New English InUse 3

Glossary
Getting Started sculptor /'gYJoUWL/escultor/a

actress /'DYWpLg/actriz singer /'gBnL/cantante
aeroplane /'CLpLUoCBm/avin snow /gmN/neve
architect /'EYBWCYW/arquitecto/a sunny /'gJmi/solleiro/a (its ~: vai sol)
beach /VAWi/praia thunder /'eJmXL/trono
cave /YMd/cova tram /WpDl/tranva
chef /iCc/xefe/a de cocia, chef TV host /WA'dA kLHgW/presentador/a de televisin
cloudy /'YoPXi/nubrado/a (its ~: hai nubes) underground /'JmXLZpPmX/metro
coast /YNgW/costa valley /'dDoi/val
computer programmer /YLlUqIWL 'UpLHZpDlL/ warm /rGl/clido/a, temperado/a
programador/a informtico/a waterfall /'rGWLcGo/fervenza, catarata
cruise ship /'YpIh iBU/cruceiro windy /'rBmXi/ventoso/a, de moito vento (its ~: vai vento)
desert /'XChLW/deserto writer /'pOWL/escritor/a
dry /XpO/seco/a, ermo/a yacht /qFW/iate
engineer /CmbB'mBL/enxeeiro/a
ferry /'cCpi/transbordador
foggy /'cFZi/de brtema / nboa; bretemoso/a,
Unit 1
neboento/a (its ~: vai nboa) annoyed /L'mQX/amolado/a, molesto/a
forest /'cFpBgW/bosque antisocial /DmWi'gNio/antisocial; insocibel
hairdresser /'kCLXpCgL/peiteador/a basis /'VMgBg/base
helicopter /'kCoBYFUWL/helicptero bucket /'VJYBW/caldeiro, balde
inventor /Bm'dCmWL/inventor/a carry /'YDpi/levar
island /'OoLmX/illa cheerful /'aRco/ledo/a, alegre, xovial
jeep /bAU/todo terreo confused /YLm'cqIhX/confuso/a, confundido/a,
desconcertado/a
judge /bJb/xuz/a
crab /YpDV/caranguexo
lake /oMY/lago
crawl /YpGo/arrastrarse
lawyer /'oGqL/avogado/a
delighted /XB'oOWBX/encantado/a
lightning /'oOWmBn/raio/s, relampo/s, lstrego/s
develop /XB'dCoLU/desenvolver
lorry /'oFpi/camin
downstairs /XPm'gWSh/abaixo, ao piso de abaixo
minivan /'lBmidm/monovolume
(polas escaleiras)
model /'lFXo/modelo
dream come true /XpAl YJl 'WpI/soo feito realidade
motorbike /'lNWLVOY/motocicleta, moto
energetic /CmL'bCWBY/enrxico/a
mountain /'lPmWLm/montaa
enthusiastic /BmeqIhi'DgWBY/entusiasta, afervoado/a
musician /lqI'hBim/msico/a
explore /BY'gUoG/explorar
ocean /'Nim/ocano
feel lonely /cAo 'oNmoi/sentirse s/soa
photographer /cL'WFZpLcL/fotgrafo/a
female /'cAlMo/femia
pilot /'UOoLW/piloto
fill /cBo/encher
politician /UFoL'WBim/poltico/a
get off /ZCW 'Fc/baixar de (vehculo)
postman /'UNgWlLm/carteiro
glider /'ZoOXL/planador
rainforest /'pMmcFpBgW/bosque / selva tropical
hot-air balloon /kFW'CL VLoIm/globo de aire quente
rainy /'pMmi/chuvioso/a
irritable /'BpBWLVo/irritbel
river /'pBdL/ro
journey /'bKmi/viaxe; traxecto
scientist /'gOLmWBgW/cientfico/a
kite /YOW/papaventos
scooter /'gYIWL/vespa, scooter
last /oEgW/durar
New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 1

make (ones) way /lMY rJmh 'rM/facerse camio disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/decepcionado/a,
male /lCBo/macho desilusionado/a
manned /lDmX/tripulado/a do charity work /XI 'WiDpLWi rKY/traballar en obras

benficas
miserable /'lBhpLVo/triste, tristeiro/a; desalentado/a
donate money /XNmMW 'lJmi/doar cartos / dieiro
newborn /'mqIVGm/acabado/a de nacer
earn a lot of money /Km L 'oFW Ld lJmi/gaar moitos
on (ones) own /Fm rJmh 'Nm/s/soa, sen axuda
cartos / moito dieiro
on the way /Fm fL 'rM/de / no camio
fake /cCBY/impostor/a
overcome obstacles /NdLYJl 'FVgWLYoh/superar
get together /ZCW WL'ZCfL/formarse, xuntarse
obstculos
judge /bJb/xulgar
purpose /'UKULg/uso, utilidade; fin, obxectivo
learn survival skills /oKm gL'dOdo gYBoh/aprender
race /pMg/competir
tcnicas de supervivencia
reach (ones) destination /pAa rJmh XCgWB'mMim/
lively /'oOdoi/alegre, ledo/a
chegar ao seu destino
look up to /oHY 'JU WL/respectar /admirar a
red-headed /'pCXkCXBX/rubio/a
looks /oHYg/aspecto; beleza
ride /pOX/paseo; viaxe
make a significant contribution /lMY L gBZmBcBYLmW
rise /pOh/subir
YFmWpB'VqIim/facer unha achega significativa /
rooster /'pIgWL/galo considerbel
run out of /pJm 'PW Ld/quedar/ficar sen make pottery /lMY 'UFWLpi/facer cermica
set off /gCW 'Fc/sar manage /'lDmBb/acadar, conseguir
shocked /iFYW/sorprendido/a, estupefacto/a orienteering /GpiLm'WBLpBn/carreira con mapa e comps
sight /gOW/espectculo perform in a band /ULcGl Bm L 'VDmX/tocar nun grupo
silk /gBoY/seda perform on stage /ULcGl Fm 'gWCBXj/interpretar / tocar /
so /gN/tamn cantar sobre o escenario
spacecraft /'gUMgYpEcW/nave espacial performer /UL'cGlL/intrprete
survive /gL'dOd/sobrevivir profit /'UpFcBW/beneficio, proveito, ganancia
thrilled /epBoX/afervoado/a, contentsimo/a realise /'pALoOh/decatarse de, darse conta de
towards /WL'rGXh/cara a represent his / her country /pCUpBhCmW kBh/kL 'YJmWpi/
turn out /WKm 'PW/resultar representar o seu pas
upset /JU'gCW/desgustado/a, molesto/a rock climbing /'pFY YoOlBn/escalada en rocha
window (shop) /'rBmXN iFU/escaparate (tenda) rocket /'pFYBW/foguete
save the environment /gMd fL Bm'dOpLmlLmW/protexer
o medio ambiente / natural
Unit 2 scuba diving /'gYIVL XOdBn/mergullo, submarinismo
abroad /L'VpGX/no estranxeiro seem /gAl/semellar, parecer
act in a play /YW Bm L 'UoM/actuar nunha obra de teatro study computer animation /gWJXi YLlUqIWL
appear on television /L'UBL Fm WCoBdBjm/sar na televisin DmB'lCBim/ estudar animacin dixital / por ordenador
archery /'EWiLpi/tiro con arco take /WMY/tardar, demorar

calm /YEl/tranquilo/a take part in international competitions /WMY UEW Bm
BmWLmDimLo YFlUL'WBimh/participar en competicins
camping /'YlUBn/acampada, cmping
internacionais
canoeing /YL'mIBn/piragismo
weird /rBLX/raro/a, estrao/a
commercial /YL'lKio/anuncio
windsurfing /'rBmXgKcBn/windsurf
compose songs /YLl'UNh gFnh/compor cancins
create sound effects /YpiMW 'gPmX BcCYWg/crear efectos
sonoros
Unit 3
crew /YpI/tripulacin
arthropod /'EepLUFX/artrpodo
design fashion accessories /XBhOm 'cim LYgCgLpih/
backbone /'VDYVNm/columna vertebral
desear accesorios de moda
backpack /'VDYUDY/mochila
dig /XBZ/cavar
bay /VM/baa
direct a film /XLpCYW L 'cBol/dirixir unha pelcula

Glossary
belongings /VB'oFnBnh/pertenzas Review 1
book a ticket online /VHY L 'WBYBW FmoOm/reservar unha crash /YpDi/ e strpito, estrondo
entrada / un billete por Internet
cry /YpO/cho, ouveo
book your flight /VHY qG 'coOW/reservar o voo
hunter /'kJmWL/cazador/a
camera case /'YlLpL YMg/estoxo da cmara
loud /oPX/alto/a, forte
carriage /'YDpBb/vagn
sharp /iEU/afiado/a
check the weather forecast /aCY fL 'rCfL cGYEgW/
comprobar o prognstico do tempo
trap /WpDU/trampa
coastline /'YNgWoOm/litoral turn /WKm/dar(se) a volta
cucumber /'YqIYJlVL/cogombro
first-aid kit /cKgW'CBX YBW/botiqun / botiqun de primeiros
auxilios
Unit 4
airport /'CLUGW/aeroporto
footstep /'cHWgWCU/paso, pisada (follow in the ~s of :
seguir os pasos de) art gallery /'EW ZDoLpi/galera de arte
go for a long weekend /ZLH cL L oFn rAY'CmX/ atmosphere /'DWlLgcR/ambiente
marchar de ponte / fin de semana longa away from /L'rCB cpLl/lonxe de
go sightseeing /ZLH 'gOWgABn/facer turismo bank /VDnY/marxe
goods /ZHXh/bens; produtos bicycle lane /'VOgBYo oCBm/ carril bici / para ciclistas
guidebook /'ZOXVHY/gua turstica bowling alley /'VLHoBn Doi/ saln de birlos
heat /kAW/calor bridge /VpBXj/ ponte
hire a car /'kOL L YE/alugar un coche building /'VBoXBn/ edificio
insect repellent /'BmgCYW pBUCoLmW/repelente contra car park /'YE UEY/aparcadoiro
insectos chapel /'aDUo/capela
luggage allowance /'oJZBb LoPLmg/lmite de equipaxe crowd /YpPX/multitude, xente
make hotel reservations /lMY kNWCo pChC'dMimh/ demonstration /XClLm'gWpMim/manifestacin
reservar hoteis
exchange /BYg'WiMmb/de intercambio
map (n) /lDU/mapa
football pitch /'cHWVGo UBWi/ campo de ftbol
map (v) /lDU/elaborar / levantar un mapa
fountain /'cPmWLm/ fonte
money belt /'lJmi VCoW/bolso de cintura
gather /'ZDfL/reunirse, xuntarse
passport /'UEgUGW/pasaporte
hotel /kN'WCo/hotel
piglet /'UBZoLW/marrancho, rancho, leitn
hunt /kJmW/caza, cazara
plan an itinerary /UoDm Lm O'WBmLpLpi/proxectar un
landmark /'oDmXlEY/lugar / monumento clebre
percorrido / unha ruta
market /'lEYBW/mercado
(be) reborn /pA'VGm/renacer
newsagent /'mqIhMbLmW/tenda / quiosco de xornais
set (table) /'gCW (WMVo)/pr (mesa)
nightclub /'mOWYoJV/club nocturno
sleeping bag /'goAUBn VDZ/saco de durmir
office block /'FcBg VoFY/bloque de oficinas
suitcase /'gIWYMg/maleta
parade /UL'pMX/desfile
sunglasses /'gJmZoEgBh/lentes de sol
pavement /'UMdlLmW/beirarra
sunscreen /'gJmgYpAm/bronceador con filtro solar
playground /'UoMZpPmX/parque, zona de xogos
take a break /WMY L 'VpCBY/coller un respiro, descansar,
acougar police station /UL'oAg gWMim/comisara
take a tour /WMY L 'WT/facer unha visita guiada railway station /'pMorM gWMim/estacin de tren
tent /WCmW/tenda de campaa roundabout /'pPmXLVPW/rotonda
toiletries /'WQoLWpih/artigos de toucador running track /'pJmBn WpDY/pista de atletismo
travel on business /Wpdo Fm 'VBhmLg/viaxar por negocios sand /gDmX/area
vintage /'dBmWBb/antigo/a, de poca sign /gOm/sinal
wharf /rGc/embarcadoiro, peirao site /gOW/ pxina web
square /gYrS/praza
statue /'gWDaI/estatua
stick /gWBY/pau

street /'gWpAW/ra roast /pLHgW/asado/a
swimming pool /'grBlBn UIo/piscina salty /'gGoWi/salgado/a
tennis court /'WCmBg YGW/cancha / pista de tenis sauce /gGg/salsa
tower /'WPL/torre savoury /'gMdLpi/salgado/a
traffic light /'WpDcBY oOW/semforo shellfish /'iCocBi/marisco
university /qImB'dKgLWi/universidade side dish /'gOX XBi/gornicin, acompaamento
zebra crossing /hCVpL 'YpFgBn/paso de pens snail /gmMo/caracol
sour /'gPL/agre, acedo/a
spicy /'gUOgi/picante, moi condimentado/a
Unit 5 spinach /'gUBmBWi/espinacas
appetising /'DUBWOhBn/gorentoso/a, sabedeiro/a starter /'gWEWL/entrada
baked /VMYW/ao forno sweet /grAW/doce
beef /VAc/vitela tasty /'WMgWi/saboroso/a, gorentoso/a
boiled /'VQoX/fervido/a, cocido/a till /WBo/at, ata, deica
cabbage /'YDVBXj/col/coia, repolo when it comes to ... /rCm BW 'YJlh WL/no que se
cauliflower /'YFoicoPL/coliflor refire..., no que a... respecta / atinxe
cinnamon /'gBmLlLm/canela
complain /YLl'UoMm/queixarse de
cooked /YHYW/cociado/a; quente Unit 6
court /YGW/corte accept /LY'gCUW/aceptar
cover /'YJdL/cubrir annoy /L'mQ/amolar, fastidiar
dairy /'XCLpi/(produtos) lcteos apologise /L'UFoLbOh/desculparse, pedir perdn
dessert /XB'hKW/sobremesa arrogant /'DpLZLmW/arrogante, soberbioso/a
encourage /Bm'YJpBb/animar a beg /VCZ/pregar, suplicar
fat /cW/graxa betray /VB'WpM/traizoar; delatar
fresh /cpCi/fresco/a celery /'gCoLpi/apio
fried /cpOX/frito/a, fritido/a chew /aI/mastigar, mascar
frogs legs /cpFZh 'oCZh/ancas de ra compromise /'YFlUpLlOh/chegar a un acordo
intermedio/ unha avinza / un arranxo
frozen /'cpNhm/conxelado/a
disagree /XBgL'ZpA/non estar de acordo, estar en
ginger /'bBmbL/xenxibre
desacordo
grain /ZpMm/cereais
disappoint /XBgL'UQmW/defraudar, desilusionar,
grilled /ZpBoX/(asado/a) grella decepcionar
harmful /'kElco/danio/a, nocivo/a dishonest /XBg'FmBgW/pouco honrado/a, deshonesto/a
increase /Bm'YpAg/aumentar embarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/avergonzado/a, avergoado/a
itself /BW'gCoc/mesmo/a, en si mesmo/a embarrassing /Bl'VDpLgBn/embarazoso/a, violento/a
lamb /oDl/ao faithful /'cCBeco/leal
laugh at /'oEc LW/rir(se) de fall out with /cGo 'PW rBe/enfadarse con
main course /lCBm 'YGg/prato principal forgive /cL'ZBd/ perdoar
mashed /lDiW/en pur hairstyle /'kCLgWOo/ peiteado
mushroom /'lJipHl/cogomelo hang out with /kn 'PW rBe/pasar o tempo / sar con
overweight /NdL'rMW/gordo/a, obeso/a have an argument with /kDd Lm 'EZqHlLmW rBe/
pea /UA/ervella, chcharo rifar con
pepper /'UCUL/pementa hurt (someones) feelings /kKW gJlrJmh 'cAoBnh/
plain /UoCBm/sinxelo/a, corrente ferir os sentimentos (de algun)
pork /UGY/carne de porco ignore /BZ'mG/non facer caso (a / de)
raw /pG/cru/cra impolite /BlUL'oOW/maleducado/a, descorts
remind /pB'lOmX/lembrar a inconsiderate /BmYLm'gBXLpLW/desconsiderado/a
ripe /pOU/maduro/a jealous /'XjCoLg/envexoso/a; celoso/a

Glossary
kind /YOmX/ambel, atento/a face /cMg/enfrontarse a
make friends /lMY 'cpCmXh/facer amigos find you guilty /cOmX qI 'ZBoWi/declararte culpbel
make fun of /lMY 'cJm Ld/burlarse / moquearse de; get-away car /'ZCWLrM YE/coche de fuxida
tomar o pelo a go wild /ZLH 'rOoX/tolear, enlouquecer, prse coma
manners /'lmLh/condutas, comportamentos tolo/a; desmandarse, desenfrearse
milkshake /'lBoYiMY/batido (de leite) have difficulty breathing /kDd XBcBYLoWi 'VpAfBn/ter
moody /'lIXi/temperamental, de humor / xenio dificultade para respirar
varibel hood /kHX/carapucha, caparucha
pick up /UBY 'JU/coller hooligan /'kIoBZLm/falcatrueiro, aduaneiro
polite /UL'oOW/educado/a, corts identify /O'XCmWBcO/ identificar (a)
pushy /'UHii/agresivo/a in pain /Bm 'UMm/con dor/es
radish /'pDXBi/ravo innocent /'BmLgmW/ inocente
remain /pB'lCBm/ seguir / continuar (sendo, a ser / judge /bJb/xuz/a
estando, a estar) look for clues /oHY cG 'YoIh/ procurar pistas / sinais
respect /pB'gUCYW/respectar lose blood /oIh 'VoJX/ perder sangue
risk /pBgY/arriscar, poer en perigo obey the law /L'VM fL oG/obedecer / acatar a lei
rule /pIo/gobernar prison sentence /'UpBhm gCmWLmg/ condena / pena de
selfish /'gCocBi/ egosta crcere
sensible /'gCmgLVo/asisado/a, xuizoso/a provide /UpL'dOX/proporcionar, subministrar, ofrecer
sensitive /'gCmgLWBd/sensbel; susceptbel question /'YrCgWiLm/ interrogar; cuestionar
slurp /goKU/sorber de maneira ruidosa riot /'pOLW/ disturbio, motn
stand up for yourself /gWmX 'JU cL qGgCoc/defenderse run away /pJm L'rCB/fuxir
string /gWpBn/febra scene of the crime /gAm Ld fL 'YpOl/lugar /
stubborn /'gWJVLm/testn/ana, teimudo/a escenario do crime
touch /WJWi/conmover, emocionar scholarship /'gYFoLiBU/ bolsa de estudos

trust /WpJgW/fiarse de, confiar en search and rescue /gKa LmX 'pCgYqI/busca e rescate
unreliable /JmpB'oOLVo/pouco de fiar, que non de fiar serious injuries /gBLpiLg 'BmbLpih/feridas graves
wealth /rCoe/riqueza set (fire) /gCW 'cOL/prender (lume)
set out to /gCW 'PW WL/ter a intencin de, proporse
smash /glDi/ romper, esnaquizar
Review 2 stab /gWDV/ acoitelar a
nurse /mKg/ama (de leite, de cra) take care of /WMY 'YS Ld/encargarse / ocuparse de,
atender (a)
theft /eCcW/ roubo
Unit 7 trap /WpDU/ atrapar
accused /L'YqIhX/ acusado/a trial /'WpOLo/ xuzo, proceso
beat /VAW/ gaar (a) turn oneself in /WKm rJmgCoc 'Bm/entregarse ( polica)
bravery /'VpMdpi/afouteza, valor unconscious /Jm'YFmiLg/inconsciente, esvado, sen
break into /VpMY 'BmWI/entrar a roubar en sentido
break the law /VpMY fL 'oG/infrinxir / quebrantar a lei van /dDm/ furgoneta, camioneta
cause damage /YGh 'XDlBb/ causar danos warning /'rGmBn/ advertencia, aviso
climb /YoOl/subida, ascenso witness (n) /'rBWmLg/ testemua
collapse /YL'oDUg/derrubarse, esboroarse witness (v) /'rBWmLg/ presenciar, ser testemua de
commit a serious crime /YLlBW L gBLpiLg 'YpOl/
cometer un delito / crime grave
crash /YpDi/chocar, esnafrar(se) Unit 8
cut /YJW/ferida, corte air conditioner /'CL YLmXBiLmL/aire, ar acondicionado
dead /XCX/morto/a cardboard /'YEXVGX/(de) cartn
escape /B'gYMU/fuxir, escapar(se) catch on /YDa 'Fm/ter xito, callar

come up with /YJl 'JU rBf/propor, suxerir waterproof /'rGWLUpIc/impermebel
complicated /'YFlUoBYMWBX/complicado/a wave /rMd/onda
cordless phone /'YGXoLg cNm/telfono sen fos weird /rBLX/ raro/a, estrao/a
developing /XB'dCoLUBn/en (vas de) desenvolvemento wind turbine /'rBmX WKVOm/aeroxerador
dishwasher /'XBirFiL/lavalouza
dramatically /XpL'lDWBYoi/radicalmente
easy to use /'Ahi WL qIh/doado de usar Unit 9
effective /B'cCYWBd/efectivo/a, eficaz attack /L'WDY/ atacar
electric shaver /BoCYWpBY 'iMdL/mquina de barbear beak /VAY/ bico
entertaining /CmWL'WCBmBn/divertido/a; entretido/a, bee /VA/ abella
ameno/a biomimicry /'VOLlBlBYpi/ biommese
flop /coFU/fracaso bite /VOW/ trabar, morder
food processor /'cIX UpNgCgL/robot de cocia build nests /VBoX 'mCgWg/ facer nios
freezer /'cpAhL/conxelador bump into /VJlU 'BmWL/ chocar con / contra
fresh water /cpCi 'rGWL/auga doce catch /YDa/ coger, atrapar; cazar
fridge /cpBb/neveira, frigorfico cheetah /'aAWL/ guepardo
gadget /'ZDbBW/artefacto, chisme, aparello claw /YoG/ pouta
gas stove /'ZDg gWNd/cocia de gas crawl /YpGo/ gatear, agatuar; arrastrarse (~ up: subir por)
hairdryer /'kCLXpOL/secador de pelo defend oneself /XB'cCmX rJmgCoc/ defenderse
handle /'kmXo/manivela, manubrio die out /XO 'PW/extinguirse
ingenious /Bm'bAmiLg/enxeoso/a disguise oneself /XBg'ZOh rJmgCoc/ disfrazarse
innovation /BmL'dMim/innovacin, novidade eggshell /'CZiCo/ casca de ovo
iron /'OLm/ferro de pasar elephant bird /'CoBcLmW VKX/ave elefante
kettle /'YCWo/fervedoiro (de auga) elephant seal /'CoBcLmW gAo/elefante mario, foca elefante
keyboard /'YAVGX/teclado endangered /Bm'XMmbLX/ en perigo de extincin
leaf /oAc/folla enemy /'CmLli/ inimigo/a
lilypad /'oBoiUDX/folla de nenfar extinct /BY'gWBnYW/ extinto/a, desaparecido/a
melt /lCoW/derreterse (become ~: extinguirse, desaparecer)
microwave oven /lOYpLrMd 'Jdm/forno microondas feather /'cCfL/ pluma

pad /UDX/bloc / caderno de notas feel threatened /cAo 'epCWmX/sentirse ameazado/a
power station /'UPL gWMim/estacin elctrica fin /cBm/ aleta
printer /'UpBmWL/impresora fur /cK/ pelo, pelaxe; pel
prove /UpId/demostrar, probar give birth /ZBd 'VKe/dar a luz; parir
remote control /pBlNW YLm'WpNo/mando a distancia harmless /'kEloLg/ inofensivo/a
require /pB'YrOL/ necesitar, precisar, cumprir hibernate /'kOVLmMW/ hibernar
reusable /pB'qIhLVo/ reutilizbel hide /kOX/ agochar(se), ocultar(se)
revolutionary /pCdL'oIiLmLpi/ revolucionario/a honey badger /'kJmi VDbL/ratel, teixugo do mel
shape /iMU/dar forma a (be ~d like: ter forma de) horn /kGm/ corno
simple /'gBlUo/ sinxelo/a hunt /kJmW/ cazar
source /gGg/fonte jaw /bG/ mandbula, queixada
steam locomotive /'gWAl oNYLlNWBd/locomotora lay eggs /oM 'CZh/pr ovos
de vapor leopard seal /'oCULX gAo/leopardo mario, foca leopardo
trendy /'WpCmXi/ moderno/a, moda manufacturer /lDmqH'cDYWiLpL/ fabricante
tyre /'WOL/pneumtico ostrich /'FgWpBa/ avestruz
underwater /JmXL'rGWL/ debaixo da auga paw /UG/ pata; pouta
useful /'qIgco/ til poisonous /'UQhLmLg/ velenoso/a; txico/a
useless /'qIgoLg/ intil, que non serve para nada remaining /pB'lCBmBn/ que fica / perdura
vacuum cleaner /'dDYqHLl YoAmL/aspirador/a scale /gYCBo/ escama

Glossary
seal /gAo/ foca
shortfin mako shark /iGWcBm 'lMYN iEY/tiburn
mako / de aleta curta
stay alive /gWM L'oOd/sobrevivir
tail /WMo/cola, rabo
tongue /WJn/lingua
trunk /WpJnY/trompa
tusk /WJgY/cairo
valuable /'doqHLVo/valioso/a
Weddell seal /'rCXLo gAo/foca de Weddell
whiskers /'rBgYLh/bigotes
wing /rBn/, ala
Review 3
leaflet /'oAcoLW/folleto
on suspicion of /Fm gL'gUBim Ld/baixo sospeita de
search /gKa/rexistrar

Speaking Glossary
Formal and informal introductions Who did you go with? /kI XBX qI 'ZN rBf/ Con quen
fuches?
, this is . Shes a new student here. /fBg Bh ' iAh
L mqI 'gWqIXmW kBL/ , esta . unha alumna nova What happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Que ocorreu / pasou?
aqu. How did you feel? /kP XBX qI 'cAo/ Como te sentiches?
Pleased to meet you, . /UoAhX WL 'lAW qI/
Encantado/a de coecelo/a, . Talking about interests
Id like you to meet . Shell be your new teacher. Are you good at ? /E qI 'ZHX LW/ Es bo/a?,
/OX 'oOY qI WL lAW iAo VA qG mqI 'WAaL/ Gustarame Dseche ben?
que coezas a . Ela ser a ta nova profesora. Have you ever tried ? /kDd qI CdL 'WpOX/ Algunha
Nice to meet you, . /mOg WL 'lAW qI/ Encantado/a de vez intentaches / probaches?
coecerte, . Are you interested in ? /E qI 'BmWpLgWBX Bm/
Hello, . Im . /kL'oLH Ol/ Ola, . Son . Intersache?
Welcome to our school. /'rCoYLl WL E gYIo/ Benvido/a How do you feel about ? /kP XL qI 'cAo LVPW/
ao noso colexio. Que opinas / pensas sobre?
Hi, , Im . /kO ' Ol/ Ola, , son . Do you enjoy ? /XL qI Bm'bQ/ Gstache?
Come and meet some other students. /YJl LmX lAW Are you into ? /E qI 'BmWL/ Es afeccionado/a a?
gLl 'JfL gWqIXmWg/ Ven coecer a outros alumnos. Would you like to ? /rHX qI 'oOY WL/ Gustarache?
Are you keen on ? /E qI 'YAm Fm/Gstache?,
Classroom language Es afeccionado/a a?
How do you spell ? /'kP XL qI gUCo/ Como soletreas /
se soletrea? Discussing travel plans
What page are we on? /rFW 'UCBb E rA Fm/ En que Where are you going? /rCL E qI 'ZNBn/ A onde vas?
pxina estamos?
How long will you be staying there? /kP oFn rBo qI
What does the word mean? /rFW XJh fL rKX ' lAm/ VA 'gWMBn fS/ Canto tempo quedaras al?
Que significa a palabra?
Who are you going with? /kI E qI 'ZNBn rBf/
When is the homework due? /'rCm Bh fL kNlrKY XqI/ Con quen vas?
Cando hai que entregar / Para cando son os deberes?
Where will you be staying? /rCL rBo qI VA 'gWMBn/
Can I borrow your , please? /YLm O 'VFpN qG UoAh / Onte te aloxars / hospedars?
Prstasme o/a teu/ta, por favor?
How are you going to travel around? /kP E qI ZLHBn
I cant find my . /O 'YEmW cOmX lO/ Non podo WL Wpdo L'pPmX/ Como te vas mover?
atopar / atopo o/a meu/mia .
What are you going to do there? /rFW L qI ZLHBn WL
What is the homework? /'rFW Bh fL kNlrKY/ 'XI fS/ Que vas facer al?
Que deberes hai?, Cales son os deberes?
When does your flight leave? /'rCm XJh qG coOW oAd/
Can you repeat that, please? /YLm qI pB'UAW fDW UoAh/ Cando sae o teu voo?
Podes repetir iso, por favor?
What will the weather be like? /rFW rBo fL 'rCfL Vi oOY/
You can use mine. /qI YLm qIh 'lOm/ Podes usar o Que tempo ir?
meu / a mia?
Yes, of course. Listen carefully. /qCg Ld 'YGg oBgm 'YCLcoi/
Giving directions
Si, abof que si. Escoita con atencin.
How do I get to the ? /kP XI O 'ZCW WI fL/
Sure, here you are. /iHL 'kBL qI E/ Claro, aqu tes /
Como vou / chego ao / ?
velaqu.
Turn right at . /WKm 'pOW LW/ Xira / Vira dereita en .
Were on page . /rR Fm 'UCBb/ Estamos na pxina .
Take the turning on your . /WMY fL ' WKmBn Fm qG/
Colle a ra / boca de ra .
Reporting on a trip
If you keep going straight, youll see a on your .
Where did you go? /rCL XBX qI 'ZN/ A onde fuches? /Bc qI YAU ZLHBn 'gWpMW qIo gA L Fm qG/ Se segues
When did you go there? /rCm XBX qI 'ZN fCL/ Cando (indo) recto, vers un/unha .
fuches al? Pass the . /'UEg fL/ Pasa o / a .

Speaking Glossary
The is on your . /fL ' Bh Fm qG/ O / A est / Reporting a crime
fica .
How many were there? /kP lCmi ' rL fCL/
Its at the corner of and . /BWg LW fL 'YGmL Ld LmX/ Cantos haba / houbo?
Est na esquina / no canto de con .
Was anyone hurt? /rLh CmirJm 'kKW/ Resultou algun
ferido?
Discussing food preferences What happened? /rFW 'kDULmX/ Que ocorreu / pasou?
Do you like ? /XL qI 'oOY/ Gstache? What did look like? /rFW XBX 'oHY oOY/ Que
You like , dont you? /qI 'oOY XLHmW qI/ aspecto tia/n?
Gstache, non? / va que si? How badly was injured? /kP 'VDXoi rLh BmbLX/
Is there anything that you dont eat? /Bh fCL 'CmieBn De canta gravidade foi ferido/a?
fDW qI XLHmW AW/ Hai algo que non comas? Did you notice anything else? /XBX qI mNWBg CmieBn 'Cog/
How do you like your or ? /kP XL qI 'oOY qG Reparaches en / Notaches algo mis?
G/ Como che gusta o/a: ou? When did the crime take place? /'rCm XBX fL YpOl
What would you rather have or ? /rFW rHX qI WMY UoMg/ Cando ocorreu o delito / crime?
pEfL 'kDd G/ Que prefires comer / tomar: ou?
Whats your favourite ? /rFWg qG 'cCBdLpBW/ Cal o Talking about inventions
teu/a ta preferido/a?
What nationality was ? /rFW miL'mDoLWi rLh/
Youre not keen on , are you? /qG mFW 'YAm Fm E De que nacionalidade era?
qI/ Non che gusta moito / entusiasma, non? / va que
How did this invention change peoples lives? /kP
non?.
XBX fBg BmdCmim WiMmb UAUoh 'oOdh/ Como cambiou este
Id rather have . is too plain. /OX 'pEfL kDd . invento a vida da xente?
Bh WI UoCBm/ Prefiro comer / tomar . sinxelo/a
Who invented the ? /'kI BmdCmWBX fL/ Quen inventou
de mis.
o / a?
Yes, that isnt enough. /qCg fDW BhmW ' BmJc/
When did invent the ? /rCm XBX ' BmdCmW fL/
Si, que non estea (o) bastante / suficientemente .
Cando inventou o / a?
Im mad about . /Ol 'lDX LVPW/ A tolame.,
I think it was . /O eBnY BW rLh '/ Penso / Coido que
Encntame o / a .
foi .
Yes, I love it. /qCg O 'oJd BW/ Si, encntame.
I may be wrong, but I think he was . /O lM VA 'pFn
I much prefer . /O 'lJa UpBcK/ Gstame moito mis . VJW O eBnY kA rLh/ Poida que me equivoque / estea
Not especially. /mFW B'gUCiLoi/ Non particularmente. errado/a, mais penso / coido que era .
No, Im not fussy about food. /mN Ol mFW 'cJgi LVPW That could be. /fDW 'YHX VA/ Podera ser.
cIX/ Non, non son mexeriqueiro/a coa comida. I cant say for sure, but I think it was in . /O 'YEmW
It doesnt really make a difference to me. /BW XJhmW gM cL iHL VJW O eBnY BW rLh Bm/ Non podo dicilo con
pBLoi lMY L 'XBcpLmg WL lA/ A verdade que tanto me seguridade, mais penso / coido que foi en / a .
ten / me d igual.
Oh, thats obvious. /N fDWg 'FVdiLg/ Ah, iso obvio.
No! I cant stand it! /mN O YEmW 'gWDmX BW/ Non! Non o
podo soportar / aturar!
Describing and comparing animals
How long does it live? /kP oFn XJh BW 'oBd/ Canto
Talking about problems (tempo) vive?
The problem is . /fL 'UpFVoLl Bh/ O problema .
How fast can it run? /kP cEgW YDm BW 'pJm/ Como de
Maybe youre too . /'lMVi qHL WI/ Talvez / Se cadra / rpido / A que velocidade pode correr?
Quizais es demasiado .
What does it do well? /rFW XJh BW XI 'rCo/ Que fai / se
How about ? /kP L'VPW/ Que tal se? lle d ben?
You have to . /qI 'kDd WL/ Tes que . What difficulties has it got? /rFW 'XBcBYLoWih kLh BW ZFW/
You need to explain to them that . /qI mAX WL Que dificultades ten?
BY'gUoMm WL fCl fDW/ Tes que explicarlles que . What does it do when it feels threatened? /rFW XJh
If I were you, . /Bc 'O rL qI/ Eu de ti, . BW XI rCm BW cAoh 'epCWLmX/ Que fai cando se sente
Dont be . /'XLHmW VA/ Non sexas . ameazado/a?
Why dont you ? /rO 'XNmW qI/ Por que non? The zebra very well. /fL 'hCVpL dCpi rCo/ A
cebra moi ben.
Its clear that . /BWg 'YoBL fDW/ Est claro que .

The uses its to . /fL ' qIhBh BWg WL/ Showing approval
O / A usa a/s para .
Great idea! /'ZpCBW OXR/ Moi boa idea!
The has got a problem . /fL kLh ZFW L 'UpFVoLl/
Thats cool! /fDWg 'YIo/ Que ben!
O / A ten problemas / dificultades .
That sounds great! /fDW gPmXh 'ZpMW/ Soa moi ben!,
When a feels threatened, . /rCm L cAoh
Parceme xenial!
'epCWLmX/ Cando un/ha se sente ameazado/a, .
The is good at . /fL ' Bh ZHX LW/ Ao / dselle
ben .
Encouraging
Dont feel bad. /XLHmW cAo 'VDX/ Non te sintas mal.
The lives as long as . It can live years. /fL '
oBdh Lh oFn Lh BW YLm oBd ' qRh/ O / A vive tanto Theres always a next time. /fCLh GorCBh L 'mCYgW WOl/
como/a . Pode vivir anos. Sempre hai unha prxima vez.
The runs faster than the . It runs about Dont worry. /XLHmW 'rJpi/ Non te preocupes.
kilometres an hour. /fL ' pJmh cEgWL fLm fL BW
pJmh LVPW 'YBoLlAWLh Lm PL/ O / A corre mis Clarifying
prsa c/c . Corre a uns quilmetros por hora. OK. I see. /N'YM O gA/Vale. Entendo.
The cant well. /fL ' YEmW rCo/ O / A non Did you say ? /XBX qI 'gM/Dixeches?
pode / sabe ben.
Do you mean ? /XI qI 'lAm/Queres dicir?
Is that the ? /Bh 'fDW fL/Iso / Esa o / a?
Gaining time
Let me think. /oCW lA 'eBnY/Dixame pensar / que pense.
Guessing
Im trying to remember. /Ol WpOBn WL pB'lClVL/
Is it ? /'Bh BW/ ?
Estou tratando de / tentando lembrarme.
Could it be ? /YLX BW 'VA/Podera ser?
I think its /O 'eBnY BWg/Coido que
Showing interest
How exciting! /kP BY'gOWBn/ Que ilusin!
Remembering
Oh, thats too bad! /N fDWg 'WI VDX/Ai, que mgoa /
pena! Ill never forget ./Oo 'mCdL cLZCW/
Nunca esquecerei .
That sounds like fun! /fDW 'gPmXh oOY cJm/Seica /
Semella divertido! I remember when ./O pB'lClVL rCm/
Acrdome de / Lembro cando .
Wow! /rP/ Vaites!, Anda!
Do you remember ? /XI qI pB'lLlVL/
Acrdaste de / Lembras?
Getting information
What else? /rFW 'Cog/Que mis?
Responding to comparisons
Tell me more. /WCo lA 'lG/Cntame mis (cousas).
Same here. /'gMl kBL/Eu / A min tamn.
Give me another clue. /ZBd lA LmJfL 'YoI/Dme
Oh, no! Not me! /N 'mN mFW lA/ Ai, non! Eu / A min non!
outra pista.
Empathising
Comparing
Thats too bad! /fDWg WI 'VDX/Que mgoa / pena!
Me, too. /lA 'WI/Eu / A min tamn.
What a shame! /rFW L 'iMl/ Que mgoa / pena!
Me neither. /lA 'mOfL/Eu / A min tampouco.
I understand. /O JmXL'gWDmX/ Entendo., Comprendo.
I feel the same way. /O cAo fL gMl 'rM/Eu opino /
penso o mesmo. Thats not easy. /fDWg mFW 'Ahi/ Iso non doado.
Disagreeing Guessing
No way! /mN 'rM/Nin falar!, De ningunha maneira! Thats obvious. /fDWg 'FVdBLg/ Iso obvio.
I dont think so. /O XNmW 'eBnY gN/Parceme / Coido Thats easy. /fDWg 'Ahi/ Iso doado.
que non.
Youre wrong. /qHL 'pFn/Ests errado/a. Showing uncertainty
Thats not a good idea. /fDWg mFW L ZHX O'XR/Esa I think ./O 'eBnY/Coido, Penso .
non unha boa idea. It / He / She seemed ./BW/kA/iA 'gAlX/Semellaba .

Speaking Glossary
Im pretty sure ./Ol 'UpBWi iHL/Estou case certo/a
de (que) .
If Im not mistaken, . /Bc Ol mFW lB'gWMYLm/
Se non estou errado, .
Asking for information

What did it look like? /rFW XBX BW 'oHY oOY/ Como era
(de aspecto)?, Que aspecto tia?
How big was it? /kP 'VBZ rLh BW/ Como era de grande?
Did anyone help you? /XBX CmirJm 'kCoU qI/ Axudoute
algun?
Qualifying answers
I may be wrong, /O lM VA 'pFn/ Poida que estea
errado/a,
I cant say for sure, /O YEmW 'gM cL iHL/ Non o sei
con seguridade,
Oh, thats obvious. /N fDWg 'FVdiLg/Ah, iso obvio.
Reacting
Really? /'pBLoi/ De verdade? , En serio?
Seriously? /'gBLpiLgoi/En serio?, De verdade?
Interesting. /'BmWpLgWBn/ Interesante.
Sequencing
I also asked . /O 'GogN EgYX/ Tamn preguntei .
Then I asked ./'fCm O EgYX/ Logo / Despois
preguntei .
He / She also said . /kA/iA 'GogN gCX/ El / Ela dixo
tamn .
Then he / she told me . /fCm kA/iA 'WLHoX lA/
Logo / Despois el / ela dxome .

Grammar Appendix
Getting Started Con nomes contbeis en plural e non contbeis.
There is / There are / There was / There were A lot of children study here.
(Moitos nenos estudan aqu.)
Afirmativa: There is / There was vai seguido de a lot of / moito/a/os/as I have got a lot of homework.
nomes contbeis en singular ou non contbeis. lots of unha chea/ (Teo moitos deberes.)
There are / There were vai seguido de nomes morea de Lots of people enjoy films.
contbeis en plural. (A moita xente gstanlle as
pelculas.)
N o presente tradcese coma Hai... e no pasado
coma Haba... ou Houbo.... Con nomes contbeis en plural.
There is / was water. (Hai / Haba auga.) many Many students play football.
Negativa: There is / There was ou There are / moitos/as (Moitos estudantes xogan ao
ftbol.)
There were + a partcula not ou a contraccin nt.
There arent / werent beds. (Non hai / haba camas.) Frases negativas e interrogativas:
Con nomes non contbeis.
Interrogativa: as preguntas comezan por Is / Was +
there ou Are / Were + there. much I havent got much money.
Is / Was there a fridge? (Hai / Haba unha neveira?) (Non teo moitos cartos.)
moito/a
Respostas curtas: vlvese orde normal e na Was there much smoke?
negativa sanse as formas contradas. (Haba moito fume?)
Yes, there are. / No, there wasnt. (Hai. Si. / Haba. Nomes contbeis en plural.
Si / Non.) How many ... ?
Cantos/as...? How many chairs are there?
(Cantas cadeiras hai?)
Artigos e cuantificadores
Nomes non contbeis.
Con nomes contbeis en singular. sanse diante
Cando vai co verbo to be serve para
dun nome que non coecido polo falante.
a / an preguntar o prezo dunha cousa.
a picture, an orange How much ... ?
un / unha How much flour do you need?
pero a uniform Canto/a...?
(Canta faria precisas?)
Con nomes contbeis e non contbeis. sanse
diante dun nome que coecido polo falante. How much is it?
(Canto ?)
the I have got a house.
The house has got a garden.
o, a, os / as
(Teo unha casa. Contraste Present Simple / Present
A casa ten un xardn.) Continuous
Frases afirmativas: O Present Simple expresa hbitos, mais o Present
Con nomes contbeis en plural e non contbeis. Continuous sinala o que est a ocorrer mentres se
Frases interrogativas: fala.
Cando a pregunta expresa unha oferta ou I usually eat salad, but today Im eating lasagna.
peticin e agrdase que a resposta sexa (Polo xeral como ensalada, pero hoxe estou a
afirmativa.
some comer lasaa.)
uns/unhas There are some trees.
algns/ (Hai algunhas rbores.) Co Present Simple adoitan empregarse as seguintes
algunhas Weve got some fruit. expresins temporais: every day / week / year
algo de (Temos algo de froita.) (todos os das / semanas / anos), once / twice a
un pouco de year (unha / das veces ao ano), on + un da da
(ou non se Would you like some tea? semana en plural, etc. Co Present Continuous, en
traduce) (Queres tomar t?)
troques, adoitan empregarse estas: now (agora),
Frases negativas ou interrogativas: at the moment (neste momento), today (hoxe),
Con nomes contbeis en plural e non contbeis. these days (hoxe en da), etc.
ningn/ I havent got any sisters. Todas estas expresins poden ir ao comezo ou ao
ningunha
(Non teo ningunha irm.)
final da frase, pero adoitan poerse ao final.
nada de
(ou non se She hasnt got any money. O Present Simple tamn adoita empregarse
any traduce) (Non ten cartos.) cos seguintes adverbios de frecuencia: always
(sempre), usually (polo xeral, normalmente), often
algn/algunha
Are there any biscuits? (a mido), sometimes (algunhas veces), never
algns/
algunhas (Hai algunha galleta?) (nunca), etc. Estes colcanse diante do verbo, mais
algo de Have you got any water? se acompaan ao verbo to be sitanse detrs.
(ou non se (Tes auga?)
traduce)

Grammar Appendix
O Present Continuous tamn se pode empregar O superlativo dos adxectivos
para anunciar plans persoais que ocorrern no
Emprgase para comparar mis de das cousas,
futuro prximo porque se fixaron de antemn.
animais ou persoas e dicir que unha salienta sobre
Neste caso, vai acompaado destas expresins
as demais. Tamn hai que ter en conta a lonxitude
temporais: soon (axia, pronto), later (mis tarde,
do adxectivo:
logo), tomorrow (ma), tonight (esta noite), next
week / month / year (a semana / o mes / o ano que 1. Se curto, ponse diante the e engdeselle a
vn / vindeiro/a), etc. terminacin -est segundo as mesmas regras que
Susan is coming later. (Susan vn / vir mis tarde.) para formar o comparativo con -er.
Paul is the strongest boy in the class.
Os verbos estticos (Paul o rapaz mis forte da clase.)
Os verbos estticos emprganse para expresar 2. Se longo, ponse diante the most.
gustos, sentimentos e desexos, actividades da mente, This is the most elegant shirt in the shop.
posesin e percepcin. Refrense a estados en vez de (Esta a camisa mis elegante da tenda.)
accins, polo que non se adoitan empregar co
O superlativo pode ir seguido das preposicins
Present Continuous. Cando se empregan co Present
Continuous adoitan ter un significado diferente.
in, of e on.
She is the best actress of all / on TV.
I think this is a nice restaurant.
( a mellor actriz de todas / da televisin.)
(Coido / Opino que este un restaurante agradbel.)
Im thinking about travelling around the world. Para indicar que algun ou algo inferior que
(Estou pensando en / Estou formulndome viaxar o resto nalgn aspecto emprgase a estrutura
arredor do mundo.) the least + adxectivo.
This is the least interesting book in the library.
O comparativo dos adxectivos (Este o libro menos interesante da biblioteca.)
Para comparar das cousas, animais ou persoas
emprganse os adxectivos en grao comparativo. Os adxectivos irregulares
Ao non seguiren regra ningunha, cmpre aprender as
O comparativo de superioridade (mis ... que / ca /
sas formas comparativa e superlativa de memoria.
do que) sase para comparar das cousas, animais
ou persoas cando unha supera outra nalgn Adxectivo Comparativo Superlativo
aspecto. Para formalo cmpre reparar na lonxitude good (bo/a) better best
do adxectivo: bad (malo/a,
1. Se ten 1 slaba, ou 2 e remata en y, considrase worse worst
mao/m)
curto e engdeselle a terminacin -er. Detrs ponse far (lonxano/a,
a partcula than. farther / further farthest / furthest
afastado/a)
he red dress is cheaper than the blue one.
T little (pouco/a) less least
(O vestido vermello mis barato c azul.)
Nos seguintes casos, o adxectivo cambia ao too ... / (not) ... enough
engadirlle -er:
Too (de mis / demasiado) vai diante do adxectivo e
- Se ten 1 slaba e remata en 1 vogal + 1 consoante, sinala que a cualidade expresada por este excesiva.
dbrase esa consoante: T hese earrings are too expensive for me.
thin - thinner big - bigger (Estes pendentes son caros de mis para min.)
- Se ten 2 slabas e remata en consoante + y, Porn, enough ponse detrs do adxectivo e significa
cmbiase o y por un i: (o) bastante / abondo ou (o) suficientemente.
crazy - crazier lucky - luckier T his pub is lively enough for us. (Este bar (o)
- Se remata en l, duplcase esa letra: bastante / abondo animado para ns.)
cruel - crueller E not + adxectivo + enough significa non (o)
- Se remata en e mudo, s se engade -r: bastante / abondo ou non (o) suficientemente.
nice - nicer T his place is not peaceful enough to study in.
2. Se o adxectivo ten 2 slabas ou mis, longo e (Este lugar non (o) bastante tranquilo para estudar.)
frmase con more + adxectivo + than. I didnt feel full enough after the meal. (Non me sentn
My trainers are more comfortable than yours. (o) suficientemente cheo despois da comida.)
(Os meus tenis son mis cmodos cs teus.) O comparativo dos adverbios
O comparativo de inferioridade frmase con Os adverbios de modo describen a forma en que se
less + adxectivo + than (menos ... que / ca / do que). realiza a accin. Con eles respndese s preguntas
The book is less popular than the film. que comezan por How ... ? (Como...?).
(O libro menos popular c pelcula.)
Os mis frmanse engadindo a terminacin -ly ao
comparativo de igualdade frmase con (not) as +
O adxectivo correspondente.
adxectivo + as ((non) tan / tanto... como / coma). They eat slowly. (Comen amodo.)
My office is not as large as hers.
(O meu despacho non tan grande coma o seu.)

e o adxectivo remata en consoante + y, cmbiase
S Os usos do Past Simple
o y por un i e logo engdese -ly. Expresar accins We watched that film.
It all ended happily. (Todo rematou felizmente.) pasadas (Vimos esa pelcula.)
O
comparativo dos adverbios sase para comparar Dicir que se fixo nun They went home yesterday.
das accins e frmase as: momento concreto (Marcharon casa onte.)
more / less + adverbio + than.
You listened to it more carefully than I did. Contar accins I visited the tower. Then I went
(Escoitchelo con mis atencin ca min.) pasadas consecutivas to the museum. (Visitei a torre.
Logo fun ao museo.)
Co as + adverbio + as indcase que das accins se Contar de que xeito In the past, people worked
realizan do mesmo xeito. eran as cousas noutro more hours. (No pasado, a xente
We ran as fast as you. tempo traballaba mis horas.)
(Corremos tan prsa coma ti.)
Os adverbios irregulares used to

Ao non seguiren regra ningunha cmpre aprender Used to expresa feitos ou estados que eran habituais
de memoria estes adverbios e mais a sa forma noutro tempo e logo deixaron de selo. S ten forma
comparativa. de pasado e vai seguido doutro verbo na forma base.
Tradcese como o pretrito imperfecto do verbo
Adxectivo Adverbio Forma comparativa adoitar ou do verbo que o segue.
fast ( prsa,
fast (rpido/a) faster than Afirmativa: suxeito + used to + un verbo na forma
rapidamente)
base.
hard hard
harder than We used to go to the swimming pool every day.
(duro/a; difcil) (duro, moito)
(Adoitabamos ir / Iamos piscina todos os das.)
high (alto/a) high (alto) higher than
Negativa: suxeito + did not / didnt + use to (sen
far (lonxano/a, far (lonxe,
farther / further than d) + un verbo na forma base.
afastado/a) afastado)
e didnt use to buy vegetables at the supermarket.
H
good (bo/a) well (ben) better than (Non adoitaba mercar / mercaba verduras no
bad (malo/a, supermercado.)
badly (mal) worse than
mao/m) Interrogativa: Did + suxeito + use to (sen d) + un
verbo na forma base.
Did you use to play tennis on Sundays?
Unit 1 (Adoitabas xogar / Xogabas ao tenis os domingos?)
O Past Simple Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito
+ did ou didnt.
Afirmativa: frmase engadindo -ed aos verbos
Did she use to travel abroad? Yes, she did. / No, she
regulares e igual en todas as persoas. Os verbos
didnt. (Adoitaba viaxar / Viaxaba ao estranxeiro?
irregulares non seguen regra ningunha e por iso
Viaxaba. Si. / Non.)
cmpre aprendelos de memoria. Podes consultar a
listaxe nas pxinas 25-26. O Past Continuous
I visited Larry last night. (Visitei a Larry esta noite.)
Afirmativa Negativa
bake - baked stop - stopped prefer - preferred
I was eating I was not / wasnt eating
worry - worried travel - travelled
You were eating You were not / werent eating
Negativa: suxeito + did not ou didnt + un verbo
He was eating He was not / wasnt eating
na forma base.
She didnt go there. (Ela non foi al.) She was eating She was not / wasnt eating
It was eating It was not / wasnt eating
Interrogativa: Did + suxeito + un verbo na forma
base. We were eating We were not / werent eating
Did you call her last night? (Chamchela esta noite?) You were eating You were not / werent eating
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito They were eating They were not / werent eating
+ did ou didnt. Respostas curtas
Interrogativa
Did she go to the party? Yes, she did. / No, she didnt. Afirmativa Negativa
(Ela foi festa? Foi. Si. / Non.) Was I eating? Yes, I was. No, I wasnt.
Co Past Simple adoitan empregarse estas Were you eating? Yes, you were. No, you werent.
expresins temporais: as que levan ago (hai) ao final Was he eating? Yes, he was. No, he wasnt.
da expresin, last night / week (esta noite, a semana
Was she eating? Yes, she was. No, she wasnt.
pasada), at + unha hora, on + un da / data, in + un
ano, in the past (no pasado), yesterday (onte), etc. Was it eating? Yes, it was. No, it wasnt.
Poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais Were we eating? Yes, we were. No, we werent.
adoitan poerse ao final. Were you eating? Yes, you were. No, you werent.
Three days ago, they came. (Vieron hai tres das.) Were they eating? Yes, they were. No, they werent.

Grammar Appendix
Afirmativa: suxeito + was / were + un verbo
rematado en -ing.
Unit 2
I was cooking in the kitchen. O Present Perfect Simple
(Estaba a cociar na cocia.)
Afirmativa Forma contrada
dance - dancing put - putting begin - beginning
I have talked Ive talked
lie - lying travel - travelling
You have talked Youve talked
Negativa: suxeito + was / were + a partcula not ou
a contraccin nt + un verbo rematado en -ing. He has talked Hes talked
They werent playing tennis. She has talked Shes talked
(Non estaban a xogar ao tenis.) It has talked Its talked
Interrogativa: Was / Were + suxeito + un verbo We have talked Weve talked
rematado en -ing.
You have talked Youve talked
W as Sue taking pictures?
(Sue estaba a tirar fotos?) They have talked Theyve talked
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal Negativa Forma contrada
suxeito + was / were sen contraer en afirmativa ou I have not talked I havent talked
contrado coa partcula not en negativa.
You have not talked You havent talked
Was it raining yesterday? Yes, it was. / No, it wasnt.
(Estivo a chover onte? Estivo. Si. / Non.) He has not talked He hasnt talked
Co Past Continuous adoitan empregarse as She has not talked She hasnt talked
seguintes expresins temporais: as que levan ago It has not talked It hasnt talked
(hai) ao final da expresin, at + unha hora, We have not talked We havent talked
yesterday morning / afternoon (onte pola ma /
tarde), last night (esta noite), etc. You have not talked You havent talked
Poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, mais They have not talked They havent talked
adoitan poerse ao final. Respostas curtas
T hey were watching a match at six oclock Interrogativa
Afirmativa Negativa
yesterday.
(Estaban a ver un partido onte s seis en punto.) Have I talked ... ? Yes, I have. No, I havent.
Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you havent.
Os usos do Past Continuous Has he talked ... ? Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.
At eight oclock last night, we Has she talked ... ? Yes, she has. No, she hasnt.
Expresar o que estaba were swimming.
a ocorrer no pasado (Esta noite s oito en punto, Has it talked ... ? Yes, it has. No, it hasnt.
estabamos a nadar.) Have we talked ... ? Yes, we have. No, we havent.
Describir das ou mis Have you talked ... ? Yes, you have. No, you havent.
accins prolongadas e She was talking to her friend
simultneas no while / as she was driving. Have they talked ... ? Yes, they have. No, they havent.
pasado, unidas por (Ela estaba a falar coa sa amiga
while ou as mentres estaba a conducir.) Afirmativa: suxeito + has / have + un verbo en
participio. O participio frmase engadindo -ed aos
Contraste Past Continuous / Past Simple verbos regulares e o mesmo en todas as persoas.
Os verbos irregulares non seguen regra ningunha e
O Past Simple sinala que a accin ocorreu e
por iso cmpre aprendelos de memoria. Podes
rematou no tempo sinalado na frase, mentres que
consultar a listaxe das pxinas 25-26.
o Past Continuous fala de accins prolongadas que
We have painted our bedroom.
estaban a ocorrer no pasado.
(Pintamos o noso cuarto.)
He did his homework last Monday.
(Fixo os deberes o luns pasado.) Negativa: suxeito + has / have + a partcula not ou
He was doing his homework yesterday afternoon. a contraccin nt + un verbo en participio.
(Estivo a facer os deberes onte pola tarde.) Bill hasnt been to Paris. (Bill non estivo en Pars.)
Co Past Simple adoita empregarse when, e co Interrogativa: Has / Have + suxeito + un verbo en
Past Continuous as conxuncins while ou as. participio.
W e were listening to the news when he arrived. Have you won any medals?
(Estabamos escoitando as noticias cando chegou.) (Gaaches algunha medalla?)
While / As we were listening to the news, he arrived. Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal
(Chegou mentres estabamos escoitando as noticias.) suxeito + has / have sen contraer en afirmativa ou
contrado coa partcula not en negativa.
Have you moved house? Yes, we have. / No, we
havent. (Mudstesvos de casa? Mudmonos.
Si. / Non.)

Co Present Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse as Accins pasadas que I have already finished. Im
seguintes expresins temporais e adverbios: afectan ao presente ou bored now.
Have you ever travelled abroad? teen consecuencias no (Xa rematei. Agora estou
interrogativa: momento actual
(Algunha vez viaxaches ao aborrecida.)
algunha vez
ever estranxeiro?) Accins pasadas sen They have enjoyed their
negativa: I havent ever watched that film. especificar cando holiday. (Pasrono ben nas
nunca, xamais (Nunca vin esa pelcula.) ocorreron vacacins.)
afirmativa: She has never called me. Accins moi recentes The train has just left the
never
nunca (Nunca me chamou.) (leva just e tradcese por station. (O tren acaba de sar da
Youve always been her friend. acabar / vir de + inf.) estacin.)
always sempre
(Sempre fuches a sa amiga.)
already
afirmativa: Weve already finished the exam. Contraste Present Perfect Simple /
xa (Xa rematamos o exame.) Past Simple
afirmativa: They have just arrived here. O Present Perfect Simple sinala que o ocorrido no
just
acabar / vir de (Acaban de chegar aqu.) pasado garda relacin co presente e non di cando
He hasnt found his glasses yet. sucedeu. En troques, o Past Simple fala de accins
negativa:
(Non atopou as sas lentes pasadas que xa non afectan ao momento actual e
anda
yet anda.) sinala cando ocorreron.
interrogativa: Have you bought any fruit yet? He has written many stories. (Escribiu moitas
xa (Compraches froita xa?) historias.)
My brother has lived in He bought some fruit yesterday. (Mercou froita onte.)
durante Manchester for five years.
for
ou non se traduce (Meu irmn viviu en Manchester
cinco anos.) Unit 3
I havent heard from him since
since desde / dende 2002. O futuro con be going to
(Non sei nada el dende 2002.) Formas
Has Lisa talked to you recently? I am / Im going to run
recently hai pouco
(Lisa xa falou contigo hai pouco?)
He is not / He isnt / Hes not going to run
Jim hasnt been to the gym
lately. Are you going to run?
lately ultimamente
Yes, we are. / No, she isnt. / Yes, I am.
(Jim non foi ao ximnasio
ultimamente.)
They have worked for us several Significa ir / non ir + infinitivo.
several times. Afirmativa: suxeito + to be en presente + going to +
varias veces
times (Traballaron para ns varias verbo na forma base.
veces.) Paul is going to wait at the bus stop.
I have read two of the books in (Paul vai agardar na parada de autobs.)
the series so far.
so far at o momento Negativa: suxeito + to be en presente + not (nt) +
(Lin dous dos libros da serie at
o momento.) going to + verbo na forma base.
Many children have read that They arent going to go to the art gallery.
co tempo,
over the book over the years. (Non van ir galera de arte.)
ao longo dos
years (Moitos nenos leron ese libro ao
anos Interrogativa: to be en presente + suxeito + going
longo dos anos.)
to + verbo na forma base.
Cmpre ter en conta que just, already, always, ever Is she going to meet us at the concert hall?
e never se poen entre o auxiliar have e o participio (Ela vai quedar connosco na sala de concertos?)
do verbo principal. Yet colcase ao final da frase, for Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal
vai seguida dun perodo de tempo pois indica a suxeito + o verbo to be, sen contraer en afirmativa
duracin da accin, e since vai diante do momento en ou contrado en negativa.
que comezou a mesma. O resto poden ir ao comezo Are you going to live in Oslo? Yes, I am. / No, Im not.
ou ao final da frase, mais adoitan poerse ao final. (Vas vivir en Oslo? Vou. Si. / Non.)
Os usos do Present Perfect Simple Os usos do futuro con be going to
Accins que comezaron Falar de intencins, Im going to paint the house.
no pasado e anda She has worked here since plans ou decisins (Vou pintar a casa.)
continan (leva for ou 1999.
since e tradcese en (Ela traballa aqu dende 1999.) Expresar o que vai
ocorrer pois se ven Shes going to have a baby.
presente)
sinais diso (Vai ter un beb.)

Grammar Appendix
O Present Simple con valor de futuro O Future Continuous
O Present Simple pode empregarse como tempo Afirmativa Forma contrada
futuro cando vai seguido de horarios ou programas. I will be eating Ill be eating
The Star Wars film starts at 6 oclock. You will be eating Youll be eating
(A pelcula de Star Wars comeza s 6 en punto.) He will be eating Hell be eating
She will be eating Shell be eating
O futuro con will
It will be eating Itll be eating
Formas
We will be eating Well be eating
I will / Ill listen
You will be eating Youll be eating
He will not / wont listen
They will be eating Theyll be eating
Will you listen ... ?
Negativa Forma contrada
Yes, we will. / No, she wont.
I will not be eating I wont be eating
Afirmativa: suxeito + o auxiliar will + verbo na You will not be eating You wont be eating
forma base. o mesmo en todas as persoas. Na He will not be eating He wont be eating
conversa, will contrae co suxeito (ll) e pronnciase
She will not be eating She wont be eating
coma un s l.
I will work in an office. (Traballarei nunha oficina.) It will not be eating It wont be eating
We will not be eating We wont be eating
Negativa: suxeito + will + a partcula not (ou a
contraccin wont) + verbo na forma base. You will not be eating You wont be eating
You wont need your car. (Non precisars o coche.) They will not be eating They wont be eating
Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Respostas curtas
Interrogativa
Will she come with us? (Vir connosco?) Afirmativa Negativa
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal Will I be eating ... ? Yes, I will. No, I wont.
suxeito + will ou wont. Will you be eating ... ? Yes, you will. No, you wont.
Will you live in a city? Yes, I will. / No, I wont. Will he be eating ... ? Yes, he will. No, he wont.
(Vivirs nunha cidade? Vivirei. Si. / Non.) Will she be eating ... ? Yes, she will. No, she wont.
Os usos do futuro con will Will it be eating ... ? Yes, it will. No, it wont.
Will we be eating ... ? Yes, we will. No, we wont.
Anunciar accins ou Kim will come to our concert.
feitos futuros (Kim vir ao noso concerto.)
Will you be eating ... ? Yes, you will. No, you wont.
Predicir o que se cre I think it will snow tonight.
Will they be eating ... ? Yes, they will. No, they wont.
que ocorrer (Coido que nevar esta noite.) Emprgase para sinalar o que estar ocorrendo nun
Expresar decisins Im tired. Ill take a taxi. momento determinado do futuro.
spetas (Estou cansa. Collerei un taxi.) Afirmativa: suxeito + will be + verbo principal
Co will e be going to aditanse empregar as rematado en -ing.
seguintes expresins temporais: later (mis tarde, S he will be working at home on Friday.
logo), soon (pronto, axia, nun pouco), in an hour (Estar traballando na casa o venres.)
(dentro dunha hora), next year (o ano que vn / Negativa: suxeito + will not be ou wont be + verbo
vindeiro/a), in the future (no futuro), etc. Todas principal rematado en -ing.
poden ir ao comezo ou ao final da frase, pero
P aul wont be playing in tomorrows game.
aditanse pr ao final.
(Paul non xogar no partido de ma.)
In the future, more people will live in the city.

(No futuro, mis xente vivir na cidade.) Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + be + verbo principal
rematado en -ing.
O Present Continuous con valor de futuro Will
they be giving a concert in Paris next month?
Como vimos na unidade introdutoria, o Present (Darn un concerto en Pars o mes que vn?)
Continuous expresa o que est a ocorrer no presente, Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + will
mais tamn se emprega para anunciar plans persoais
ou wont.
que ocorrern no futuro prximo porque se fixaron de
Will Pam be attending the conference next week?
antemn.
Yes, she will. / No, she wont. (Asistir Pam
I am cooking for my friends today.
conferencia a vindeira semana? Asistir. Si. / Non.)
(Hoxe cocio / cociarei para os meus amigos.)
O Future Continuous s veces se emprega para
Distnguese de be going to en que expresa algo
interesarse polos plans de algun, especialmente
seguro, non unha intencin, e do Present Continuous
se se quere acadar algo.
normal nas expresins temporais, que se refiren ao
Will you be going shopping this afternoon?
futuro e non ao presente.
(Irs de compras esta tarde?)
I am working next weekend. (Traballlo / Traballarei a
fin de semana que vn.)

Co Future Continuous adoitan empregarse as If there were more policemen, people would feel safe.
seguintes expresins temporais: at this time (Se houbese mis policas, a xente sentirase segura.)
tomorrow (ma a esta/s hora/s), at this time
o canto de would, podemos empregar o verbo
N
next ... (o / a... que vn a esta/s hora/s), on + un
modal could no resultado, mais este sinala que a
da da semana, in the next decade (na vindeira
probabilidade de que se cumpra a hiptese anda
dcada), etc.
menor. Equivale ao verbo poder en condicional ou
At this time tomorrow, we will be lying on the beach.
s expresins talvez ou quizais + condicional.
(Ma a estas horas, estaremos deitados na praia.)
If I had money, I could buy a new car. (Se eu tivese
cartos, talvez mercara un coche novo.)
Unit 4 Se o verbo da condicin to be, aditase empregar
O primeiro condicional were en todas as persoas do singular e do plural.
If he were home, hed open the door.
Emprgase para falar de accins que ocorrern se se (Se el estivese na casa, abrira a porta.)
cumpre a condicin sinalada.
Para dar consellos emprgase a frmula If I were.
Afirmativa: a condicin (oracin subordinada) If I were you, Id go to the new market.
exprsase con if + Present Simple, e o resultado (Eu de ti, ira ao mercado novo.)
(oracin principal) adoita ir en futuro con will. Se a
condicin vai primeiro, ponse unha vrgula entre a Negativa: pdese negar a condicin, o resultado ou
oracin principal e a subordinada. ambos os dous.
If he doesnt find a job here, he will move to London. If I didnt have a car, I would go by bus.
(Se non atopa traballo aqu, mudarase a Londres.) (Se eu non tivese un coche, ira en autobs.)
He will move to London if he doesnt find a job here. If I had a car, I wouldnt go by bus.
(Mudarase a Londres se non atopa traballo aqu.) (Se eu tivese un coche, non ira en autobs.)
If I didnt have a car, I wouldnt go by bus.
Negativa: pdese negar o verbo en presente, o (Se eu non tivese un coche, non ira en autobs.)
verbo en futuro ou ambos os dous.
If you dont come, I will be sad. Interrogativa: Would + suxeito + predicado da
(Se non vs, estarei triste.) oracin principal + oracin subordinada.
If you come, I wont be sad. Would you buy a house in the city if you had enough
(Se vs, non estarei triste.) money? (Mercaras unha casa na cidade se tiveses
If you dont come, I wont be sad. cartos de abondo?)
(Se non vs, non estarei triste.) Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal
Interrogativa: Will + suxeito + predicado da suxeito + would ou wouldnt.
oracin principal + oracin subordinada. Would you do volunteer work if you had free time? Yes,
Will she go to the concert if she leaves work early? I would. / No, I wouldnt. (Traballaras como voluntario
(Ir ao concerto se sae axia do traballo?) se tiveses tempo libre? Traballara. Si. / Non.)
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal O terceiro condicional
suxeito + will ou wont. Emprgase para falar de condicins enteiramente
ill your parents let you go out if you do your
W imposbeis, pois se refiren ao pasado e xa non poden
homework? Yes, they will. / No, they wont. realizarse.
(Teus pais deixarn que saias se fas os deberes?
Deixaranme. Si. / Non.) Afirmativa: a condicin exprsase con if + Past
Perfect Simple, e o resultado con would have +
ara expresarmos que algo ocorrer ou non ocorrer se
P participio.
non se cumpre a condicin, a subordinada introdcese If Phil had finished the project, he would have gone
pola conxuncin unless, que equivale a if not (a non on holiday. (Se Phil rematase o proxecto, marchara
ser que, a menos que, se non). Esta conxuncin de vacacins.)
emprgase con bastante asiduidade no primeiro
condicional, mais menos frecuente no segundo e Negativa: pdese negar a condicin, o resultado ou
nunca se emprega no terceiro. ambos os dous.
Unless the swimming pool is open today, we will stay If I hadnt won the lottery, I would have accepted
at home. (A non ser que abra / Se non abre a piscina that job. (Se non me tocase a lotara, aceptara ese
hoxe, ficaremos na casa.) emprego.)
If I had won the lottery, I wouldnt have accepted
O segundo condicional that job. (Se me tocase a lotara, non aceptara ese
Emprgase para falar de accins hipotticas referidas emprego.)
ao presente, dicir, que pouco probbel que ocorran, If I hadnt won the lottery, I wouldnt have accepted
e tamn para dar consellos. that job. (Se non me tocase a lotara, non aceptara
ese emprego.)
Afirmativa: a condicin exprsase con if + Past Simple,
e o resultado con would (ou a contraccin d) + o verbo Interrogativa: Would + suxeito + have + participio +
na forma base. predicado da oracin principal + oracin subordinada.

Grammar Appendix
Would Sarah have helped people at the community Windsor Castle is the place where the Royal Family
centre if she had lived nearer? (Sarah axudara spend the summer. (O Castelo de Windsor o lugar
xente do centro cvico se vivise mis preto?) onde a familia real pasa o vern.)
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal hen: emprgase cando o antecedente unha
W
suxeito + would have ou wouldnt have. clusula temporal. Adoita substiturse por that cando
Would you have arrived at school on time if someone vai despois de day, week ou year.
had driven you? Yes, I would have. / No, I wouldnt It was the year (when / that) she married the king.
have. (Chegaras ao colexio a tempo se algun te (Foi o ano en que casou co rei.)
levase en coche? Chegara. Si. / Non.) hose: emprgase cando o antecedente unha
W
persoa. Expresa posesin.
As oracins temporais
She was the queen whose husband was assassinated.
As referidas ao futuro frmanse como as oracins do (Ela foi a raa cuxo marido foi asasinado.)
primeiro condicional: Present Simple na subordinada
e Future Simple na principal. As que fan referencia a
feitos xerais frmanse co verbo en Present Simple tanto Unit 6
na subordinada como na principal. O que muda son as
conxuncins: no canto de if ou unless, emprganse
should
by the time ((para) cando), when (cando), as soon as Formas
(tan pronto como, en canto), after (despois de (que)), I should use it.
the moment (that) (en canto), before (antes de (que)), He shouldnt use it.
once (unha vez que, en canto), etc. Should you use it?
A s soon as I get home, I will call you. Yes, we should. / No, she shouldnt.
(En canto chegue casa, chamareite.)
A fter I brush my teeth, I go to bed. Should emprgase para dar ou pedir consellos e para
(Despois de lavar os dentes, vou para a cama.) dicir o que se debera ou non facer.
Afirmativa: suxeito + should + verbo na forma base.
Unit 5 You should call your parents.
(Deberas chamar os teus pais.)
As oracins de relativo
Negativa: suxeito + should not ou shouldnt (a mis
Son oracins subordinadas que achegan informacin habitual a segunda) + verbo na forma base.
engadida sobre ou antecedente que se amenta na They shouldnt send so many text messages.
oracin principal e van introducidas polos pronomes (Non deberan enviar tantas mensaxes de texto.)
relativos who, which, where, when, whose e that.
Interrogativa: Should + suxeito + verbo na forma
As oracins de relativo especificativas base.
Achegan informacin esencial para identificar o Should I buy a new mobile phone?
antecedente. Os pronomes relativos poden ser (Debera mercar un telfono mbil novo?)
suxeito ou complemento da oracin subordinada. Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito
Se funcionan como complemento poden omitirse + should ou shouldnt.
os pronomes who, which, when e that. Should we leave at six oclock? Yes, we should. /
ho: emprgase cando o antecedente unha persoa.
W No, we shouldnt. (Deberiamos marchar s seis en
Pdese substitur por that. punto? Deberiamos. Si. / Non.)
He is the actor who / that plays the role of Henry VIII.
( o actor que interpreta o papel de Henrique VIII.) must
Shes the girl (who / that) I invited to the party. Formas Usos
(Ela a rapaza que convidei festa.) I must tell you. obriga
Na linguaxe formal, s veces emprgase whom no He mustnt tell you. prohibicin
canto de who cando funciona como complemento
da oracin de relativo. Afirmativa: suxeito + must + verbo na forma base.
Thats the boy whom I met yesterday. Expresa a obriga e a necesidade ou a conveniencia
(Ese o rapaz que coecn onte.) de facer algo, e significa deber.
You must turn off your phones.
hich: emprgase para se referir a cousas ou
W
(Debedes apagar os telfonos.)
animais. Pode substiturse por that.
This is the book which / that is so expensive. Negativa: suxeito + must not o mustnt (a mis
(Este o libro que tan caro.) habitual a segunda) + verbo na forma base. Expresa
I didnt like the film (which / that) she recommended. prohibicin, que algo non est permitido, e tamn que
(Non me gustou a pelcula que recomendou.) algo non se debe facer pois non convn ou non
correcto facelo.
here: emprgase cando o antecedente un lugar.
W

They mustnt use their laptops here. A firmativa: suxeito + need / needs to + verbo na
(Non deben empregar os seus porttiles aqu.) [est forma base.
prohibido] I need to rest for a few days because Im exhausted.
She mustnt lie to her parents. (Teo que descansar uns das porque estou
(Non debe mentir aos seus pais.) [non correcto] esgotada.)
Interrogativa: Must + suxeito + verbo na forma base. Negativa: suxeito + dont / doesnt need to + verbo
Neste caso, must expresa obriga ou necesidade, na forma base.
anda que este verbo modal non se adoita empregar You dont need to help me. (Non tes que axudarme.)
na forma interrogativa. Interrogativa: Do / Does + suxeito + need to +
Must we tell Sally about the party? verbo na forma base.
(Debemos dicirlle a Sally o da festa?) D o you need to buy something for dinner?
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal (Tes que mercar algo para a cea?)
suxeito + must. Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal
Must I invite Ben? Yes, you must. suxeito + do / does ou dont / doesnt.
(Debo convidar a Ben? Debo. Si.) Does he need to come home soon? Yes, he does. / No,
he doesnt. (Ten que vir pronto casa? Ten. Si. / Non.)
have to
Formas can
I have to go soon. Formas
He doesnt have to go soon. I can swim well.
Do you have to go soon? He cant / cannot swim well.
Yes, we do. / No, she doesnt. Can you swim well?
Afirmativa: suxeito + have / has to + verbo na Yes, we can. / No, she cant.
forma base. Significa ter que e expresa, coma
Can expresa habilidade ou capacidade para facer algo
must, a obriga ou necesidade de facer algo. A (saber), posibilidade (poder) e tamn se emprega para
diferenza que have to si se conxuga e, por iso,
pedir permiso ou favores (poder).
emprgase nos tempos que must non ten.
We have to send her an e-mail right now. (Temos Afirmativa: suxeito + can + verbo na forma base.
que enviarlle un correo electrnico agora mesmo.) Lisa can swim very well. (Lisa sabe nadar moi ben.)
They can go out tonight. (Poden sar esta noite.)
Negativa: suxeito + dont / doesnt have to + verbo
You can take my phone. (Podes coller o meu
na forma base. Significa non ter que / por que.
telfono.)
He doesnt have to buy her a present. (Non ten que /
por que comprarlle un agasallo.) Negativa: suxeito + cannot ou a forma contrada
cant + verbo na forma base.
Lembra que have to significa o mesmo ca must,
I cannot play the piano. (Non sei tocar o piano.)
pero dont have to e mustnt non son equivalentes.
You dont have to go. (Non tes que / por que ir.) [non Interrogativa: Can + suxeito + verbo na forma base.
preciso] Can they come with us? (Poden vir connosco?)
You mustnt go. (Non debes ir.) [est prohibido] Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito
Interrogativa: Do / Does + suxeito + have to + + can ou cant.
verbo na forma base. Can you play tennis? Yes, we can. / No, we cant.
Do you have to do any homework this afternoon? (Sabedes xogar ao tenis? Sabemos. Si. / Non.)
(Tes que facer deberes esta tarde?)
could
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal
Formas
suxeito + do / does ou dont / doesnt.
Does she have to leave now? Yes, she does. / No, she I could ride a bike.
doesnt. (Ten que marchar agora? Ten. Si. / Non.) He couldnt ride a bike.
Could you ride a bike?
need to Yes, we could. / No, she couldnt.
Formas
I need to sleep now. Could expresa habilidade e posibilidade no pasado e
He doesnt need to sleep now. tamn se pode empregar para pedir permiso ou favores
de maneira mis educada que con can.
Do you need to sleep now?
Yes, we do. / No, she doesnt. Afirmativa: suxeito + could + verbo na forma base.
Robert could talk when he was one year old.
Need to significa ter que e expresa como have to, a (Robert saba falar cando tia un ano.)
obriga ou necesidade de facer algo. Pdese conxugar They could finish their homework on time.
e, polo tanto, pode empregarse en todos os tempos (Puideron rematar os deberes a tempo.)
verbais.

Grammar Appendix
Negativa: suxeito + could not ou a forma contrada may / might
couldnt + verbo na forma base. Formas Usos
They couldnt come to my party last year.
I may come. I might come.
(Non puideron vir mia festa o ano pasado.) posibilidade
He may not come. He might not come.
Interrogativa: Could + suxeito + verbo na forma
May I go now?
base.
Could you take me home? Yes, you may. / No, you may not.
permiso
(Poderiades levarme casa?) You may go now.
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal You may not go tonight.
suxeito + could ou couldnt.
May (poida que, talvez) e might (puidese / podera
Could you do the exam? Yes, we could. / No, we
ser que) expresan posibilidade en afirmativa e negativa,
couldnt.
anda que con might a posibilidade mis remota.
(Puidestes facer o exame? Puidemos. Si. / Non.)
May tamn se emprega para dar, pedir ou negar
be able to permiso, ou para facer peticins mis educadas.
Formas de presente Afirmativa: suxeito + may / might + verbo na forma
I am able to run fast. base.
I may / might be late.
He isnt able to run fast. (Pode / Podera ser que chegue tarde.) [posibilidade]
Are you able to run fast? You may use my phone.
Yes, we are. / No, she isnt. / Yes, I am. (Podes usar o meu telfono.) [permiso]
Formas de pasado Negativa: suxeito + may / might not + verbo na
I was able to run fast. forma base.
He wasnt able to run fast. They may / might not come today.
(Pode / Podera ser que non vean hoxe.)
Were you able to run fast?
[posibilidade]
Yes, we were. / No, she wasnt. You may not open the door now.
Formas de futuro (Non podedes abrir a porta agora.) [permiso]
I will be able to run fast. Interrogativa: May + suxeito + verbo na forma base.
He wont be able to run fast. En interrogativa adoita empregarse may e ten o
Will you be able to run fast? significado de permiso ou peticin, non o de
Yes, we will. / No, she wont. posibilidade.
May I use your bike? (Podo usar a ta bici?)
Ten o mesmo significado que can, pero be able to pode Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito
conxugarse + may ou may not.
Afirmativa: suxeito + to be no tempo correspondente May I go with you? Yes, you may. / No, you may not.
+ able to + verbo na forma base. (Podo ir contigo? Podes. Si. / Non.)
She was able to work with a broken arm.
(Ela puido traballar cun brazo roto.)
Negativa: suxeito + to be no tempo correspondente
Unit 7
+ not ou nt + able to + verbo na forma base. A voz pasiva en presente e en pasado
He wont be able to help you with your homework. Presente am / is / are + o participio do verbo
(Non poder axudarte cos deberes.)
Pasado was / were principal
Interrogativa: en presente e pasado, to be o tempo
correspondente + suxeito + able to + verbo na forma Afirmativa: suxeito + to be como auxiliar no tempo
base. En futuro, will + suxeito + be able to + verbo correspondente + o participio do verbo principal.
na forma base. Sarahs novel is written in French.
Are you able to / Will you be able to win the race? (A novela de Sarah est escrita en francs.)
(Podes / Poders gaar a carreira?) Witches were thrown into the Thames a long time ago.
Respostas curtas: pronome persoal suxeito + to be (As bruxas eran guindadas ao Tmesis hai moito
como verbo auxiliar en presente ou pasado, ou will tempo.)
/ wont en futuro. S
e se quere amentar que ou quen realiza a accin,
Were you able to apologise to him? Yes, I was. / No, ponse o final da frase precedido de by.
I wasnt. (Puideches pedirlle perdn (a el)? Puiden. This bridge was built by the Romans.
Si. / Non.) (Esta ponte foi construda polos romanos.)
n ingls emprgase moito a pasiva, pero aditase
E
traducir o verbo en activa ou na forma impersoal.
This tower is used as a museum.
(Empregan / Emprgase esta torre como museo.)

Negativa: suxeito + to be como auxiliar no tempo Psase o suxeito da oracin activa ao final da pasiva
correspondente + not ou nt + o participio do verbo precedido de by.
principal. Activa: Many people visit London every year.
Cars arent designed to transport boxes. (Os coches (Moitas persoas visitan Londres cada ano.)
non estn deseados para transportar caixas.) Pasiva: London is visited every year by many people.
Those caves werent discovered until 1920. (Londres visitado por moitas persoas cada ano.)
(Esas covas non se descubriron at 1920.) Se o suxeito un pronome persoal, cmbiase polo
Interrogativa: to be como auxiliar no tempo pronome obxecto correspondente.
correspondente + suxeito + o participio do verbo Activa: He found the wallet.
principal. Nas respostas curtas ponse o pronome (Atopou a carteira.)
persoal suxeito + to be como auxiliar no tempo Pasiva: The wallet was found by him.
(A carteira foi atopada por el.)
correspondente, sen contraer en afirmativo ou
contrado en negativa. As expresins temporais que se empregan na voz
Were those books sold in this bookshop? Yes, they pasiva son as mesmas ca na activa. Polo tanto, se
were. / No, they werent. o verbo est en presente: every day / week / year,
(Eses libros vendronse nesta librara? Vendronse. once / twice a year, on + da da semana en plural,
Si. / Non.) ou adverbios como usually, sometimes, etc. Se o
E
n preguntas con partcula interrogativa tamn se verbo est en pasado: last night / week, at + unha
inverte a orde de to be e o suxeito, ags se a partcula hora, on + un da / data, in + un ano, in the past,
fai de suxeito pois nese caso non cambia a orde. yesterday, etc.
When was the project developed?
(Cando se elaborou o proxecto?)
What is said in this article?
Unit 8
(Que se di neste artigo?) O Past Perfect Simple
ando o verbo principal da oracin rexe unha
C Afirmativa Forma contrada
preposicin, esta ponse sempre ao final da pregunta. I had walked Id walked
What is Loch Ness known for?
(Por que coecido o lago Ness?)
You had walked Youd walked
He had walked Hed walked
Os usos da voz pasiva She had walked Shed walked
Para salientar a accin It had walked Itd walked
e non o suxeito que a This picture was taken in Italy.
realiza (Esta foto tirouse en Italia.) We had walked Wed walked
You had walked Youd walked
Cando o suxeito que New museums are opened every
year. They had walked Theyd walked
realiza a accin
obvio, descoecido ou (brense novos museos cada Negativa Forma contrada
non se quere nomear ano.) I had not walked I hadnt walked
You had not walked You hadnt walked
Como pasar unha frase activa a pasiva He had not walked He hadnt walked
Ponse to be no mesmo tempo que tia o verbo principal She had not walked She hadnt walked
en activa, e este verbo en participio. It had not walked It hadnt walked
Activa: They opened a shop a few days ago. We had not walked We hadnt walked
(Abriron unha tenda hai uns das.)
Pasiva: A shop was opened a few days ago. You had not walked You hadnt walked
(Abriuse unha tenda hai uns das.) They had not walked They hadnt walked
Ponse como suxeito o primeiro complemento que haxa Respostas curtas
detrs do verbo na voz activa, xa sexa o directo ou o Interrogativa
Afirmativa Negativa
indirecto.
Activa: They invented sunglasses to protect our eyes. Had I walked ... ? Yes, I had. No, I hadnt.
(Inventaron as lentes de sol para protexer os nosos ollos.) Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadnt.
Pasiva: Sunglasses were invented to protect our eyes. Had he walked ... ? Yes, he had. No, he hadnt.
(As lentes de sol inventronse para protexer os nosos ollos.)
Had she walked ... ? Yes, she had. No, she hadnt.
Se o complemento un pronome persoal, cmbiase pola
sa correspondente forma de suxeito. Had it walked ... ? Yes, it had. No, it hadnt.
Activa: Paul told me all his plans. Had we walked ... ? Yes, we had. No, we hadnt.
(Paul contoume todos os seus plans.) Had you walked ... ? Yes, you had. No, you hadnt.
Pasiva: I was told all his plans.
(Contronme todos os seus plans.) Had they walked ... ? Yes, they had. No, they hadnt.

Grammar Appendix
Emprgase para sinalar que unha accin ocorreu antes Para explicar o motivo polo que ocorreu algo no
ca outra no pasado. Esta ltima vai en Past Simple. pasado, ponse o verbo principal da frase en Past
Afirmativa: suxeito + had + un verbo en participio. Simple e a oracin subordinada introducida por
The experts had solved the mystery of the ship. because en Past Perfect Simple.
(Os expertos resolveran o misterio do barco.) We were nervous because we had seen unusual
shadows. (Estabamos nerviosos pois viramos unhas
Negativa: suxeito + had + a partcula not ou a sombras estraas.)
contraccin nt + un verbo en participio.
e hadnt heard any strange noises in the house.
W
(Non oiramos rudos estraos na casa.) Unit 9
Interrogativa: Had + suxeito + un verbo en participio. O estilo indirecto
Had they come up with something similar before?
(Propuxeran algo semellante antes?) mprgase para contarmos o que algun dixo sen
E
repetir xustamente as sas palabras.
Respostas curtas: ponse o pronome persoal suxeito
+ had ou hadnt. Reported statements
Had she been to Loch Ness? Yes, she had. / No, she
hadnt. (Fora ao Lago Ness? Fora. Si. / Non.) Emprganse os verbos say ou tell e a conxuncin
that (esta aditase omitir no ingls falado), qutanse
Co Past Perfect Simple adoitan empregarse as as comias e cmbianse o pronome suxeito e a
seguintes expresins temporais e adverbios: persoa do verbo.
I had cleaned the car before I went O verbo que introduce a subordinada en estilo
before antes to the party. indirecto adoita ir en pasado (said / told), polo que
(Limpara o coche antes de ir festa.)
o verbo da subordinada introducida por that d un
He ate some ice cream after he had salto atrs no tempo.
finished lunch.
after despois Estilo directo Estilo indirecto
(Comeu xeado despois de rematar
o almorzo.) Present Simple Past Simple
As soon as I had got up, I went to I always recycle newspapers, Beth said.
as soon tan pronto / buy the newspaper. Beth said that she always recycled newspapers.
as axia como (Tan pronto como me ergun, fun (Beth dixo que sempre reciclaba os xornais.)
mercar o xornal.)
By the time he was five, he had Present Continuous Past Continuous
by the (para) read many books. She is giving a talk at school, Paul said.
time cando (Cando tia cinco anos, xa lera Paul said that she was giving a talk at school.
moitos libros.) (Paul dixo que ela estaba a dar unha charla no colexio.)
Until I went to Italy, I hadnt eaten
real Italian food. Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
until at que
(At que fun a Italia, nunca comera We set up a foundation, Tom said.
comida italiana de verdade.) Tom said that they had set up a foundation.
Ian had finished his homework (Tom dixo que eles crearan unha fundacin.)
when
when I arrived.
cando
(Ian rematara os seus deberes
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
cando cheguei.) I have received 2,000 e-mails a day, the boy said.
I had already seen Jim when he The boy said that he had received 2,000 e-mails a day.
afirmativa:
already said hello to us. (O rapaz dixo que tia recibido 2000 correos ao da.)
xa
(Xa vira a Jim cando nos saudou.) will would
It was 3 am and the pub hadnt
negativa: closed yet. I will visit all the museums in Oslo, Jane said.
anda (Eran as tres da ma e o pub non Jane said that she would visit all the museums in Oslo.
pechara anda.) (Jane dixo que visitara todos os museos de Oslo.)
yet
When you arrived at the station, can could
interrogativa: had the train left yet?
xa (Cando chegaches estacin, xa You can buy green products, the teacher said.
marchara o tren?) The teacher said that we could buy green products.
(A profesora dixo que podiamos mercar produtos
ecolxicos.)
Contraste Past Perfect Simple / Past Simple
O Past Perfect Simple adoita ir en oracins must had to
acompaado doutro verbo que vai en Past Simple. We must protect the environment, Dad said.
O Past Perfect Simple sinala que a accin ocorreu Dad said that we had to protect the environment.
antes que a outra que est en Past Simple. (Pap dixo que tiamos que protexer o medio natural.)
By the time he arrived at the cinema, the film had
already started. (Cando chegou ao cinema, a
pelcula xa comezara.)

Cando a frase enuncia unha verdade xeral non hai Reported orders / requests
cambio nos tempos verbais:
Para pasar unha orde a estilo indirecto ponse o verbo
People dont take enough care of the environment,
order ou tell en pasado seguido do complemento
she said.
indirecto e, a seguir, o verbo que estaba en imperativo
She said that people dont take enough care of the
cmbiase por un infinitivo con to. Con esta mesma
environment. (Dixo que a xente non coida o medio
estrutura poden empregarse ask ou beg para expresar
natural o suficiente.)
peticins e warn para advertir a algun de algo.
O cambio de estilo directo a indirecto tamn afecta s
Ao pedir algo polo xeral dise please en estilo directo,
expresins de tempo e de lugar, aos demostrativos e
mais aditase omitir en estilo indirecto ao se considerar
aos posesivos:
que est implcito no verbo ask, beg, etc.
Estilo directo Estilo indirecto Be careful! he said.
now then He told me to be careful.
today, tonight that day, that night (Dxome que tivese coidado.)
tomorrow the next / following day Please take the cans to the recycling bin, she said.
She asked me to take the cans to the recycling bin.
yesterday the previous day, the day before
(Pediume que levase as latas ao colector de
next week / year the following week / year reciclaxe.)
the week / year before, Cando se trata dunha oracin negativa, ponse not
last week / year
the previous week / year diante de to.
a month before / the previous Please dont drive too fast, he said.
a month ago
month He begged me not to drive too fast.
here there (Rogoume que non conducise demasiado prsa.)
this, these that, those
Reported offers
my his / her, etc.
Para pasar un ofrecemento a estilo indirecto ponse o
verbo offer ou promise en pasado e, a seguir, o verbo
Reported questions en infinitivo con to.
Hai dous tipos de preguntas en ingls: Ill help you with your homework, she said.
As Yes / No questions son as que se poden She offered to help me with my homework.
contestar cun si ou un non. Para pasalas a estilo (Ofreceuse a axudarme cos deberes.)
indirecto emprgase o verbo ask en pasado seguido Cando se trata dunha oracin negativa, ponse not
de if ou whether e, a seguir, o suxeito e o verbo. diante de to.
Como a pregunta deixa de selo e se converte nunha
afirmativa, non hai inversin suxeito-verbo nin sinal I wont be home late, he said.
de interrogacin, e tampouco comias. He promised not to be home late.
(Prometeume que non chegara tarde casa.)
Do you recycle? she asked.
She asked if / whether we recycled. Reported suggestions
(Preguntounos se reciclabamos.)
Para pasar unha suxestin a estilo indirecto ponse o
As Wh- questions non se poden contestar cun si verbo suggest ou recommend en pasado e, a seguir,
ou un non. Son as que comezan cunha partcula dicimos o que se suxeriu. Tamn se poden empregar
interrogativa (what, who, where, when, why, whose, advise para dar consello e invite para facer unha
etc.). Ao pasalas ao estilo indirecto ponse ask en invitacin. As suxestins poden pasarse ao estilo
pasado seguido da devandita partcula (no canto indirecto de das maneiras:
de if ou whether). Logo van o suxeito e o verbo, e
Empregando unha oracin de complemento directo
prescndese do sinal de interrogacin e das
introducida por that, co seu suxeito e o verbo na
comias.
forma base.
What are you doing to save water? Jon asked.
Jon asked what I was doing to save water. You should use energy-saving light bulbs, he said.
(Jon preguntou que estaba facendo para aforrar auga.)
He suggested that I use energy-saving light bulbs.
(Suxeriu que empregase lmpadas de baixo
As preguntas en estilo indirecto poden expresar algo consumo.)
do que non se est certo ou que non se sabe.
Empregando o xerundio, sen especificar suxeito
She wanted to know / wondered why people still used ningn.
disposable products. (Quera saber / Preguntbase por
que a xente anda empregaba produtos desbotbeis.) Lets buy green products, she said.
She suggested buying green products.
(Ela suxeriu mercar produtos ecolxicos.)

Irregular Verb List
BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
be /VA/ was/were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estar
beat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, bater
become /VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a ser, converterse
begin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezar
bend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)
bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostar
bite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabar
bleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrar
blow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprar
break /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYLm/ crebar, romper, rachar
bring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traer
build /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construr
burn /VKm/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt/burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimar
buy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercar, comprar
catch /Ya/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrar
choose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixir
come /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vir
cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custar
cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortar
dig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachar
do /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facer
draw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxar
dream /XpAl/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt/dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soar
drink /XpBnY/ drank /XpnY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beber
drive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducir
eat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ comer
fall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGoLm/ caer
feed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentar
feel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)
fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitar, pelexar
find /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atopar
fly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voar
forget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecer
forgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoar
freeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)
get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir, acadar; chegar
give /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ dar
go /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ ir
grow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer; cultivar
hang /kn/ hanged/hung /knX/kJn/ hanged/hung /knX/kJn/ pendurar
have /kd/ had /kX/ had /kX/ ter; haber
hear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ or, ouvir
hide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ agochar(se)
hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegar
hold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, soster, termar de
hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, mancar, magoar; doer
keep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manter
know /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coecer

BASE FORM (V1) PAST SIMPLE (V2) PAST PARTICIPLE (V3) GALEGO
lay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poer, pr, estender
lead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducir
learn /oKm/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt/learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprender
leave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, sar
lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestar, deixar
let /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixar
lie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarse
lie /oO/ (regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentir
light /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prender
lose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perder
make /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricar
mean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicir
meet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coecer a; xuntarse con
pay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagar
put /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poer, pr
read /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ ler
ride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montar
ring /pBn/ rang /pn/ rung /pJn/ chamar (por telfono)
rise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerse
run /pJm/ ran /pm/ run /pJm/ correr
say /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicir
see /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ ver
sell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vender
send /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviar
set /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocar
shake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYLm/ axitar
shine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilar
shoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ disparar
show /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosar, ensinar
shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pechar
sing /gBn/ sang /gn/ sung /gJn/ cantar
sink /gBnY/ sank /gnY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundir
sit /gBW/ sat /gW/ sat /gW/ sentar
sleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmir(se)
smell /glCo/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt/smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirar
speak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /'gULHYLm/ falar
spell /gUCo/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt/spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrear
spend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)
stand /gWmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a p
steal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHoLm/ roubar
stick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ apegar
sweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrer
swim /grBl/ swam /grl/ swum /grJl/ nadar
take /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYLm/ coller, levar
teach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinar
tear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazar
tell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contar
think /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensar
throw /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirar
understand /JmXC'gWmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entender
wake up /rMY 'JU/ woke up /rLHY 'JU/ woken up /rLHYLm 'JU/ espertar
wear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto; poerse
win /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gaar
write /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir

Check Your Progress
Translation Exercises

Unit 1 Unit 4
1. Os exploradores sobreviviron sa viaxe polo 1. Eu de ti, s usara o paso de pens.
ocano.
2. Se os nenos non van nadar, irn ao parque.
2. Eu estaba triste porque estaba viaxando s.
3. Se non pediras indicacins para chegar ao
3. O soo de Pete f xose realidade cando hotel non o atopariamos.
navegou por todo o mundo.

4. Verasme nos birlos se foras al esta noite
4. Que estaban a facer eles cando sau o barco? pasada.

5. Non adoitaba ser un entusiasta da navegacin. 5. Non conduciriamos arredor do cann se
houbese unha ponte.

Unit 2
Unit 5
1. Pam non cantou sobre o escenario durante
dous anos. 1. As ervellas que merquei estaban conxeladas.

2. O artista estudou algunha vez animacin 2. Non che presta a comida que picante, non ?
dixital?
3. Quero ir a un restaurante onde sirvan
3. Fomos facer escalada en rocha o ano pasado. marisco fresco.

4. Os meus amigos xamais foron de acampada. 4. Coezo algun que s come comida cra.

5. Algunha vez participaches nunha competicin 5. Nunca esquecerei cando pediches a
internacional? sobremesa antes que o prato principal.

Unit 3
1. A visita comeza en das horas.

2. Coido que reservarei un billete por Internet.

3. Vas alugar un coche na cidade?

4. Precisarei repelente contra insectos al no
inverno?

5. Estars sentado ao sol, as que colle
bronceador.


Unit 6 Unit 8
1. Tes que desculparte. 1. A xente usara aspiradoras antes do sculo
XX?
2. Non debes ignorar os teus problemas.
2. Un lavalouza sinxelo e doado de usar
3. Podo confiar nel? cambiara as sas vidas.

4. Non era quen de defenderme cando era mis 3. Cando Mike tia catro anos, inventara un
novo. artefacto enxeoso.

5. Poida que non esteas de acordo coa xente, 4. Apaguei a cocia de gas logo de usala.
mais deberas respectar a sa opinin.
5. Non merquei esa trapallada intil porque
gastara todos os meus cartos.

Unit 7
Unit 9
1. Entran a roubar nas casas cada da.
1. Rick dixo que o paxaro puxera un ovo no seu
2. El chocou contra un autobs e ten feridas nio o da anterior.
graves.
2. Pregunteille ao veterinario cantos bigotes tia
3. El estaba inconsciente cando o atoparon? un gato.

4. Ao longo dos disturbios, infrnxense moitas 3. O veterinario dixo que a cebra probabelmente
leis. parira en maio.

5. Non a condenaron a pena de crcere. 4. Kate suxeriu mercar o chapeu coas plumas
azuis para a sa nai.

5. O gua do safari dxonos que conducsemos
amodo para que os animais non se sentisen
ameazados.


Writing Guide
Antes de escribir
Brainstorming My favourite actress is Jennifer
Fai unha listaxe de ideas ou un mapa de preguntas Lawrence. I first saw her in the film
relacionadas co tema (who?, what?, when?, where?, The Hunger Games and I thought she
why?). was great. opening
Le esa listaxe e risca as que creas irrelevantes.
Pon as restantes na orde en que queiras Jennifer Lawrence was born in
presentalas. Louisville, Kentucky, US on 15th
August, 1990. When she was 14
Organizacin do texto years old, she decided to be an
Paragraph structure actress. She started her acting career
Un pargrafo ten tres partes: in the television comedy series
A primeira oracin (opening sentence), que presenta a The Bill Engvall Show. After that,
idea principal.
she appeared in several films and
O corpo do pargrafo (body of paragraph), que ampla
received awards for her performance.
a idea principal con informacin importante. body
A derradeira oracin (closing sentence), que resume a After Lawrence starred in the film
idea principal para repetila con outras palabras. Winters Bone, she became famous.
In March 2011, Lawrence received
the part of Katniss Everdeen in the
Many tourists go on holiday to the
film The Hunger Games. At age 22,
Costa Brava, an area on the
she received the Academy Award
northeastern coast of Spain. opening sentence
for her performance in the romantic
The area has got a pleasant climate
comedy Silver Linings Playbook.
and excellent beaches. It is also body of paragraph
I think Jennifer Lawrence is a
known for its delicious food.
fantastic actress. She is a real star
For this reason, the Costa Brava has
and I am sure she will win many
become a popular holiday destination.
closing sentence more awards for her acting. closing
Text organisation
Un texto divdese en pargrafos. Cada pargrafo ten Repasa o escrito
unha funcin diferente:
Checking your writing
O primeiro pargrafo introduce o tema.
A puntuacin
O corpo do texto desenvolve o tema e subministra (Punctuation)
mis informacin.
O derradeiro pargrafo resume o tema e expn O punto (.) vai ao final das oracins afirmativas e
unha conclusin. negativas.
Its stormy right now.
A coma ou vrgula (,) emprgase para separar palabras
ou ideas. Polo xeral non se pon diante de and.
She speaks English, French, German and Italian.
O sinal de interrogacin (?) ponse s ao final das
preguntas.
Is your father a musician?
O sinal de exclamacin (!) tamn se pon s ao final
da frase e serve para expresar unha emocin ou un
sentimento e para facer fincap nalgunha cousa.
Wow! This is so much fun!
Ao escribir un correo electrnico informal, adoita in meses: in September
empregarse unha puntuacin tamn informal, estacins: in summer
coma as raias (), os puntos suspensivos (...), as
anos: in 2012
parnteses ( () ) ou os signos de exclamacin (!).
partes do da: in the morning
Next week, were going to visit Vasa a great museum
in Stockholm. Ags: at the weekend
Dont be so impatient. Youll see ... at night
Anna (my friends sister) is coming to visit us.
See you tomorrow. I cant wait! orde das palabras: suxeito verbo
A
(Word order: Subject verb)
As comias ( ) emprganse para escribir o que a
xente dixo amentando as sas palabras exactas, e O suxeito da oracin ponse diante do verbo.
ponse unha vrgula entre a cita e o emisor. The cave is dark.
E
n ingls, a vrgula vai dentro das comias s v
(... with me, he said), mentres que en galego vai Mais nas preguntas vai detrs do verbo.
fra (... comigo, dixo). Is the cave dark?
Please come with me, he said. v s
As maisculas A orde das palabras: as expresins

(Capital letters) temporais (Word order: Time expressions)
Escrbense con maiscula: As expresins temporais poden ir ao comezo ou ao
os nomes e ttulos das persoas: Olivia Stone, final da frase, anda que mis habitual poelas ao
final.
Mr Rose, Dr Brent
We drove to the lake yesterday.
os nomes de lugares como cidades, pases, time expr.
continentes, edificios clebres, museos, etc.:
Se van ao comezo, sepranse da oracin prinicipal
London, Peru, Asia, Tower Bridge, the Louvre cunha vrgula.
as nacionalidades: Irish, German, British Yesterday, we drove to the lake.
os das: Sunday, Tuesday, Thursday time expr.
os meses: January, March, July

A orde das palabras: os adxectivos
a primeira palabra dunha oracin: This is a good (Word order: Adjectives)
restaurant.
o pronome persoal I: I like Italian food.
Polo xeral van diante dos substantivos.
cooked vegetables
os idiomas: French, Swedish, Chinese adj n
as palabras relevantes dos ttulos de libros e Tamn van detrs do verbo to be.
pelculas, cancins, festividades e xogos de
The meat is salty.
ordenador:
v adj
Alice in Wonderland Easter, Christmas
E detrs dos verbos estticos.
This is the Life Sim City
It looks appetising.
v adj
As preposicins de tempo Se hai varios adxectivos, adoitan ir nesta orde:
(Prepositions of time)
opinin, tamao, cor, nacionalidade.
Emprganse distintas preposicins diante das horas e Its a lovely, little Italian restaurant.
os perodos de festa, os das e as datas, os meses, as o s n
estacins, os anos e as partes do da. moi importante They serve the food on big blue plates.
que saibas empregar a correcta en cada caso. Prstalle s c
atencin a estes exemplos:
at horas: at four oclock
festividades: at Christmas
on das da semana: on Monday
datas: on 15th August
on Christmas Day

Writing Guide
Causais: because, because of e since.
A orde das palabras: os adverbios
(Word order: Adverbs) I couldnt call because my phone wasnt working.
We stayed home because of the rain.
Os adverbios de intensidade e de modo van detrs I dont use my laptop a lot since its very old.
do verbo. Consecutivas: so e therefore.
You sing quite nicely. Your phone was ringing, so I turned it off.
I forgot my phone, therefore I didnt get your message.
adverb of degree adverb of manner
Os adverbios de frecuencia van diante do verbo
nas oracins afirmativas. Os conectores de secuencia
(Connectors of sequence)
He always acts in comedies.
adv v Os conectores de secuencia amosan a orde en que
ocorreron as cousas. Os mis empregados son: first,
Mais se o verbo to be, o adverbio vai detrs. first of all, before, after, after that, then, next, later, by
Celebrities are usually very rich. the time, eventually, finally, in the end e at last.
v adv irst of all, we couldnt have a shower because there was
F
no hot water. By the time we were ready, it was too late
to eat. Eventually, we took the train to town. At last, we
ar exemplos
D
(Presenting examples) got to the park but it was very late. In the end, we only
had time for a quick game.
Emprganse expresins coma like, for example e
such as para dar exemplos.
s conxuncins finais
A
I enjoy doing sports like running and rollerblading. (Connectors of purpose)
There are rules in basketball. For example, dont kick
As conxuncins finais, coma to, in order to e so that,
the ball.
emprganse para expresar a finalidade ou o propsito
Activities such as shopping and visiting museums are manifestado na oracin principal.
my favourite. I called to ask for help.
The burglar broke the window in order to break into my
Os adxectivos posesivos e os pronomes house.
(Referencing) The police looked for witnesses so that they would
Serven para facer referencia aos nomes amentados understand what happened.
con anterioridade e non repetilos.
My house is in a nice neighbourhood. It is near the As conxuncins copulativas
square. (Connectors of addition)
Ben and I are going to the playground. Do you want to
As conxuncins copulativas emprganse para
come with us? relacionar ideas semellantes entre si e engadir
Jades keys are under the desk. Those are her keys. informacin adicional. A mis comn and. A
mesma funcin pode ser exercida por algns
Feitos e opinins adverbios: also, in addition (to), moreover e
(Facts and opinions) as well as.
Un feito algo que se sabe que verdade e que
ast night, I wrote an entry in my blog and I wrote three
L
a mido pode probarse. Unha opinin o que
e-mails.
unha persoa sente ou pensa sobre algunha cousa I read a book about the invention of the radio. I also
ou algun. Para escribir opinins, polo xeral researched the radio on the Internet.
emprganse expresins como I think, I feel, Yesterday, I studied many hours for the science test.
it seems ou in my opinion. In addition / Moreover, I wrote an essay.
You can use it to take photos, as well as to record sound.
As conxuncins
(Linking words and connectors of cause and As conxuncins e locucins adversativas
effect) (Connectors of contrast)
Son palabras que xuntan das ou mis ideas. As conxuncins e locucins conxuntivas adversativas
As mis comns son: emprganse para relacionar ideas opostas. As mis
Copulativas: and. usuais son: but, however e although.
The blanket is black and the pillows are pink. he rhinoceros is extremely heavy, but it can run up to
T
Adversativas: but. 42 km an hour.
I like the pillows, but I dont like the blanket. Gorillas are strong and powerful. However, they are
usually gentle and shy.
Although my dog is big, he is harmless.
Cadros resumo
TEMPOS VERBAIS TENSES OUTRAS EQUIVALENCIAS
PRESENTE PRESENT SIMPLE
eu xogo I play
ti xogas you play
el, ela xoga he, she, it plays
ns xogamos we play
vs xogades you play
eles, elas xogan they play
PERFRASE PRESENT CONTINUOUS FUTURO: PERFRASE
eu estou a xogar / xogando I am playing
ti ests a xogar / xogando you are playing
el, ela est a xogar / xogando he, she, it is playing
ns estamos a xogar / xogando we are playing
vs estades a xogar / xogando you are playing eu vou xogar
eles, elas estn a xogar / xogando they are playing ti vas xogar
el, ela vai xogar
FUTURE: BE GOING TO
ns imos xogar
I am going to play vs ides xogar
you are going to play eles, elas van xogar
he, she, it is going to play
we are going to play
you are going to play
they are going to play
FUTURO FUTURO: WILL
eu xogarei I will play
ti xogars you will play
el, ela xogar he, she, it will play
ns xogaremos we will play
vs xogaredes you will play
eles, elas xogarn they will play

PRETRITO IMPERFECTO PAST CONTINUOUS PERFRASE
I was playing eu estaba a xogar

you were playing ti estabas a xogar
eu xogaba he, she, it was playing el, ela estaba a xogar
ti xogabas we were playing ns estabamos a xogar
el, ela xogaba you were playing vs estabades a xogar
ns xogabamos they were playing eles, elas estaban a xogar
vs xogabades
eles, elas xogaban PAST SIMPLE
I played
PRETRITO PERFECTO you played
he, she, it played
we played
you played
they played
eu xoguei
ti xogaches PRESENT PERFECT PERFRASE
el, ela xogou
ns xogamos I have played eu teo xogado
vs xogastes you have played ti tes xogado
eles, elas xogaron he, she, it has played el, ela ten xogado
we have played ns temos xogado
you have played vs tedes xogado
they have played eles, elas teen xogado
PRETRITO
PAST PERFECT
PLUSCUAMPERFECTO
eu xogara I had played

ti xogaras you had played
el, ela xogara he, she, it had played
ns xogaramos we had played
vs xogarades you had played
eles, elas xogaran they had played
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Glossary

Getting Started sculptor /'gYJoUWL/escultor/a

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 1

manned /lDmX/tripulado/a do charity work /XI 'WiDpLWi rKY/traballar en obras

archery /'EWiLpi/tiro con arco take /WMY/tardar, demorar

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 2

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 3

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 4

touch /WJWi/conmover, emocionar scholarship /'gYFoLiBU/ bolsa de estudos

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 5

microwave oven /lOYpLrMd 'Jdm/forno microondas feather /'cCfL/ pluma

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 6

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 7

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 8

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 9

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 10

Asking for information

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 11

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 12

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 13

Os adverbios irregulares used to

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 14

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New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 17

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As maisculas A orde das palabras: as expresins

os meses: January, March, July

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 30

New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 32

I was playing eu estaba a xogar

eu xogara I had played

IH-011-967 New English in Use ESO 3 Galician B Burlington Books 33

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As maisculas A orde das palabras: as expresins