-composed of one constant and on variable domain of each of the heavy and light chain
Parotope
*although epitopes are usually though to be derived from nonself proteins, sequences derived from the
host that can be recognized are also classifies as epitopes
ANTIBODY HETEROGENECITY
Isotypes
Allotypes
- genetic marker ( blood groups and usually the result of minor amino acid differences) on
immunoglobulins that are segregated within the species and inherited in Mendelian fashion ex: Km ( on
k light chains ) and Gm ( on IgG heavy chains )
Idiotypes
-each antibody varies in its amino acid sequences in the variable regions of both heavy and light chains
to create different specificities
CLASSES ( ISOTYPES ) OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN
-IgM
-IgG
-IgA
-IgE
-IgD
-hinge region
-distribution of carbohydrates
- secreted form is mainly pentameric monomers are associated with J chain ( 900 kDa )
- first antibody class to be produced in immune response ( Adult serum levels of 0.5 2.00 mgs/ml )
IgG
- antibody in internal fluid and blood stream ( 10-20 mgs/l ) combats microorganism and neutralizes
toxins
- opsonisation and killing through Fc receptors antibody dependent cellular cytoxicity ( ADCC)
- only antibody class to cross the placenta protects the newborn during neonatal period
- known function: enhances phagocytosis, neutralizes toxins and viruses, protects fetus and newborn
IgA
- exist in monomeric ( 160 kDa ) and dimeric forms ( 400 kDa ) with secretory piec
- antibody in secretions saliva, tears, breast milk, bronchial and intestinal secretion ( serum levels 1.4-
4.00 mgs/ml )
IgE
-binds to Fc receptor for IgE on mast cells and basophils- activates cell leading to mediator release and
acute inflammation
-provides protection at external body surfaces ( serum levels 17- 450 mgs/ml ) elevated in parasitic
infection
- monomer found mainly ( with IgM) on the surface of B cells ( 185 kDa )
- IgD together with IgM is major membrane bound immunoglobulin on unstimulated B lymphocytes
acts as recognition receptors for antigen