7.6 AC Vortace Appuiep To a Serres LCR Circuir Figure 7.12 shows a series LCR cireuit connected to an ac source e. AS usual, we take the voltage of the source to be v = v,,sin ot. If q is the charge on the capacitor and é the current, at time {, we have, from Kirchholi's loop rule: ai 4 LytiR+ =o (7.20) We want to determine the instantaneous current ‘and its phase relationship to the appli alternating voltage v, We shall solve this problem by two methods. First, we use the technique of FIGURE 7.12 A series LCR circutt phasors and in the second method. we solve connected {0 an se source. Eq. (7.20) analytically to obtain the time- 244 dependence of i 7.6.1 Phasor-diagram solution From the cireuit shown in Fig, 7.12, we see that the resistor, inductor and capacitor are in series. Therefore, the ac current in each element is the same at any time, having the same amplitude and phase. Let it be i=i, sinlot+d) (72) where dis the phase difference between the voltage across the source and the current in the circuit. On the basis of what we have leamt in the previous sections, we shall construct a phasor diagram for the present case. Let I be the phasor representing the current in the circuit as given by. Eq. (7.21). Further, let V,, Vg. Ve. and V represent the voltage across the inductor, resistor, capacitor and the source, respectively. From previous section, we know that Vj is parallel to I, Ve is r/2 behind Land ¥, is 2/2 ahead of I. V,, Vp, Ve and T are shown in Fig. 7.13(a) with appropriate phase- relations. ‘The length of these phasors or the amplitude of Vi. Ve and V, are: Van by Veg Xe Pim Xe (7.22) ‘The voltage Equation (7,20) for the circuit can bewritten as Ut eyt yee (7.23) \ » ‘The phasor relation whose vertical component “ ives the above equation is FIGURE 7.15 (a) Relation between the “ phasors V,, V,. Ve. and 1, (b) Relation Mt VatVe=V (7-24) - jetyccen the phasors V,, Vp. and (V, + V_) ‘This relation is represented in Fig. 7.13(b). Since for the etreutt in Fig. 7-11 Vg and V, are always along the same line and in opposite directions. they can be combined intoa single phasor (V,+V,) Which has a magnitude |v, ~ 0,91. Since V is represented 48 the hypotenuse of a right-traingle whose sides are Vy and (V, + V,). the pylhagorean theorem gives: v= la ton taal? Substituting the values of tg,. equation, we have UB = lig RP + lig Ne ~ bg Xz) = [R +(X0- XP] on EF (7.25(a)] By analogy to the resistance in a circuit, we introduce the impedance Z inan ac cireuit: and v,,, from Eq. (7.22] into the above (7.250b)] where Z = (R7+(X¢— Xi (7.26) 245Py ‘Since phasor I is always parallel to phasor Va, the phase angle ¢ is the angle between V, and V and can be determined from Fig. 7.14 [ tang = Youn 4 2 Um Using Eq, (7.22), we have tang = XeoXe (7.27) Equations (7.26) and (7.27) are graphically shown in Fig, (7.14). FIGURE 7.14 Impedance This is called Impedance diagram which is a right-triangle with diagram Zas its hypotenuse. Equation 7.25(a) gives the amplitude of the current and Eq. (7.27) gives the phase angle. With these, Bq. (7.21) is completely specified. IfX,> X,, dis positive and the circuit is predominantly capacitive. Consequently, the current in the circuit leads the source voltage. If X_ < X,, ois negative and the circuit is predominantly inductive. Consequently, the current in the circuit lags the source voltage. Figure 7.15 shows the phasor diagram and variation of v and iwith wt for the case X,> X,. b R44 ‘Thus, we have obtained the amplitude and phase of current for an LCRseries circuit using the technique of phasors. But this method of analysing ac circuits suffers from certain disadvantages. First, the phasor diagram say nothing about the initial condition. One can take any arbitrary value of (say, f,, as done throughout this chapter) and draw different phasors which show the relative angle between different phasors. ‘The solution so obtained is called the rete @ » steady-state solution. This is not a general FIGURE 7.15 (9) Phasor diagram of Vand solution. Additionally, we do have a (b) Graphs of » and ‘versus ot fora series LOR transient solution which exists even for circuit where X, > X,, b= 0. The general solution is the sum of the transient solution and the steady-state solution, After a sufficiently long time, the effects of the transient solution die out and the behaviour of the circuit is described by the steady-state solution. 7.6.2 Analytical solution ‘The voltage equation for the circuit is 4 wis dt c » =v, sin at We know that i= dg/dt. Therefore, di/dt = dg/d@. Thus, in terms of q, 246 the voltage equation becomes4. RELL. vy sinot (7.28) ‘Thisis like the equation for a forced, damped oscillator, [see Eq. (14.37(b)] in Class XI Physics Textbook]. Let us assume a solution: = qn Sin (t+ 6) {7.29(a)] so that a. = qnocos(ot +8) [7.29011 &q 2 and Gar = Ano” sin(ot + 4) (7.29(c}] Substituting these values in Eq. (7.28), we get dmo[Reoslot + 4) + (Xo - X,)sin(wt + 8] =v, sinet (7.30) where we have used the relation X= 1/@C, X, = @ L. Multiplying and dividing Eq. (7.30) by Z = ,/R? +(X, —X,)° . we have an02|5 cos(ot + a) + (7.31) Now, tet F = cos (X_ — X, ana £ Se ae sothat ¢= tant (7.32) Substituting this in Eq. (7.31) and simplifying, we get: qnoZcoslot +8-9)= 0, sinet (7.33) Comparing the two sides of this equation, we see that 17.33(a)] and 0-¢ [7.33(b)] (7.34) 17.34(a)] Thus. the analytical solution for the amplitude and phase of the current in the circuit agrees with that obtained by the technique of phasors. 247