03 LF - SP3001 - E02 - 1 LTE Protocol Principle PDF

LTE Protocol Principle
ZTE University
Objectives
After this course, you will be able to:

Understand the protocol structure of the control plane
and user plane
Understand the frame structure
Understand the channel
Know the function of the MAC layer
Know the function of the RLC layer
Know the function of the PDCP layer
Contents
Protocol Structure
Physical Layer Protocol
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
NAS functions:
Protocol Structure of the Control Plane Certification
Authentication,
RRC functions: Security control
Broadcast Mobility processing in
Paging Idle mode
Link management Paging launch in Idle
Wireless bearing mode
UE eNB control
MME
Mobility
NAS UE measurement report NAS
and control
PDCP performs the function of
RRC RRC encryption and integrity
protection
PDCP PDCP RLC functions:

PDU transmission
ARQ
RLC RLC Packet assembly and disassembly
MAC MAC MAC functions:

Scheduling
HARQ
PHY PHY Logic channel priority processing
PDU packetizing and demultiplexing
Physical layer (L1)
functions:
Wireless access
Power control UE eNodeB MME
MIMO
ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

Protocol Structure of the User Plane
PDCP performs the following
Physical layer (L1) performs the following functions: functions:
Wireless access Header compression
Power control Encryption
MIMO
UE eNB SAE Gateway
PDCP PDCP RLC performs the following functions:

PDU transmission
ARQ
RLC RLC Packet assembly and disassembly
MAC MAC
MAC performs the following functions:
PHY PHY Scheduling
HARQ
Logic channel priority processing
PDU multiplexing and de-multiplexing
UE eNodeB MME

Contents
Protocol Structure
Basic Concepts
Uplink and Downlink Physical Layer process
Physical Procedure
MAC Layer Protocol

RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Frame Structure
FDD frame structure
A wireless frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
A timeslot, Tslot = 15360Ts = 0.5 ms
#0 #1 #2 #3 #18 #19
A sub-frame
TDD frame structure

One radio frame, Tf = 307200Ts = 10 ms
One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms
One slot,
Tslot=15360Ts 30720Ts
Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9
One subframe,
30720Ts
DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

Physical Resource Block
One downlink slot Tslot
One physical resource block

(RB) contains N symb OFDM
DL
DL
N symb OFDM symbols
symbols on the time-domain k N RB N sc 1

DL RB
and N sc
RB
sub-carriers on frequency- Resource block

DL
N symb N scRB resource elements
domain.
N scRB subcarriers
N scRB subcarriers
Resource element (k , l )
The DL
N symb and N scRB are
DL
determined by the CP type N RB
and the subcarrier interval.
k 0
l0 l N symb
DL
1

Resource Grouping
RE (Resource Element): a symbol in the time domain and a

subcarrier in the frequency domain, which is the minimum
resource unit.
RB (Resource Block): A resource unit allocated as a service
channel resource. It occupies a timeslot in the time domain and
12 subcarriers in the frequency domain.
REG (Resource Element Group): a resource unit allocated as a
control channel resource, which is composed of four REs
CCE (Channel Control Element): A resource unit allocated as a
PDCCH resource, which is composed of nine REGs
RBG (Resource Block Group): A resource unit allocated as a
service channel resource, which is composed of a group of RBs.
REG
REG Diagram
1Tx or 2Tx configured 4Tx configured
l=0 l=1 l=2 l=0 l=1 l=2
k = 83 k = 83
RS RS RS
k = 78 RS k = 78 RS RS
k = 77 k = 77
RS RS RS
k = 72 RS
k = 72 RS

RS
nPRB N RB
min, DL
6
k0 12nPRB 12 6 72
RBG
An RBG is used for resource allocation of service channel.

One RBG is composed of a group of RBs.
The number of RBGs is related to the system bandwidth.
System Bandwidth RBG Size

DL
N RB
(P)
10 1
1126 2
2763 3
64110 4

CCE
A CCE is used in PDCCH allocation.

The PDCCH is allocated after the PCFICH and PHICH are allocated.
One CCE include 9 REGs. CCEs are numbered from 0.
The total number of CCEs is determined by the number of
PDCCH-occupied symbols.

CP, Subcarrier Interval, and OFDM Symbol
Relations between CP type and subcarrier interval and OFDM

symbols
Subcarrier Number of Number of RB- Correspond

Interval OFDM Occupied ing REs in
Symbols Subcarriers One RB
(one slot)
Normal CP 15KHz 7 12 84
Extended CP 15KHz 6 12 72
7.5KHz 3 24 72
One RB is composed of 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain,

for example, 180 kHz=15 kHz x 12 (for normal CP).

RB and Bandwidth
Number of RBs in different bandwidths

Nominal 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
bandwidth
(MHz)
Number of RBs 6 15 25 50 75 100
Actually 1.08 2.7 4.5 9 13.5 18
occupied
bandwidth
(MHz)
Occupied bandwidth = subcarrier interval x number of

subcarriers in one RB x number of RBs
Subcarrier interval = 15KHz
Number of subcarriers in one RB = 12
Remark: The maximum number of RBs is 110 in this version.

Contents
Protocol Structure
Basic Concepts
Physical Procedure
MAC Layer Protocol

RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Physical Downlink Channels and Signals
The LTE downlink physical channels include the following:

Physical-control-format indication channel (PCFICH)
Physical broadcast channel (PBCH)
Physical Hybrid-ARQ indicator channel (PHICH)
Physical downlink control channel (PDCCH)
Physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH)
Two physical-layer signals:
RS (reference signal)
P (S) -SCH (synchronized channel)

Resource Allocation
Remark: This diagram displays the effect of resource allocation.

Each square indicates a symbol in the time domain x 12
subcarriers in the frequency domain. It is neither an RE nor an RB.

SCH (Synchronization Channel)
The SCH includes the P_SCH and S_SCH. The frequency domain is
located in the 72 subcarriers near the center frequency. Only 62
subcarriers are actually occupied. Other 10 subcarriers do not hold
synchronization sequences.
There are two same P-SCHs in a radio frame. On the time domain, the P-
SCHs are located in the last symbol of slots 0 and 10.
There are also two S-SCHs in a radio frame. On the time domain, the S-
SCHs are located in the penultimate
10ms radio frame
symbol of slots 0 and 10.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Slot no. 10
P-SCH S-SCH
Slot no. 0

Location of PSS and SSS

PBCH (Physical Broadcast Channel)
The PBCH bears the BCH-contained system information such as

downlink system bandwidth, system frame number (SFN), PHICH
duration, and resource-size indication information.
Each No.0 sub-frame has four PBCH signals of OFDM symbols.
Cell An 0 OFDM
CRC interference modulation
enhancing
adding
Physical
Modulation
Signal mapping
resource An 1 OFDM
BCH TB mapping modulation
program-
ming on each
Layer
antenna
mapping
port
Rate
matching Pre-
An P OFDM
programming
modulation

PCFICH (Physical-Control-Format Indication
Channel)
The eNodeB transmits the PCFICH in each sub-frame, informing
UE of the OFDM symbols that the PDCCH occupies in a sub-
frame. The OFDM symbols are indicated by the CFI that can be
valued as 1, 2, 3, and 4 (4 is reserved).
Signal
CFI program- Interference Modulation Layer Pre- RE OFDM symbol
ming enhancing mapping mapping programming mapping generating

PHICH (Physical HARQ Indication Channel)
The PHICH bears the NAK/ACK responding information of the

eNodeB.
Two PHICH durations in one sub-frame: 1. short PHICH 2. long
PHICH. This duration is indicated by one bit in the PBCH.
In each downlink sub-frame, the PHICH needs to be sent.
Multiple PHICH groups can be sent at the same time. One PHICH
group is mapped from multiple ones to a PHICH in the same RE.
ACK/NACK Repetition Layer OFDM

Modulation Precoding RE mapping
(RF=3) Mapping modulation
Spreading &
scrambling

PDCCH (Physical Downlink Control Channel)
The PDCCH bears scheduling and other control information:
transmission format, resource allocation, uplink scheduling permission,
power control and uplink-transmission-related ACK/NACKs.
All the information can group multiple types of control information (DCI)
format that is mapped to the first n (n<=4) OFDM symbols in each sub-
frame. The value of n is indicated by the CFI in the PCFICH channel.
In a sub-frame, multiple PDCCHs can be transmitted. One UE can
monitor one group of PDCCHs. Each PDCCH is sent in one or more
control channel elements (CCE) to achieve the different PDCH encoding
rates by integrating various numbers of CCEs.
The PDCCH supports four types of physical-layer formats that occupy
one, two, four, or eight CCEs.
DCI 1 CRC User Channel Rate

interference Cell An 0 OFDM
adding enhancing encoding matching
interference modulation
enhancing
User Merge Physical

DCI 2 CRC Channel Rate Modulation
interference the mapping
resource An 1 OFDM
PDCCH mapping modulation
channels on each
Layer
inside the antenna
mapping
cell port
DCI nPDCCH Pre-
CRC User Channel Rate coding An P OFDM
interference modulation

PDSCH (Physical Downlink Service Channel)
Power
E-Node B baseband Service factor
Antenna
channel processing link port
Symbol
OFDM signal 0
flow RE mapping
Turbo Rate Layer generating
1st data CRC Bit block coding matching Bit block Bit flow Interfere
nce Modulatio mapping
Pre-coding
division cascadin

flow adding enhanci n mapping
Turbo Rate g
coding matching
ng 1. Single
1. Single

antenna

antenna
2.
Multiplexi
2.
Multiplexi
Turbo Rate ng
Bit flow Interfere Antenna
Modulatio ng
coding matching Bit block
M data CRC Bit block cascadin nce 3. port
flow adding division Turbo
Rate
g
enhanci n mapping 3. Diversity
Symbol
ng Diversity flow RE mapping OFDM signal P
coding matching
generating
Power
factor

Physical Uplink Channels and Signals
The LTE uplink physical channels include the following :

Physical random access channel (PRACH)
Physical uplink control channel (PUCCH)
Physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH)
Two physical-layer signals:

Demodulation reference signal (DRS)
Sounding reference signal (SRS)

PUSCH (Physical Uplink Shared Channel)
Bears uplink service information.

Adds interference using UE-dedicated interference codes.
Supports QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM
Transmits pre-programmed codes. The input symbols are divided
into M symb M sc
PUSCH groups and pre-program codes, for example,
DFT.
From the first timeslot of the sub-frame, maps k and I in turn.
Generates SC-FDMA signals (IDFT).
Enhance Transfer pre- Generate SC-

Modulate Map resource
interference programmed codes FDMA signal

PUCCH (Physical Uplink Control Channel)
Six formats are used to bear HARQ-ACK, CQI, and SR information.
For a UE, the PUCCH and PUSCH are not used at the same time.
Supports multiple formats. Different formats determine different
modulations and different bytes in each sub-frame.
Number of bytes in each

PUCCH formats Modulation
sub-frame
1 N/A N/A
1a BPSK 1
1b QPSK 2
2 QPSK 20
2a QPSK+BPSK 21
2b QPSK+QPSK 22

PUCCH (Continuing)
Format 1 transfers SR information and sends constant 1.

Format 1a/1b transfers HARQ-ACK, BPSK modulation in one byte,
and QPSK modulation in two bytes.
Format 2 transfers CQI information. Programs CQI to 20 bits and
performs QPSK modulation.
Format 2a/2b transfers the hybrid information of CQI and HARQ-
ACK. Programs CQI signal to 20 bits and perform QPSK
modulation. For HARQ-ACK, performs BPSK/QPSK modulation.

PRACH (Physical Random Access Channel)
Frame structure 6RB CP Sequence
TCP TSEQ
Different preambles
Preamble generation
Generated by the Zadoff-
un( n 1)
Chu sequence in zero- j
related region xu n e N ZC
, 0 n N ZC 1
xu,v (n) xu (( n vN CS ) mod N ZC )

LTE Uplink/Downlink Mapping
Downlink
BCCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MCCH MTCH
Logical
Channel
Transmission
BCH PCH DL-SCH MCH Channel
Physical
PBCH PDSCH PMCH Channel
Downlink
CCCH DCCH DTCH
Logical
Channel
Transmission
RACH UL-SCH Channel
Physical
PRACH PUCCH PUSCH Channel

Contents
Protocol Structure
Basic Concepts
Physical Procedure
MAC Layer Protocol

RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Physical-Layer ProcedureCell Search
Start
complete
with
Symbol timing, frequency primary
shift estimating, and sector synchroni
zation
ID identifying signal
and time-
domain
complete
with
Frame synchronizing, cell secondar
group ID identifying, and y
CP-type blind detecting synchroni
zation
signal
and
frequency
-domain
RS identifying, cell
identifying, and antenna
configuration identifying
End

Physical-Layer ProcedurePower Control
Open-loop power control: Determines the initial UE transmit

power as the basis for closed-loop power control.
Closed-loop power control: The eNodeB measures the SINR of
PUCCH/PUSCH/SRS signals, compares the SINR with the
SINRtarge to determine the TPC command (informing the power
step size), and informs the UE of the TPC command through the
PDCCH to determine the transmit power of uplink signals on the
corresponding sub-frame.
Outer-loop power control: Controlled by the upper layer.
Inner-loop power control

Physical-Layer ProcedureRandom Access
The random access procedure may be used in the following

situations:
Access in RRC_IDLE state
Access when the wireless link fault occurs
Access in handover
Access in RRC_CONNECTED state
When downlink data is to be sent, for example, the uplink is in non-synchronization
state)
When uplink data is to be sent, for example, the uplink is in non-synchronization
state or no PUCCH resource can be used for scheduling request

Physical-Layer ProcedureRandom Access
Random access (contention based)

Used in the five situations mentioned above.
The UE selects a preamble sequence randomly in the available preamble set.
Possible collision: two UEs use the same preamble sequence.
Achieves synchronization in four steps. Possible collision is solved in the
fourth step.
Random access (non-contention based)

For handover or when the downlink data arrives.
The BS allocates a preamble sequence.
Achieves synchronization in three steps without collision resolution.

Random Access Procedure (Contention Based)
Step 1:
The UE sends a Msg1 through the PRACH
(RACH > PRACH). UE eNB
The eNB measures the distance between the
UE and BS in accordance with the received
preamble, and generates a TA value. MSG1
Step 2: 1
The eNB sends a Msg2 through the PDSCH

(DL-SCH > PDSCH).
The message location is indicated by the
PDCCH without HARQ.
MSG2
Msg2 is the grant of Msg4. If the UE fails to 2
receive the RA response in a time window,

this RA process is terminated. Otherwise, it
goes to step 3.
Step 3:
The UE sends a Msg3 through the PUSCH MSG3
(UL-SCH > PUSCH) with HARQ. 3
The eNB detects Msg3 and generates an

ACK or NACK.
Step 4:
The eNB sends Msg4 to detect collision. MSG4
4
HARQ is used.
The UE finds its NAS-layer ID and sends back
an ACK to the eNB.

Contents
Protocol Structure
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
Structure of Layer 2
Layer 2 is split into the following sub layers:

MAC, RLC, and PDCP.
Layer 3 RRC
PDCP
Layer 2 RLC
MAC
Layer 1 PHY

MAC Description
Resides on layer 2 of LTE radio protocols (L2 also includes RLC

and PDCP).
Used to allocate the radio resources (time, frequency (number of
RBs and location), number of emission layers, number of
antennas, and transmit power) to users.
Resides in both the e-Node B and UE, but has different functions.

MAC Structure Overview
Upper layers
RLC PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH MAC-control
Logical Channel Prioritization (UL only)
(De-) Multiplexing Control
Random
HARQ
Access Control
PHY PCH BCH DL-SCH UL-SCH RACH

Lower layer
MAC structure overview at the UE side

Functions of the MAC Layer
Channel Mapping
Multiplexing De-multiplexing
Error correction (HARQ) MAC TX Format Selection
UE priority handling Logical channels priority
Scheduling Info Reporting

At the UE side
Mapping between logic channels and transport channels
MAC SDUs multiplexing/de-multiplexing MAC PDU
HARQ
Buffer status report (BSR)
At the eNodeB side

Mapping between logic channels and transport channels
MAC SDUs multiplexing/de-multiplexing MAC PDU
HARQ
Scheduling UEs with different priorities (dynamic scheduling, semi-persistent
scheduling)
Transport format selection (MCS)
Priority handling between logic channels of one UE


Services Related to the MAC Layer
Services expected from Services provided to

the physical layer upper layers
Data transfer
Signaling of HARQ Data transfer
feedback Radio resource
PHY Signaling of MAC allocation
RLC
Scheduling Request
Measurements

Key Technologies at the MAC LayerFast
Scheduling
Basic concept: Fast scheduling means fast service.
LTE FDD: 1ms.

LTE TDD downlink: 1 ms4 ms
(related to uplink/downlink
configuration).
LTE TDD uplink: 1ms10ms
(related to uplink/downlink
configuration).
UMB: 1ms.
WiMAX TDD: 5ms.
WCDMA HSDPA: 2ms.
CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO: 1.667ms. Scheduling modes: TDM, FDM,
SDM.
Scheduling Classification
Constantly
In accordance with resource- occupies
occupied time: resources
Persistent scheduling (static scheduling)
Semi-persistent scheduling (semi-static
scheduling)
Dynamic scheduling
Every M x TTI occupies N x RB.

It turns to dynamic scheduling
in retransmission. For VoIP,
every 20 TTIs occupy two RBs.
Determined in accordance with
the channel status, buffer
status, and remained resources.

Dynamic scheduling is
classified in accordance
Occupies part or all
with multiplexing modes:
of RBs.
Time-domain scheduling
(TDM)
Frequency-domain
Occupies part or all scheduling (FDM)
of TTIs.
Space-domain scheduling
(SDM)
Occupies part or all

of RBs/TTIs but
only part of
antenna resources.

Scheduling Classification Worse fairness but
highest
Best fairness throughput
but low
throughput
Dynamic scheduling is classified in
accordance with fairness and throughput
rate:
Polling (RR)
MAX-C/I (MAX-TB).
General proportional fairness (G-PF)
Torsten proportional fairness (T-PF)
Better
fairness and
higher
throughput Better fairness and better
throughput than G-PF

Best fairness Worse
Dynamic scheduling is fairness but
but low
classified in accordance with highest
throughput
fairness and throughput rate: throughput
Polling (RR)
MAX-C/I (MAX-TB).
General proportional fairness
(G-PF)
Torsten proportional fairness
(T-PF)
2
1 TB(i )
FF i 1
TB(1)
1 HistoryThroughput
HistoryThroughput_1
, For TX Diversity
FF
TB(1) TB(2)
, For Space M ultiplexing

HistoryThroughput_1 HistoryThroughput_2

Scheduling Classification Algorithm
2
FF TB(i )
FF NumberOfTTI_SinceLas tSchedulin g i 1
Selects the UE with the best fair factor (FF):
Round robin (RR)
MAX-C/I (MAX-TB).
General proportional fairness (G-PF)
Torsten proportional fairness (T-PF)
2
1 TB(i ) TB(1)
, For TX Diversity
FF i 1
HistoryThroughput_1
1 HistoryThroughput FF
TB(1) TB(2)
, For Space M ultiplexing
HistoryThroughput_1 HistoryThroughput_2


The operation is Dynamic scheduling is classified in

simple the channel
status cannot be fully accordance with the frequency selection
used. The system
performance is poor. (FS):
Broadband scheduling (non-FS)
Sub-band scheduling (FS)
The operation is
complicated but the
channel status can be fully
used. The system
performance is good.

QoS can be guaranteed.
Dynamic scheduling is classified in accordance with QoS:
QoS scheduling
BE scheduling
QoS cannot be
guaranteed.

Key Technologies at the MAC LayerAMC
SINR
UE 3 Time-domain
UE 2
AMC
UE 1 Frequency-
domain AMC
Time
TTI 1 TTI 2 TTI 3 TTI k TTI m
SINR
Space-domain
AMC
UE 3
UE 2
UE 1
SubBand 1 SubBand 2 SubBand 3 SubBand k SubBand m Frequency

Key Technologies at the MAC LayerAMC
Principle
R ank 2. To check buffer
M I,
P
Q I, 3. To schedule a UE
1. C 4. To issue a HARQ Process
eNode B
5. To set modulation, RBs, Layer, and RV.
. D ata
6 x 10
7 SCM-C 2x2, 50 RBs
5
chan_est ideal; 0.5 QPSK
4.5 chan_est ideal; 0.5 16QAM
UE chan_est ideal; 0.5 64QAM
4 chan_est mmse; 0.5 QPSK
chan_est mmse; 0.5 16QAM
3.5 chan_est mmse; 0.5 64QAM
Throughput [bps]
UE 3
2.5
QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM 2
Continuous encoding 1.5
rate (0.070.93 1
0.5
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR [dB]

Key Technologies at the MAC LayerHARQ
HARQ = FEC + ARQ. In LTE, FEC is a turbo code attached with

QPP.
SAW N-Channel (FDD uplink: 8; FDD downlink: 18; TDD uplink:
related to timeslot configuration and a fixed number; TDD
downlink: related to timeslot configuration).
Merging way of HARQ: CC/FIR/PIR.
Synchronous HARQ and asynchronous HARQ.
Self-adaptive HARQ and non-self-adaptive HARQ.

Key Technologies at the MAC LayerDownlink
Asynchronous Self-Adaptive HARQ
To make full use of channels, the eNodeB can send new data
blocks before receiving UEs ACK/NACK.

Key Technologies at the MAC LayerUplink
Synchronous Self-Adaptive HARQ
Synchronous self-adaptive HARQ:
PUSCH PHICH sends When the eNodeB sends NACK
PDSCH
NACK with PDCCH format 0 to the UE,
the UE should re-send data on
this newly allocated RB.
>= 3ms
PDCCH Format 0: sends new
authorization

Key Technologies at the MAC LayerUplink
Synchronous Non-Self-Adaptive HARQ
Synchronous non-self-adaptive
HARQ: When the eNodeB
PUSCH PHICH: sends sends NACK without PDCCH
PDSCH
NACK format 0 to the UE, the UE
should re-send data on the
previously allocated RB.
>= 3ms

Mapping Between Logical Channels and
Transport Channels
UP LINK DOWN LINK
CCCH DCCH DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH

Logical CH
Transport CH RACH UP-SCH PCH BCH MCH DL-SCH

Contents
Protocol Structure
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
RLC Overview
Overview model of the RLC sub layer

Functions of RLC in Transmission Modes

Services Related to the RLC Layer
MAC RLC PDCP
Data transfer TM data transfer
Transmission UM data transfer

opportunity
AM data transfer
Total size of the RLC
PDU(s) Deliver indication

Transparent Mode
An RLC entity in transparent mode can send or receive

RLC PDUs through the logic channels, such as BCCH,
DL/UL CCCH, and PCCH.
UE/E-Node B E-Node B/UE
radio interface
TM-SAP TM-SAP
Transmitting Receiving
TM-RLC TM-RLC
entity entity
Transmission
buffer
BCCH/PCCH/CCCH BCCH/PCCH/CCCH

Non-acknowledgement Mode
An RLC entity in non-acknowledgement mode can send or

receive RLC PDUs through the logic channels, such as DL/UL
DCCH, DL/UL DTCH, and MCCH/MTCH.
Compared with 3G, the UM mode does not support the
encryption/decryption function that is processed in PDCP.
UE/E-Node B E-Node B/UE
radio interface
UM-SAP UM-SAP
Transmission SDU reassembly

buffer
Transmitting Receiving
UM-RLC UM-RLC
entity entity
Segmentation & Remove RLC header

Concatenation
Reception
Add RLC header buffer & HARQ
reordering
DCCH/DTCH/MCCH/MTCH DCCH/DTCH/MCCH/MTCH

Acknowledgement Mode
An RLC entity in acknowledgement mode can send or receive

RLC PDUs through the logic channels, such as DL/UL DCCH and
DL/UL DTCH AM-SAP
Transmission
RLC control SDU reassembly
buffer
Remove RLC header

Segmentation & Retransmission
Concatenation buffer
Reception
buffer & HARQ
reordering
Add RLC header

Routing
DCCH/DTCH DCCH/DTCH

Contents
Protocol Structure
MAC Layer Protocol
RLC Layer Protocol
PDCP Layer Protocol
PDCP Overview
The E-UTRAN protocol structure involves two layers: radio

network layer (RNL) and transmission network layer (TNL).
The PDCP separates the transmission technology on TNL from
the air-interface processing technology on E-UTRAN.
The PDCP maps the upper-layer protocol characteristics to the
lower-layer air-interface protocol characteristics and thus enables
the LTE protocol to bear IP packets between UE and E-Node B
through transparent transmission for the upper layer.

PDCP Structure
User Plane Control

Plane
ROHC ROHC Integrity protection
Encryption Encryption
EPC Data from S-GW NAS signals from the MME

RRC signals from the
eNodeB
PDCP Entity Structure

Functions of the PDCP Layer
The PDCP serves SRB and DRB mapped on the logic

channels (DTCH and DCCH). The functions on the
DTCH and DCCH are as follows:
DTCH
PDCP packet transmission
SN sequence number maintenance
Header compression and decompression of IP data flow
Encryption and decryption
Resorting of lower-layer PDU data in switch-over
DCCH
PDCP packet transmission
SN sequence number maintenance
Integrity protection
Encryption and decryption

Services Related to the PDCP Layer
RLC PDCP RRC
Transfer of user-plane
Acknowledged data
data
transfer
Transfer of control-
Unacknowledged data
plane data
transfer
Header compression
in-sequence delivery
Ciphering &
Duplicate discarding
integrity protection

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LTE Protocol Principle

After this course, you will be able to:

PDCP PDCP RLC functions:

MAC MAC MAC functions:

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

PDCP PDCP RLC performs the following functions:

ZTE Corporation. All rights reserved

MAC Layer Protocol

TDD frame structure

One half-frame, 153600Ts = 5 ms

Subframe #0 Subframe #2 Subframe #3 Subframe #4 Subframe #5 Subframe #7 Subframe #8 Subframe #9

DwPTS GP UpPTS DwPTS GP UpPTS

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One physical resource block

symbols on the time-domain k N RB N sc 1

sub-carriers on frequency- Resource block

and the subcarrier interval.

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RE (Resource Element): a symbol in the time domain and a

An RBG is used for resource allocation of service channel.

System Bandwidth RBG Size

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A CCE is used in PDCCH allocation.

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Relations between CP type and subcarrier interval and OFDM

Subcarrier Number of Number of RB- Correspond

One RB is composed of 12 subcarriers in the frequency domain,

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Number of RBs in different bandwidths

Occupied bandwidth = subcarrier interval x number of

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MAC Layer Protocol

The LTE downlink physical channels include the following:

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Remark: This diagram displays the effect of resource allocation.

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The PBCH bears the BCH-contained system information such as

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The PHICH bears the NAK/ACK responding information of the

ACK/NACK Repetition Layer OFDM

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DCI 1 CRC User Channel Rate

User Merge Physical

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The LTE uplink physical channels include the following :

Two physical-layer signals:

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Bears uplink service information.

Enhance Transfer pre- Generate SC-

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Number of bytes in each

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Format 1 transfers SR information and sends constant 1.

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Frame structure 6RB CP Sequence

xu,v (n) xu (( n vN CS ) mod N ZC )

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MAC Layer Protocol