2014 Fourth International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communications

Wireless Power Transfer Using Metamaterial Bonded Microstrip Antenna for Smart
Grid WSN

Vikaram Singh, Asawari Kukde, Chirag Warty, Sushama Wagh

Dept. of Eelectrical Engg.
Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute
Mumbai, India
Email: vkr.singhchauhan@gmail.com, asawarik02@gmail.com, chiragwarty@ieee.org,srwagh@vjti.com

AbstractWireless Power Transfer (WPT) system is a suit-
able alternative for power transmission where conventional
wired power transfer faces geographical challenges. In a long
range wireless power transmission system, power is transmitted
through microwaves. A highly directive antenna is required
for an effective transmission through this system. This pa-
per talk about a circularly polarized microstrip rectangular
patch antenna incorporated with a metamaterial slab . Use
of microstrip antennas will considerably reduce the size of
WPT system in comparison to other microwave antenna. In
this paper the modeling and analysis of the wireless power
transmission system is done on 2.45 GHz frequency and using
GaAs Schottky barrier diode for the rectication of microwave
power to DC power at the receiver end. Antenna assigned
with metamaterial proposed in paper will enhance the amount
of transferred power to wireless sensors network with less
radiation loss.
Keywords- Microstrip Rectangular Patch Antenna (MRPA),
Metamaterial, Wireless Power Transmission System (WPTS),
Antenna Array, Square Rectangular split Ring (SRR), Capac-
itance Loaded Strip (CLS).
I. I NTRODUCTION
WPT is transmission of electrical energy from source to
load without using any physical media. Power can be trans-
ferred through different method based on its working prin-
ciples. Main modes of wireless power transmission are (1).
Resonance (2). Inductive coupling (3). Microwave transmis-
sion and (4). Laser technology. This paper presents work on
microwave based wireless power transmission. Microwave
based Wireless Power Transmission System (WPTS) is a
long range power transmission from one end to another
without using wire in between. High frequency radio waves
are transferred using transmitter antenna and are received
by a receiver circuit, which then recties them into dc
power and are supplied to a resistive load. Microwave power
transmission has been an area of interest for researcher over
a long time. With grooming electronics and communication
engineering techniques, it can be well beneted. An effective
microwave WPTS relies on good transmission, reception
and rectication system. A highly efcient WPTS can result
in greater range and large power density. The concept of
Wireless power transmission was introduced long before by
Nicole Tesla [1]. Since then the microwave wireless power
transmission system has seen many developments. In 1961,
Brown published the rst paper proposing microwave energy
for power transmission and in 1964 W.C. Brown demon-
strated a miniature helicopter equipped with a combination
antenna and rectier device called a rectenna, which received
all the power needed for ight from a microwave beam at
2.45 GHz [2]. Experiments in power transmission without
wires in the range of tens of kilowatts have been performed
at Goldstone in California in 1975 [3] and at Grand Bassin
on Reunion Island in 1997 [4]. In 1999, the Korea Electro
Technology Research Institute conducted a study on the
wireless power transmission system [5]. Veselago predicted
the existence of left-handed (LH) materials in 1968 [6],
but its experimental verication was done by a group at
University of California, San Diego (UCSD) thirty year later.
In last 10 years many designs of left hand metamaterial were
designed and are being applied in microwave technology [7].
In this paper, a directive antenna array incorporated with
metamaterial is designed for transmission system for mi-
crowave transmission from one end to another end. The
paper comprise of Section 1 describes the overall sys-
tem model. Section 2 convey transmitting antenna design.
Section 3 shows transmitting antenna radiations and other
parameters. Section 4 explains the metamaterials and its
effect on the overall M.R.P.A. performance on the . Section
5 mentions the Rectenna part of the system.
A. Transmission
Transmission in WPT rely on its transmitting periphery
which can be given as below. Transmitting antenna is used
to transmit power in the free space. This paper presents
a circularly Polarized M.R.P.A. array integrated with a
metamaterial slab for transmitting the microwave power.
A M.R.P.A. consist of a radiating patch on one side of a
dielectric substrate which has a ground plane on the other
side. The patch is made of conducting material and can take
any possible shape. The radiating patch and the feed lines are
usually photo etched on the dielectric substrate. In M.R.P.A.
multi path radiations are achieved by placing a radiating
element within a cavity on ground plane.

978-1-4799-4363-0/14 $31.00 2014 IEEE 299

DOI 10.1109/ICACC.2014.77
 capacitor and is also helpful in impedance matching of
rectenna side.
II. T RANSMITTING A NTENNA D ESIGN
M.R.P.A. is typically fabricated on a dielectric substrate
with a radiating patch placed at a small fraction of a
wavelength away from a ground plane as shown in Fig.2
It is feeded by microstrip line feed technique and cavity

Figure 1. WPTS block diagram Figure 2. Design of a rectangular patch antenna

model is considered for radiation. Antenna parameter are

B. Reception calculated for rectangular patch for microstrip antenna.
Receiving block receive the microwave power transmitted Width of the patch
by the transmitter. Its has a receiving antenna to receive
c 2
power and a bandpass lter to remove harmonics from W = (1)
the received microwave power. Receiving antenna is used 2Fr r + 1
to receive the transmitted power from transmitting end. It where c is the speed of light
extract microwaves from free waves. A circularly polarized Effective length of the patch
microstrip antenna array is used as a receiving antenna in c
this paper. Lef f = (2)
2f0 ref f
C. Rectication The fringing effect makes the effective electrical length of
Antenna output is passed through a band pass lter the patch longer than its physical length.
and then is applied to the diode. Band pass lter blocks Total change in length due to fringing
the higher order harmonics. For maximum power to be (ref f + 0.3)( W
h + 0.264)
transferred from antenna to diode, impedance matching is L = 0.412h (3)
required. A matching circuit is provided with lter to match (ref f 0.258)( W
h + 0.8)
the impedance of antenna. where ref f is the effective dielectric constant. Which is
1) Diode: Microwave-to-dc conversion is an important given by
factor for microwave wireless power transmission system.
 r + 1 r 1 h 1
A rectier diode is used for this conversion. The power ref f = + [1 + 12 ] 2 (4)
conversion efciency of the diode is dependent on the 2 2 W
operating radio frequency and input power because there is where r is the dielectric constant of the substrate. so the
a nite forward voltage for the diode, the efciency is low. actual length of patch is.
Since the voltage swing across the diode is small at low L = Lef f L (5)
power, thus the voltage swing across the diode in forward
bias is small compared to the forward voltage required to Resonant frequency
turn on the diode. Thus a diode is chosen behalf of their c
low turn on voltage. Fr = (6)
2Lef f re f f
2) D.C. pass lter: Schottky diodes output is passed
through dc pass lter so that microwave signals can be Feed location
L
reected back to diode, that are present in diode output due Xf = 2 (7)
 re f f
to its nonlinear action. D.C. pass lter is a dc blocking

300
where Xf is the desire input impedance to match the coaxial III. T RANSMITTING ANTENNA R ADIATION
cable and ref f is the effective dielectric constant. Radiation calculated in this paper is the total radiation of
microstrip patches assigned in an array. Radiation pattern
W
Yf = (8) for a single patch of rectangular microstrip antenna is
2 calculated. These calculations are done for cavity model of
Radiating slots are represented by admittance Y . Calculating microstrip antenna. Cavity model is based on assumption
for admittance, that the region between ground plane and microstip patch,
For slot 1, bounded by electric conductors is a resonance cavity. When
microwave source is connected to a microstrip antenna a
Y1 = G1 + B1 (9)
charge distribution is established around the upper and lower
plane of the patch as shown in Fig.4.
For slot 1,
Y2 = G2 + B2 (10)

W (k0 )2
G1 = [1 ] (11)
1200 24
h 1
for 0 < 10

W
B1 = (1 0.636 ln(k0 h)) (12)
1200 Figure 3. Cavity model for patch of microstip antenna

1
for h0 < 10
The total admittance Htan = 0 (20)
where Js is equivalent electric current density.
Y21 = G1 + jB 1 = G1 B1 (13)
Js = 0 (21)
Y = Y1 + Y2 = 2G1 (14) Only equivalent magnetic current density.

1 Ms = n E (22)
Rin = (15)
2G1 Based on calculation electric eld radiated by a single slot
is
Since calculation is done for two slots so there is some
K0 hW E0 exp jK0 r sin(X) sin(Z)
mutual inuence between the two slots, described by a E = +J (sin )
mutual conductance calculations for Rin 2r X Z
(23)
1 where
Rin = (16) K0 h
2(G1 G12 ) X= sin cos (24)
2
K0 h
where the + sign relates to the odd modes, while the - Z= cos (25)
sign relates to the even modes. Normally, 2
G12 << G1 since there are two slots in single patch of microstrip
I antenna, The array factor have to be applied for calculation
G1 = (17) of total electric eld [9].
120 2
K0 L e
where (AF )y = 2 cos( sin sin ) (26)
 2

sin( k02W cos ) 2 3 where Le is the effective length. Thus, the total electric eld
I= [ ] sin d (18)
0 cos for two slots
 K0 W V0 expjK0 r cos sin sin(X) sin(Y )
1 sin( k02W cos ) 2 Et = j Q
G12 = [ ] j0 (k0 L sin ) sin3 d r X Y
120 2 cos (27)
(19)
where J0 is the Bessel function of the rst kind of order K0 W V0 expjK0 r cos sin(X) sin(Y )
zero Et = j Q (28)
r X Y

301
 K0 Lef f cos )
where Q = cos( 2 )

f (, ) = E2 + E2 (29)

sin( K20 h sin ) K0 Lef f

fE () = cos( cos ) (30)
K0 h
2 sin 2

sin( K20 h cos ) sin( K02W sin )

fH () = cos (31)
K0 h
2 cos K0 W
2 sin
so, the power radiated by a single patch of antenna
 
1 Figure 5. 3D radiation plot for array
Pr = ((|E |)2 + (|E |)2 )r2 sin dd (32)
20
Directivity of a single slot can be expressed as
2W 2 1
D0 = ( ) ( ) (33)
I
where I is taken from equation[11]. Now calculating the
eld pattern of an array comprising of these patches. An
antenna array for a of 2x2 microstrip patch antenna is given
in Fig.5

Figure 6. Radiation pattern of microstrip antenna array

and exhibit the negative permeability. If an electric eld

E = E0 expj(tkz) z is incident on the structure, then
the free electron inside the wire will be forced to move
Figure 4. M.R.P.A. array in direction of the incident eld. If the wave length of
the incident eld is large compared to the side length
The total eld for an array is of the unit cell then whole structure will appear as an
Et = element pattern x array factor effective medium whose electrons moves in Z-direction. The
proposed structure is placed between the two waveguide
expjK0 r  ports as shown in Fig.9 for calculating the S11 and S21
Etotal = f () (Ii expj(i1)(K0 d cos ) ) parameters. Appropriate boundary conditions are given to
4r
(34) the structure and S- parameters are simulated . The simulated
The radiation plot and reection coefcient are shown below S-Parameters are then exported to Microsoft Excel Program
in the Fig.6 and Fig.7 . Radiation plot shows for M.R.P.A. for verifying the Double-Negative properties of the proposed
array total gain to be 11.9 dBi and and its total efciency is metamaterial structure. Equations used for calculating per-
84% while reection coefcient is -11 dB for M.R.P.A. as
shown in Fig.7
IV. M ETAMATERIAL
Metamaterial is an interesting articial material having
several unique properties such as the backward wave and
the focusing effect inside the slab. It has unusual properties
due to its square rectangular structure. The considered meta-
material is designed by the combination of a modied SRR
and two CLS. The modied SRR will produce magnetic
material-like responses and exhibit the negative permittivity
and the CLS will produce strong dielectric-like responses Figure 7. Reection coefcient for antenna array

302
 Table I
C OMPARISION OF PARAMETRIC VALUES OF M.R.P.A. WITH AND
WITHOUT METAMATERIAL

PARAMETER MPRA
Without Metamate- With Metamaterial
rial
Reection coff. - 11 dB -30 dB
Gain 11.92 dBi 14.05 dBi
Directivity 12.11 dBi 14.47
Total Eff. -0.5952 dB -0.2242 dB
Figure 8. Proposed metamaterial

mittivity and permeability using NRW approach are.[12-15]

2c.(1 V2 )
r = (35)
d.i(1 + V2 )

2.S11 c.i
 r = r + (36)
d
where V2 = S11 + S21 , c = speed of light, Figure 10. Reection coefcient s11 parameter for patch array assigned
d=thickness of substrate with metamaterial
A 12x12 array of metamaterial structure that we have
proposed had placed above the M.R.P.A. array at a certain
height from ground plane . Metametarials due to its spe- V. R ECTENNA
ciality and the virtue of its structure, enables the necessary In rectenna a receiving antenna is used for receiving the
parameters of the antenna to enhance thus limiting the radiated power from the transmitter. Total power received
disadvantages of M.R.P.A.As shown in Fig. 10, the proposed by an receiving antenna is given by friss transformation
metamaterial is placed in front of a 2x2 M.R.P.A. array at equation
a height of 10 milimeter from the ground plane. By friss transformation equation total power received.
Pt G t
Pr = Aer (, ).P OL (37)
4R2
where
Pt = Transmitted power
Gt = transmitting antenna gain
R= the distance between transmitting and receiving antenna
POL = is the polarization mismatch loss.
Aer (, ) is the aperture of the receiving antenna which is
in the direction of the focused beam by transmitting antenna
array.[11]
Figure 9. Patch array with metamaterial slab

Simulated results for antenna are shown in Fig.11 and Fig.12

respectively. The results in Fig.11, on being compared to
the M.R.P.A. array without metammaterial show that there
is an increase of -18 dB reection coefcient. There is also
a improvement in the bandwidth of the antenna. Radiation
pattern of antenna in Fig.12 on being compared to radiation
pattern in Fig.6 shows that the parameter of the antenna such
as radiation efciency and gain are also increased upto some
extant. Table 1 shows the performance of M.R.P.A. with and
without metamaterial. Figure 11. Radiation pattern for patch array assigned with metamaterial

303
 Since both transmitting and receiving antenna are circu-
larly polarized, polarization mismatch losses are minimum,
so we have taken it as 1. As using metamaterial to array
system will increase the directivity of the system then more
power is transmitted to longer range. As shown in plot
shown in Fig.13, that for transmitting gain ranging from
11dB to 15dB and transmitted power of 2 Watt the received
power is varying accordingly. The received power is shown
Figure 12. Received power with reference to distance ant gain
for linear values of transmitting antenna gain and it can
be seen that Pr is increasing with increasing value of Gt
The receiver antenna will extract the microwave power and
provide to a schottky diode for its conversion to dc, an array
of this combination is used for extracting and rectication
of microwave frequency power. Microwave-to-dc conversion
is an important factor for wireless power transmission. A
rectier diode is used for this conversion.
VI. C ONCLUSION
This paper proposes that the WPTS comprising of cir-
cularly polarized microstrip antennas array with a planer
array for both transmission system and a reception system.
A metamaterial has been designed for improving the gain
of antenna working on 2.45 GHz frequency. Application of
metamaterial can improve the other important parameters of
antenna.The beam width radiated power is reduced which
can also help in avoiding interference with other transmis-
sion in this band. Use GaAs Schottky barrier diode for
rectication will result in an efcient WPTS. The WPTS
proposed by this paper will assist power transferring to
wireless sensors at longer range. The computer simulation
for this system has shown a good efciency for the system.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors thank the V.J.T.I. - Center of Excellence for
Complex and Non-linear Dynamical Systems for the support
and encouragement. We also thank Dr. N.M. Singh and
the whole team for their continuous support and assistance
during the project.
304
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