1-1 If 3kW is conducted through a section of insulating material 1.0 m2 in cross section and 2.

5 cm
thick and the thermal conductivity may be taken as 0.2 W/moC, compute the temperature difference
across the material.
1-2 A temperature difference of 85oC is impressed across a fiber-glass layer of 13 cm thickness. The
thermal conductivity of the fiber glass is 0.035 W/moC. Compute the heat transferred through the
material per hour per unit area.
1-3 A truncated cone 30 cm high is constructed of aluminium. The diameter at the top is 7.5 cm, and
the diameter at the bottom is 12.5 cm. The lower surface is maintained at 93oC; the upper surface, at
540oC. The other surface is insulated. Assuming one-dimensional heat flow, what is the rate of heat
transfer in watts?
1-4 The temperatures on the faces of a plane wall 15 cm thick are 370 and 93oC. The wall is constructed
of a special glass with the following properties: k = 0.78 W/moC, = 2700 kg/m3, cp = 0.84 kJ/kgoC.
What is the heat flow through the wall at steady-state conditions?
1-7 A 50-cm-diameter pipeline in the Arctic carries hot oil at 30oC and is exposed to a surrounding
temperature of -20oC. A special powder insulation 5 cm thick surrounds the pipe and has a thermal
conductivity of 7 mW/moC. The convection heat-transfer coefficient on the outside of the pipe is 12
W/m2oC. Estimate the energy loss from the pipe per meter of length.

1-15 Water flows at the rate of 0.5 kg/s in a 2.5-cm-diameter tube having a length of 3 m. A constant
heat flux is imposed at the tube wall so that the tube wall temperature is 40oC higher than the water
temperature. Calculate the heat transfer and estimate the temperature rise in the water. The water is
pressurized so that boiling cannot occur.
1-22 A flat wall is exposed to an environmental temperature of 38oC. The wall is covered with a layer
of insulation 2.5 cm thick whose thermal conductivity is 1.4 W/moC, and the temperature of the wall
on the inside of insulation is 315oC. The wall loses heat to the environment by convection. Compute
the value of the convection heat-transfer coefficient which must be maintained on the outer surface of
the insulation to ensure that the outer-surface temperature does not exceed at 41oC.
1-24 One side of a plane wall is maintained at 100oC, while the outer side is exposed to a convection
environment having T = 10oC and h = 10 W/m2oC. The wall has k = 1.6 W/moC and is 40 cm thick.
Calculate the heat-transfer rate through the wall.
2-1 A wall 2 cm thick is to be constructed from material which has an average thermal conductivity of
1.3 W/moC. The wall is to be insulated with material having an average thermal conductivity of 0.35
W/moC, so that the heat loss per square meter will not exceed 1830 W. Assuming that the inner and
outer surface temperatures of the insulated wall are 1300 and 30oC, calculate the thickness of insulation
required.
2-2 A certain material 2.5 cm thick, with a cross-sectional area of 0.1 m2, has one side maintained at 35
o
C and the other at 95oC. The temperature at the centre plane of the material is 62oC, and the heat flow
through the material is 1 kW. Obtain an expression for the thermal conductivity of the material as a
function of temperature.

2-3 A composite wall is formed of a 2.5-cm copper plate, a 3.2-mm layer of asbestos, and a 5-cm layer
of fiber glass. The wall is subjected to an overall temperature difference of 560oC. Calculate the heat
flow per unit area through the composite structure.

2-4 Find the heat transfer per unit area through the composite wall sketched. Assumed one-dimensional
heat flow.
2-8 A plane wall is constructed of a material having a thermal conductivity that varied as the square of
temperature according to the relation k = ko (1 + T2). Derive an expression for the heat transfer in such
a wall.

2-13 An ice chest is constructed of Styrofoam [k = 0.033 W/moC] with inside dimensions of 25 by 40
by 100 cm. The wall thickness is 0.5 cm. The outside of the chest is exposed to air at 25oC with h = 10
W/m2oC. If the chest is completely filled with ice, calculate the time for the ice to completely melt.
State your assumptions. The heat of fusion for water is 330 kJ/kg.
2-14 A spherical tank, 1m in diameter, is maintained at a temperature of 120oC and exposed to a
convection environment. With h = 25 W/m2oC and T = 15oC, what thickness of urethane foam should
be added to ensure that the outer temperature of the insulation does not exceed 40oC? What percentage
reduction in heat loss results from installing this insulation?
2-17 In Appendix A, dimensions of standard steel pipe are given. Suppose a 3-in schedule 80 pipe is
covered with 1 in of an insulation having k = 60 mW/moC and the outside of the insulation is exposed
to an environment having h =10 W/m2oC and T = 20oC. The temperature of the inside of the pipe is
250oC. For unit length of the pipe calculate (a) overall thermal resistance and (b) heat loss.