a Ne gaps Name: derivative - Notes: Chapter 1 Section 5 - Differentiability and Continuity In sections 1.3 and 1.4, we defined “differentiability” (ie. the ability to take a first derivative) of f(x)at x=a in terms ofa limit. Ifa limit exists atx =a, then the function, /(x),is_AiPoconiable atrsa Ifa limit does not exist atx =a, then the function, f(x), is DO Given ts ableat x=a Geometrically, the nondifferentiability of a function can manifest itself by the graph of (x): a. Having no tangent line at x=a (this happens when a sharp point or corner is present) b. Having a vertical tangent line at x y ’ 2 Graph of = fai 5 tt age ea g v P 8 4 —, Lo - s » Graph oy ~ As} | co) ont 8 dung oo tangent Ene hore | Vero Fine = — Graph of y = fiz) hat vertic! tangent jorner o 8 a Tne ete The graphs shown above are continuous (i.e. no gaps thus the graphs can be drawn without lifting your pencil) but are nondifferentiable at x=a.Name: A function is continuous at x= a provided that its graph has no breaks or gaps at it passes through the point (a, /(a)). Can you identify the reason why the following graphs are discontinuous, where does this occur? The graphs shown above are not continuous (i.e. have gaps or jumps and thus cannot be drawn without lifting your pencil). These functions are non-differentiable at the x values where the gaps occur. The relationship between differentiability and continuity is: If f(x)is differentiable at x=a, then f(x)is_COnHOU00S at x= could be continuous at x =a butstill_\\O! differentiable there. - But, a function Limit definition of Continuity: A function (x) is continuous at x= a provided that following limit relation holds: lim f(x) = f(a). NOTE: In order to take a derivative of a function ata point, the function must be differentiable (and thus continuous and without points or vertical lines) at that x value.Name: Notes: Chapter 1 Section 6 - Some Rules for Differentiation Rules for differentiation: 1. Power Rule: [f (x) =x" then f'(x)=mx"" c 4 Fa)=% Read as: "The derivative - 6 with respect ox" F'(H) = 7X Vv 2. Constant-multiple Rule: Sue LQ) =k ok f(x) where k is a constant f- 25%? I= SH" + sZt Bx" = ge)= 1S x~ 3 sumRater 21765)+ 9691-4 fey L acy (x)= F(x) + 910K) = THE + ISx* 90 = SK” : ke General Power Rule (aka The Chain Rule): “ (gcor = ney" [g@] a vy ey d * 6.3 — = . deavatv AVE dx (7%) +14) +7 Semen wae wale Derivative as a Rate of Change Remember two important properties of a tangent line to a graph at some point,a: 1, The tangent line at the point has a slope of f(a). (You evaluate #'(x) at a) 2. The slope of the tangent line at the point is the slope that best approximates the slope of the original function at the point. Ifthe function in question is a line, then the slope represents the rate of change of the Jinear function. If the function is not linear, the first derivative can still be interpreted as the rate of change ofthe function: f'(a)= rate of change of f(x) at x=aName: (0) ore Notes: Chapter 1 Section“ bine Rules for Differentiation 1. Variables do not have to always be x andy. Ifour function is /(¢) =", we would indicate taking the first derivative as: Readas:“The | a wo See figure below to see how changing, derivative with SO=u or “@)=u or Vax the variable from x to Caffects the respect to." a & information on the graph. yest Slope is 2r If ir) = ARlook at then f'tr) the Variable! y y 2. We can use the same rules of derivatives to take the 2", 3r4, 4th etc, derivative: F(x)=x° S'(x)=5x" Sx) = 200 $3) = 603 S°"(x)=120x f""(x)=120 f™(y=0 Note: 1. When using the notation y= f(x); the first derivative can be denoted as y', the second derivative as y”, the third derivative as y"etc. 2. When using the notation: i the second derivative is denoted as S the ix ie third derivative is denoted as = ete, i 3. When using the notation: the second derivative is denoted as 2 etc, heWhen evaluating a derivative at a specific value of x, say at x =a, we geta number F(a) that gives the slope of the curve y= f(x)at the point (a, /(a)). Another way of writing f(a) is: This instructs the evaluation of the derivative at x=a. d a2.2: ae | DB are p- OKA YZ FE pT &t*yz= eAUS dx ** 9 dy **9 az S* * 4xyz ~ axr2 | ary ‘The Marginal Concept in Economics (Remember the 0.6 project when this was presented) Marginal Cost If C(x)is a cost function, then the marginal cost function is C'(x). The marginal cost of producing a units, C'(a), is approximately equal to C(a+1)—C(a) which is the additional cost that is incurred when the production level is increased by one unit from atoatl Marginal Revenue and Marginal Profit If R(2) is the revenue generated from the production of x units ofa certain commodity and P(x) is the corresponding profit, then the marginal revenue function is R’(x) and the marginal profit function is P(x). ‘The Technology component Although functions can be specified (and differentiated) in graphing calculators with letters other than X, only functions in X can be graphed. Therefore X will always be used as the variable. There are two ways to graph derivatives on your TI 83 or TI 84: Plot Poke Plots Plott Plet2 Plots W182 si Xe Note: the word ‘average’ is missing. YY Example 2: Consider the function f(x)=*. Calculate the rate of change of flx) atx = 1. ion: (1 =2* Note: Only one x value is Solution: { 7) =20)=2 given! They are looking for instantaneous rate of change! Therefore, the function is changing at a rate of 2 units for every unit change in x. Take the first derivative! Sample Problem: Consider the function f(x)= 1°, Calculate: * The average rate of change of the function for 1<.x <3. (Hint Slope oF secant ling 3 2i- 26 2 \3 a a F(x) = Ba tlad=3 @y =i. Position Function, Velocity, and Acceleration Another way to think of a derivative is as a rate of change. So the derivative of a position function describes the rate at which position changes. Can you think of a word (from physics) that describes the rate at which the position of an object changes? _V@ \oc) 4 Carry this logic one step further, the rate at which the Veloci ty of an object changes refersto_ Ave fer ator ! Therefore, If y=s(¢)isa position function then, ¥'=s'(0)= velocity = v(t) and y"=v(0)= acceleration = a(t)! Meaning, the first derivative of position is velocity and the derivative of velocity is acceleration. *You must memorize this!Example 3: Suppose a baseball is thrown upwards so thatits height _ [ Note: Position Function (in feet) is given by h(¢)=—16t*+128t+5, where tis time in seconds. Path of the baseball Height (feet) roe ‘= Time (seconds) / \ Find the velocity of the baseball 2 seconds after it is thrown. (What is this asking you?) Solution: Since velocity is the derivative of position, and h'(t)=—32t+128 then V(2)=h'(2)=-32(2)+128=64 ft/sec Your turn: Find the velocity of the baseball 3 seconds after it is thrown. (What is this asking you?) YourSolution; = / -32(3) + 108 =-4G@+1aye + 3a Ft] sec Find the time when the velocity is -32 ft/sec Solution: Set the velocity function equal to -32 and solve for t. ~32¢+128=-32 32=-160 Note: A negative velocity implies that the tes. baseball is falling (rather than rising) =Ssec. Your turn: Find the time when the velocity is 64 ft/sec. Your Solution: -3Q% + 12s -Bae + 1a¥