Module B3

Problem 1
The 3-phase loads are connected in parallel. One is a purely resistive load connected in wye. It consumes
300kW. The second is a purely inductive 300kVAR load connected in wye. The third is a purely capacitive
300kVAR load connected in wye. The line-to-line voltage at the load is 5kV. A 3-phase distribution line
supplying this load has an impedance of 10+j5 ohms per phase.

(a) Calculate the currents drawn by each load (magnitude and phase).
(b) Indicate the power factor of each load. Remember that non-unity power factors must also include
whether they are lagging or leading.
(c) What is the power factor of the entire load? That is, what is the power factor seen by the transmission
line at the load end?
(d) Calculate the real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the distribution line.

Solution to problem 1
V LN 2 8 8 6 .8 V
1 0 j5

V S I1 I2 I3

5kV
(a) VLoad 2886.80
3

Note that:

S S
S V I I , S 3
V 3

Therefore:

S1 100 10 3 W , S 2 j100 10 3 VAR , S 3 j100 10 3 VAR .

S 100 103
for purely resistive load: I1 1 34.640 A
VLoad 2886.8

S j100 103
for purely inductive load: I 2 2 34.64 90 A
VLoad 2886.8

S3 j100 103
for purely capacitive load:
I3
2886.8 34.6490 A
VLoad
Note in the above that for the resistive load, the current and voltage are in phase, for the inductive, the
current lags by 90 deg, and for the capacitive, the current leads by 90 deg.
(b) Load 1 : pf 1 1.0
Load 2 : pf 2 0 lagging
Load 3 : pf 3 0 leading

(c) Need current angle with respect toVLoad 2886.980

I Load I1 I 2 I 3 34.640 j 34.64 j 34.64 34.640
so VLoad and I Load are in phase !
pf Load 1.0

(d) Vs VLoad I Load Z t 2886.8 34.640 10 j 5 3237.83.07

S3 3Vs I Load 3 3237.83.07 34.640 336,4723.07VA
P3 335.99kW , Q3 18.02kVAR

Alternatively, one could compute losses and add to load :

Sloss 3 3( I Load Z t ) 3 34.64 10 j 5 35,999.9 j17 ,998.9

2 2

S 3 S load 3 S loss 3 300 10 3 35,997.9 j17,998.9VA

P3 335.99kW

Q3 18.0kVAR

Problem 2
A three phase load has a per phase impedance, connected in Y, of 100 j 30 . The line-to-line voltage
magnitude at the load is 1500V. The three-phase distribution line supplying this load has an impedance of
10 j 5 / .
(a) Calculate the line-to-line voltage magnitude at the sending end of the distribution line.
(b) Calculate the real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the distribution line.

Solution to problem 2
(a)
1500 V 866.025
V AN 866.025V I A AN 7.945 j 2.384 A 8.295 16.7 A
3 Z LOAD 100 j 30

Vsending ,AN V AN I A Z Line 866.0250 8.295 16.7 10 j 5

957.39 j15.89 957.530.95V
VSending ,AB 957.53 3 1658.5V

(b) S 3 V sending , AN I

a 3 957.530.95 8.29516.7 22,706.5 j 7224.7VA
P 22.706kW , Q 7.225kVA R

Problem 3
A three-phase load consumes 100kVA at 0.7 pf lagging. The line-to-line voltage magnitude at the load is
1500V. The three-phase distribution line supplying this load has an impedance of 10 j 5 /
(a) Calculate the line-to-line voltage magnitude at the sending end of the distribution line.
(b) Calculate the real and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the distribution line.
Solution to problem 3
(a) Note that =cos-1(0.7)=45.57 deg (the angle is positive because the pf is lagging), and sin(45.7)=0.714.
1500 100 103
Van 866.0250V , S1 0.7 j 0.714 VA
3 3

S1 33.3 10 3 0.7 j 0.714
I L 38.45 45.57 A
Van 866.025
Vsending ,an Van I L Z L 866.0250 38.45 45.57 10 j 5 1279.2 6.211
Vsending , AB 3 1279.2 2215.3V
(b)
S sending 3 Van ,sending I L 31279.2 6.211 38.45 45.57 147.55639.36VA

Psending 114 .09kW , Qsending 93.58kVAR

Problem 4

The complex power absorbed by a three-phase load is 1500kVA at 0.8 pf lag

P/ Q/

If the Line voltage at the load in problem 1 is 8660.2540 V, what is the voltage magnitude across each
phase of the load, if the load is connected as follows,

Vd Vy

What is the magnitude of line current drawn by this load?

IL

Solution to problem 4

The complex power absorbed by a three-phase load is 1500kVA at 0.8 pf lag

Note that =cos-1(0.8)=36.87 deg (the angle is positive because the pf is lagging), and sin(36.87)=0.6.
Then P1=1500(0.8)/3=400 kW, Q1=1500(0.6)/3=300 kW.
P1 = 400 kW Q/ = 300 kVAR

If the Line voltage at the load in problem 1 is 8660.2540 V, what is the voltage magnitude
across each phase of the load, if the load is connected as follows,

8660.254
V = 8660.254 V Vy = 5000 V=
3
What is the magnitude of line current drawn by this load?

IL = 100 A
1500 x103
IL =
3 8660.254

Problem 5
In the circuit shown below, Van = 12,000 + j 0 V (rms). Assume positive phase sequence. The balanced
source supplies 1.5 MW and 0.3 MVAR to the three phase balanced load. Find:

a) The rms line current.

b) Z p

Aa 15 A

V an
+

Z
P
V
Z

P
V CA
AB
+
V cn Nn V + V BC
bn
15
Z P
C
Bb B

15

Solution to problem 5

(a) S3 (1.5 j 0.3) * 10 VA

6

1
S1 ( 1.5 j 0.3 )* 106 VA
3
* *
Van I an S1 12 ,000 I an
* ( 1.5 j 0.3 ) x106
I an 42.49211 .31 A
3 12 ,000
I an 42.492 11 .31 A

(b) Z p 3Z py
V
Z py an
I aA
VAN VaN I aA * 15 12,000 42.492 11.31* 15
11,375.680.6296V
11,375.680.6296
Z Py 267.713511 .939
42.492 11 .31
 Z Py 3x 267.713511.939 803.140511.939

Problem 6
A three phase source is supplying a balanced three phase load over a transmission line having impedance of
ZL=2+j20 ohms per phase. The voltage at the source end of the transmission line is 2887 0 volts line to
neutral. The current supplied through the transmission line is IL=100 -30 amperes.
1. Determine the power factor seen by the source, and specify whether it is leading or lagging.
2. Determine the voltage (line to neutral) at the load.
3. Determine the power factor of the load, and specify whether the load is
a. leading or lagging
b. inductive or capacitive
4. Determine the real and reactive power consumed by the load.

Solution to problem 6
1. pf=cos(30)=0.8660, and it is lagging.

2. VLOAD=28870-100-30(2+j20)=713.8-j1632=2366.5-43.6

3. pf angle=angle at which voltage leads the current=-43.6-(-30)=-13.6, so pf=cos(-13.6)=0.972, and

the current is leading the voltage! This means the power factor is leading (part a) and the load must be
capacitive (part b).

4. S=3VLOAD (I)*=3(2366.5-43.6)(100+30)=690044-j166939=709.950-13.6 kVA

Problem 7
A balanced, three-phase load having a power factor of 0.8 lagging is supplied by a transmission line
carrying 300 amps at 115 kV line-to-line. Compute the three-phase real and reactive power delivered to the
load.

Solution to problem 7
S3 3 VLL I 3 115 10 300 59.756MVA
3

pf 0.8 cos 1 0.8 36.9 sin 0.6

P (59.756) (0.8) 47.8MW
Q (59.756) (0.6) 35.879MVAR

Problem 8
A balanced, three-phase, delta-connected load consumes 50-j20 kVA at a line-to-line voltage of 13.8 kV.
Compute the per-phase impedance of this load assuming a series connection between R and X.

Solution to problem 8
 2 2
V V ( 13.8 103 )2
S LL* Z LL* 3283 j1313
Z S ( 50 j 20 ) 103
Z 3 Z Y Z 3 ( 3283 j1313 ) 9849 j 3939
R 9849
X 3939( Capacitive )

Problem 9
A three-phase wye-connected load having impedance of Z1=200+j50 ohms per phase is connected in
parallel with a three phase delta-connected load having impedance of Z 2=600+j300 ohms per phase. The
load is supplied by a three-phase wye-connected generator that is directly interconnected with the loads
(i.e., there is no transmission line between the generator and the loads). The voltage magnitude of the
generator is 13.8 kV line-to-line. Assume that the phase to neutral voltage at the generator is the angle
reference.
1. Draw the three-phase circuit. Clearly identify the numerical values of one line to neutral source voltage
phasor and one-phase impedance for each of loads 1 and 2.
2. Draw the per-phase circuit. Clearly identify the numerical values of the source voltage phasor and the
per-phase impedances of loads 1 and 2.
3. Compute the three-phase complex power consumed by each load and the total, complex three-phase
power consumed by the two loads.
4. Show that the total, complex three-phase power consumed by the two loads can be computed using the
line current and the line-to-line value of the source voltage.

Solution to problem 9

1.
Z1=200+j50
VAN=
7967v
Z2=600+j300

2.

Z2=200+j100
Z1=200+j50
VAN=
7967v

3. We could use S1 =3|VAN|2/Z1* , S2 = 3|VAN|2/Z2* , or we could get the current instead. Lets do it
by getting the current.
I1=VAN/Z1=7967/(200+j50)= 37.4918 - j9.3729,
 S1=3VAN(I1)*=3(7967)( 37.4918 + j9.3729)= (896.09 +j224.02)kva
P1=896.1 kW, Q1=224.0 kVAR
I2=VAN/Z2=7967/(200+j100)= 31.8680 -j15.9340
S2=3VAN(I2)*=3(7967)(31.8680 +j15.9340)= (761.68e+j380.84)kva
P2=761.7 kW, Q2=380.8 kVAR
STotal=S1+S2=1657.8+j604.86
PTotal=1657.8 kW, QTotal=604.9 kVAR

4. IT=I1+I2= 69.3598 -j25.3069= 73.83 -20.05, |VLine|=13,800

STotal=(3)(13,800)(73.83){cos(20.05)+jsin(20.05)}= 1657.8+j604.9

Problem 10
Consider a balanced three-phase source supplying a balanced Y- or - connected load with the following
instantaneous voltages and currents.
v an 2 V p cos(t v ) i a 2 I p cos(t i )
vbn 2 V p cos(t v 120) ib 2 I p cos(t i 120)
v cn 2 V p cos(t v 240) ic 2 I p cos(t i 240)
where |Vp| and |Ip| are the magnitudes of the rms phase voltage and current, respectively. Show that the total
instantaneous power provided to the load, as the sum of the instantaneous powers of each phase, is a
constant.

Solution for Problem 10

Consider a balanced three-phase source supplying a balanced Y- or - connected load with the following
instantaneous voltages
v an 2 V p cos t v
vbn 2 V p cos t v 120
v cn 2 V p cos t v 240
For a balanced load the phase currents are
ia 2 I p cos t i
ib
2 I p cos t i 120
(2.41)
ic 2 I p cos t i 240
where V p and I p are the magnitudes of the rms phase voltage and current, respectively. The total
instantaneous power is the sum of the instantaneous power of each phase, given by
p 3 v an i a vbn ib v cn ic
Substituting for the instantaneous voltages and currents
p 3 2 V p I p cos t v cos t i
2 V p I p cos t v 120 cos t i 120
2 V p I p cos t v 240 cos t i 240
Using the trigonometric identity cosx cosy =cos(x-y) + cos(x+y)
p3 V p I p cos v i cos 2 t v i

V p I p cos v i cos 2 t v i 240
Vp I p cos v cos 2 t
i v i 480

The three double frequency cosine terms are out of phase with each other by 120 and add up to zero, and
the three-phase instantaneous power is
p 3 3 V p I p cos
v i is the angle between phase voltage and phase current or the impedance angle.

Problem 11
A three-phase line has an impedance of 2+j4 ohms/phase, and the line feeds two balanced three-phase loads
that are connected in parallel. The first load is Y-connected and has an impedance of 30+j40 ohms/phase.
The second load is delta-connected and has an impedance of 60-j45 ohms/phase. The line is energized at
the sending end from a three-phase balanced supply of line voltage 207.85 volts. Taking the phase voltage
Va as reference, determine:
a. The current, real power, and reactive power drawn from the supply.
b. The line voltage at the combined loads.
c. The current per phase in each load.
d. The total real and reactive powers in each load and the line.

Solution for Problem 11

(a) The -connected load is transformed into an equivalent Y. The impedance per phase of the equivalent
Y is
60 j 45
Z2 20 j15
3
The phase voltage is
207.85
V1 120 V
3
The single-phase equivalent circuit is shown in the following figure.

The total impedance is

Z 2 j4
30 j 40 20 j15
30 j 40 20 j15
2 j 4 22 j 4 24
with the phase voltage Van as reference, the current in phase a is
V1 1200
I 5A
Z 24
The three-phase power supplied is

S 3V1 I * 3 1200 50 1800 W
(b) The phase voltage at the load terminal is

V2 1200 2 j 4 50 110 j 20
111 .8 10.3 V
The line voltage at the load terminal is
 V2 ab 330 V2 3 111 .8 19.7 193.6419.7 V
(c) The current per phase in the Y-connected load and in the equivalent Y of the load is
V2 110 j 20
I1 1 j 2 2.236 63.4 A
Z1 30 j 40
V 110 j 20
I2 2 4 j 2 4.47226.56 A
Z2 20 j15
The phase current in the original -connected load, i.e., I ab is given by
I2 4.47226.56
I ab 2.58256.56 A
3 30 3 30

(d) The three-phase power absorbed by each load is

S1 3V2 I 1* 3111 .8 10.3 2.23663.4 450 W j 600 var

S 2 3V2 I 2* 3 111 .8 10.3 4.472 26.56 1200 W - j 900 var
The three-phase power absorbed by the line is
S L 3 RL jX L I 3 2 j 4 5 150 W j 300 var
2 2

It is clear that the sum of load powers and line losses is equal to the power delivered from the supply, i.e.,
S1 S 2 S L 450 j 600 1200 j900 150 j300
1800 W j 0 var

Problem 12
A three-phase line has an impedance of 0.4+j2.7 ohms per phase. The line feeds two balanced three-phase
loads that are connected in parallel. The first load is absorbing 560.1kVA at 0.707 power factor lagging.
The second load absorbs 132 kW at unity power factor. The line-to-line voltage at the load end of the line is
3810.5 volts. Determine:
a. The magnitude of the line voltage at the source end of the line.
b. Total real and reactive power loss in the line.
c. Real power and reactive power supplied at the sending end of the line.

Solution for Problem 12

(a) The phase voltage at the load terminals is
3810.5
V2 2200 V
3
The total complex power is
S R 3 560.1 0.707 j 0.707 132 528 j 396
66036.87 kVA
With the phase voltage V2 as reference, the current in the line is
S R* 3 660,000 36.87
I 100 36.87 A
3V2* 3 22000
The phase voltage at the sending end is
V1 22000 0.4 j 2.7 100 36.87 2401.74.58 V
The magnitude of the line voltage at the sending end of the line is
V1L 3 V1 3 2401.7 4160 V
(b) The three-phase power loss in the line is
3 0.4 100 j 3 2.7 100
2 2 2 2
S L 3 3R I j3 X I
12 kW j 81 kvar
(c) The three-phase sending power is

S S 3 3V1 I * 3 2401.74.58 10036.87 540 kW j 477 kvar
It is clear that the sum of load powers and the line losses is equal to the power delivered from the supply,
i.e.,
S S 3 S R 3 S L 3 528 j 396 12 j81 540 kW j 477 kvar