjects in order to provide a beneficial learning Institute of
Excellence. The aspirants are those who are eager to enhance their professional competency in pace
with & up to date with worldwide technological advancement.
The HVAC & R industry is facing acute shortage of Skilled Manpower at all levels, Further there has
been no adequate technical Training and Refresher courses for such Team of Engineers. Keeping this
in mind, IIE, Bangalore has been instrumental in organising Refresher Courses for the Working
Engineers. The course has been designed in such a way that the programs are conducted in the
evenings and during week ends. IIE Bangalore could refresh more than 500 Engineers so far.
It is the wish of IIE Bangalore that such dissemination of Knowledge should not stop at Bangalore and
should spread to all places. As such IIE has consolidated the lecture notes and has prepared a Power
point presentation of such lectures so that all IIE Centers in the country can take the benefit. The
notes and the power point presentation will come in handy for the IIE Centres and the Faculties so
that the courses can be conducted with ease.
The Refresher course notes by and large are compiled from the Seminars and Workshops conducted by
ISHRAE Bangalore Chapter over the years.
Further IIE Bangalore has taken a positive step to work with the Industry and Institutions. IIE in
association with ISHRAE Bangalore Chapter and ASHRAE South India Chapter is planning to facilitate
the industry to draw Manpower from Engineering Colleges, Polytechnics, ITIs and Cream of Science
Graduate and train them in such a way that they can be used directly by the industry. This is at a
time when the industry is facing shortage of manpower as well as shortage of time in training such
manpower.
I take this opportunity to thank the Trustees of ISHRAE Foundation Trust, Core Management Committee
members, Faculties and the ISHRAE Head Quarters for their support in the great work of Dissemination
of Knowledge.
As Knowledge is Power, please make use of these Refresher course Notes and reap the best of the
benefits.
Wish you all the Best!
D. NIRMAL RAM.
CHAIRMAN,
IIE, IFT Bangalore
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
IIE acknowledges with thanks the following eminent personalities whose lectures are used to compile
this refresher course materials.
Bibilography :
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Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations
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Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations
A=Area of the separating section in sqft. More heat is reflected and less heat is transmitted inside
the conditioned area if the angle of incidence is more.
T1=Average air temperature in adjacent space deg. F
The total solar heat gain in the conditioned area is the
T2= Air temperature in conditioned space deg. F heat transmitted together with around 40% of the heat
U=1/R where R=Addition of thermal resistance of all absorbed by the glass windows.
the surfaces coming in between the conditioned space Depending on the latitudes, for each month in a year
and adjacent space. (Refer tables for Thermal and for different exposures and on different timings
Resistance R of various building and insulating there are tables for the solar heat gain. This solar heat
materials). gain in Btu /hr/sqft. area is multiplied with the area of
the glass and the factor depending on the shade. For
SOLAR HEAT GAIN THROUGH GLASS ordinary glass the factor is 1.0 whereas for inside
Venetian blinds of light color the factor is 0.56.
The heat from the sun is partly scattered, partly
reflected and partly absorbed by the atmosphere.
The scattered radiation is called as diffused
radiation. The solar heat which directly comes through
the atmosphere is termed as direct radiation. It enters
the air-conditioned space through glass windows and
is absorbed by the objects and air in the conditioned
area. Ordinary glass absorbs a smaller percentage of
the solar heat say round 6% and reflects or transmits
the remaining. The amount of reflection is dependent
on the angle of incidence which is the angle between
the perpendicular to the glass surface and the sun rays.
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Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations
SOLAR AND TRANSMISSION HEAT GAIN the film coefficient, when working out the transmission
THROUGH EXPOSED WALLS: co-efficient. It is the resistance offered by the film of
air which clings to the surface of the wall. The
Heat flows from higher level to the lower whenever
resistance is more when the air is still and is less when
there exists a temperature difference. The rate at
there is wind velocity.
which the heat flows inside varies with the resistance
imposed by that material. The solar heat gain on Whenever a false ceiling is provided in a room having
the exposed wall does not become an instantaneous an exposed roof, the space enclosed between the
room load. The heat is absorbed by the external false ceiling and the roof is called as attic space. If
wall and is conducted slowly into the inner layers this attic space is not properly ventilated the space
of the wall and only the convected and radiated temperature may exceed the outside temperature.
heat from the inner surface of the wall is the room The space temperature can be worked out
load. Due to this unsteady state of heat flow it is a considering that the rate of heat flow from outside
general practice to consider an equivalent into the attic space is equal to the rate of flow of
temperature difference. The equivalent heat from the attic space into the room.
temperature difference is the temperature
difference that results in total heat flow through TRANSMISSION GAIN THROUGH
the structure as caused by the variable solar radiation GLASS & PARTITIONS
and outdoor temperature. There will be heat transmission through the glass apart
The reciprocal of the total resistance offered by the from the solar gain due to the difference in
wall is called the transmission coefficient U. It is temperature between the conditioned and non-
the rate at which the heat is transferred through conditioned space. Similarly partitions/ceiling/floor
the wall and is expressed in BTU/hr/Sq.ft/deg.F will also have heat transmission. They are worked
temp. diff. The equivalent temperature difference out by considering the area, temperature difference
for different thickness of walls with different and the factor.
exposures and timings are available in the tables
enclosed. These equivalent temperature differences INTERNAL LOADS
are worked out with an outside temperature of 95
deg. F and an inside temperature of 80 deg.F. As PEOPLE
such corrections to equivalent temperatures are to
Heat is generated within a human body by
be made for different conditions. Unlike the heat
metabolism. The metabolic rate depends on the
gain tables for glass which constitutes only the solar
nature of activity. The enclosed table will give the
gain and not the transmission gain, this equivalent
sensible and latent load due to personnel depending
temperature considers the solar heat as well as the
on the type of activity and the inside temperature.
transmission heat gain due to the difference in
Before the heat load estimation, the exact number
temperature between outside and inside conditions.
of persons inside the conditioned area has to be
In addition to the resistance offered by the various
ascertained properly for an accurate estimation.
components in the wall, we have to take into account
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Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations
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Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations
and the apparatus dew point multiplied by the factor otherwise will cause a cold blast on the occupants. The
(1-bypass factor). Effective room sensible heat over dehumidified air quantity and the bypassed air is the
1.08 and the temperature rise gives the dehumidified total air quantity on which the equipment is selected.
air quantity which has to be pumped into the room to Similarly for applications such as clean rooms minimum
offset the room load and to meet the design conditions. required air changes are required to be met. During
such occasions also more air will be bypassed across
In high latent load applications the dehumidified air
the cooling coil.
quantity will work out to be low. In such cases some air
has to be bypassed across the cooling coil to reduce
the temperature of air entering the room which
ERSH
cfmda = (1) 60
1.08 x (1-BF)(t rm- tadp) 1.08 = 0.244 x 13.5
ERTH
cfmda = (3)
4.45 x (1-BF)(hrm - 60 1076
0.68 = x
hadp) 13.5 7000
GTH
cfmda = (6) 4.45 = 60
4.45 (hea- hla) 13.5
where 6 0 = min/hr
RSH 13.5 = specific volume of moist air at
cfmsa = (7) 70 F db and 50% rh
1.08 x (trm-tsa)
RLH
* RSHS, RLHS and GTHS are supplementary loads
cfmsa = (8)
.68 x (Wrm- Wsa) due to duct heat gain, duct leakage loss, fan and pump
horsepower gains, etc. To simplify the various
examples, these supplementary loads have not been
RTH used in the calculations. However, in actual practice,
cfmsa = (9) these supplementary loads should be used where
4.45 x (hrm- hsa)
appropriate.
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Ishrae Institute of Excellence, Chennai Heat Load Estimations
Estimated by : Date :
Job Name Estimated for Local Time Peak Load LOCAL TIME
Address SUN TIME
Space Used for CONDITIONS DB WB %RH DP Gr/Lb
Size X = Sq.Ft.X = Cu.Ft.
Item Area or Sun Gain or Factor Btu/Hour Outside
Quantity Temp. Diff.
Room
SOLAR GAIN GLASS
Glass Sq Ft X X Difference XXX XXX XX
Glass Sq Ft X X Selected Room Conditions DB WB %RH
Glass Sq Ft X X
VENTILATION
Glass Sq Ft X X People X Cfm/Person=
Sky light Sq Ft X X INFILTRATION
SOLAR & TRANS. GAIN - WALLS & ROOF Sq. Ft.X Cfm/sq. ft =
Wall Sq Ft X X Cfm Ventilation *
Wall Sq Ft X X SWINGING/
Wall Sq Ft X X REVOLVING DOORS - PEOPLE X CFM/PERSON =
Open doors X CFM/DOOR =
Wall Sq Ft X X
Exhaust Fan
Wall Sq Ft X X Crack Feet X Cfm/Ft =
Roof Sun Sq Ft X X CFM OUTSIDE AIR THRU APPARATUS *
Roof Shaded Sq Ft X X SENSIBLE HEAT FACTOR & APPARATUS DEWPOINT
TRANS GAIN EXCEPT WALLS & ROOF
All Glass Sq Ft X X (A) Eff. room Sens. Heat (ESHF)
=
Partition Sq Ft X X (C) Eff. room total Heat Sens Heat Factor
Ceilling Sq Ft X X
Indicated ADP F Selected ADP F
Floor Sq Ft X X
(1-BF) X (Room Temp-ADP) = Dehumidified rise F
INFILTRATION AND OUTSIDE AIR
Infiltration Cfm X X 1.08
Room Sensible heat = Dehumidified CFM
Outside Air Cfm X FX BF X 1.08
1.08 X Dehumidified rise
INTERNAL HEAT
NOTES
People People X
Power H.P./KW X
LIghts Wa tts X 3.4
Appliances, Etc X 3.4
X
ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT
Supply Supply Fan Safety
Duct Duct H.P.% Factor
Heat Gain% Leak Loss%
EFFECTIVE ROOM SENSIBLE HEAT (A)
ROOM LATENT HEAT
Infiltration Cfm X gr/lb X 0.68
Outside-Air Cfm X gr/lb X BF X 0.68
People People X
Steam lb/hr X 1080
Appliances, Etc
Vapor Tran.
Room Latent Heat SubTotal
SUPPLY DUCT % + SAFETY FACTOR %
LEAKAGE LOSS
EFFECTIVE ROOM LATENT HEAT (B)
EFFECTIVE ROOM TOTAL HEAT (C)=(A+B)
OUTSIDE AIR HEAT
Sensible: Cfm X FX (1-BF) X 1.08
Latent: Cfm X gr/lb X (1-BF) X 0.68
Grand Total Heat Sub-Total (D) = (C+Outside Air Heat)
Return Return Pump
Duct Duct H.P.% %
Heat Gain% Leak Loss
GRAND TOTAL HEAT (GTH) (E) = (D+Losses)
Tons = E/12,000
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DISCLAIMER
Ishare Foundation Trust, Bangalore and IIE Bangalore confirm that the materials are compiled from
various lectures, seminars, workshops conducted by various ISHRAE members, faculties of repute
from ISRHAE Bangalore Chapter. This is not a book but a collection of course materials to refresh and
train the freshers and others belonging to the HVAC & R and allied fraternity.