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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Lecture - 08

Introduction to Bridge
Engineering
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 1

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Topics
Introduction

Bridge Components

Types of Bridges

Important Points for Bridge Design

Example

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 2

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction
Bridge is a structure having an opening not less
than 6000 mm that forms part of a highway or over,
or under which the highway passes.

Structures < 6000 mm generally called culverts.

Bridge Culvert

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 3

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Introduction
Bridge is the key element in a Transportation
System:
It controls the capacity of the system.

It is the highest cost per mile of the system.

If the bridge fails, the system fails.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 4

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridge Components
A bridge consists of super structure and sub
structure.

Super structure: Structural parts of the bridge which provides the horizontal span.
Sub structure: Structural parts of the bridge which supports the horizontal span.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 5

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridge Components
Deck

Girder

Pier Cap Diaphragms

Pier

Pile Cap

Piles
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 6

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Bridges can be classified according to:


Materials (concrete, steel or wood etc),

Usage (pedestrian, highway, or railroad),

Span (short, medium, or long),

Structural form (slabs, girder, truss, arch, suspension, or


cable-stayed).

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 7

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

It is however suitable to classify bridges according to


the location of the main structural elements relative to
the surface on which the user travels:
Main structure Below the deck line,

Main structure Above the deck line, or

Main structure Coinciding with the deck line.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 8

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Below Deck line


Arched, Truss-Arched Bridges, Masonry Arch, Concrete
Arch, the Steel-Truss Arch, and the Steel Deck Truss.

Masonry Arch Masonry Arch Steel Deck Truss Bridge

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 9

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Below Deck line

Steel Truss Arch

Concrete Arch

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Below Deck line


With arch shape, gravity loads are transmitted to the
supports primarily by axial compressive forces.

At the supports, both vertical and horizontal reactions must


be resisted.

Arch

Axial force Axial force

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 11

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Below Deck line


Salient features of Arch Type Bridge
The arch form is intended to reduce bending moments in the
superstructure.

The most suitable site for this form of structure is a valley, with
the arch foundation located on dry rock slopes.

The conventional curved arch rib may have high fabrication and
erection costs, although these may be controlled by skilled
labor.

The classic arch form tends to favor concrete as a construction


material.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 12

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Below Deck line


Salient features of Arch Type Bridge
The arch rib is usually shaped to take dead load without
bending moments. This load is then called the form load.

If the form load is large, the live load becomes essentially a


small disturbance applied to a compressed member.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 13

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges
Main Structure Above Deck line
Suspension, Cable Stayed, and Through-Truss bridges are
included in this category.

Suspension: Deck is supported by two main cables through


secondary cables (hangers).
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 14

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Above Deck line

Cable-stayed: Deck is supported by tower directly through cables.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 15

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Above Deck line

Through Bridges

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Above Deck line


Salient features of Suspension Bridges
The flexible cables of a suspension bridge is shaped and
supported to transfer the major loads to the towers and
anchorages by direct tension.

The deck is hung from the cable by hangers constructed of high


strength wire ropes in tension.

This use of high strength steel in tension leads to an


economical structure.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 17

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Above Deck line


Salient features of Suspension Bridges
The main cable is stiffened either by a pair of stiffening trusses
or by a system of girders at deck level.

This stiffening system serves to:


a) Control aerodynamic movements,

b) Limit local angle changes in the deck.

Stiffening
trusses

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 18

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Above Deck line


Salient features of Cable Stayed bridges
As compared with suspension bridges, the cables are straight
rather than curved. As a result, the stiffness is greater.

Aerodynamics instability has not found to be a problem in such


structures.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 19

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Above Deck line


Salient features of Through Bridges
A bridge truss has two main structural advantages:
1. The primary member forces are axial loads;

2. The open web system permits the use of a greater overall depth
(due to lesser dead load) than for an equivalent solid web girder.

Both these factors lead to economy in material and a reduced


dead weight.

The increased depth also leads to reduced deflection.

Economical for medium spans, aesthetically pleasing.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 20

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line


Girder bridges of all types are included in this category.
Examples are:
Slab (solid and voided),

T-beam,

I-beam,

Wide-flange beam,

Concrete box girder,

Steel box,
Concrete Box Girder Bridge
Steel plate girder.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 21

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line

Girder Bridge Under Construction

Box Girder Bridge

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 22

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Types of Bridges

Main Structure Coinciding with Deck line

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 23

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Loads
Loads to be considered in bridge design can be divided into
two broad categories:
Permanent loads,

Transient loads.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 24

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Permanent Loads
Self weight of girders and deck, wearing surface, curbs and
parapets and railings, utilities and luminaries and pressures
from earth retainments.

Two important dead loads are:


DC: Dead load of structural components and non structural
attachments.

DW: Dead load of wearing surface.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 25

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Permanent Loads
Material Properties for Pavement
bitumen = 2250 kg/m3 = 22.1 kN/m3 (140 lb/ f3)

concrete = 2400 kg/m3 = 23.6 kN/m3 (150 lb/ f3)

Load factors for Pavement Dead Loads


The maximum load factor for DC = 1.25

The maximum load factor for DW = 1.5

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 26

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

Transient Loads
Gravity (Live) loads due to vehicular, railway and pedestrian
traffic.

The automobile is one of the most common vehicular live


load on most bridges; it is the truck that causes the critical
load effects.

Lateral loads due to water, wind, earthquake and ship


collisions etc.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 27

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

Transient Loads
Following effects caused by Live load are also very
important and must be considered in the design of a bridge.
Impact (dynamic effects),

Braking forces,

Centrifugal forces (if present) and

The effects of other trucks simultaneously present.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 28

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Vehicular Design Loads
The AASHTO design loads model consists of three distinctly
different loads:
Design Truck,

Design Tandem,

Design Lane.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 29

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Vehicular Design Loads
Design Truck
Previously HS20 was used as Design truck. The H denotes
highway and S denotes Semi tractor and 20 is the weight of
tractor in tons (USC units).

The new vehicle combination as described in AASHTO (1994)


LRFD Bridge specifications are designated as HL-93 for
Highway Loading accepted in 1993.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 30

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Vehicular Design Loads

145 kN 145 kN
35 kN (32 kips) (32 kips)
(8 kips) (14.5 tons) (14.5 tons)
(3.5 tons)

4.3 m 4.3 m to 9.0 m


(14 ft) (14 ft to 30 ft)

HL-93 Truck Load

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 31

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Vehicular Design Loads
Design Tandem

110 kN 110 kN
(24 kips) (24 kips)
(11 tons) (11 tons)

1.2 m
(4 ft)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 32

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Vehicular Design Loads
Design Lane Load
The AASHTO design lane loading is like a caravan of trucks.
It is 9.3 kN/m and is assumed to occupy a region of 3.0 m (10 ft).
It is applied as 3.1 kN/m2 or 0.064 k/ft2 (64 lb/ft2) of pressure to a width of 3.0 m or 10 ft
over the entire length of bridge for FEM.

9.3 kN/m
(0.64 kip/ ft)

3.0 m (10 ft)


Bridge

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 33

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Vehicular Design Loads
In summary three design loads should be considered: the
design truck, design tandem, and the design lane.

These loads are superimposed by two ways to yield the live


load effects, which are combined with the other load effects.

The two ways of superposition are:


Truck + lane,

Tandem + lane,

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 34

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Design Lanes
The number of lanes a bridge may accommodate must be
established and is important design criterion. Two such
terms are used in the lane design of the bridge:
Traffic lane,

Design lane.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 35

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

Design Lanes
Traffic Lane
It is the number of lanes of traffic that the traffic engineer plans to route
across the bridge. Lane width is associated with a traffic lane and is
typically 3600 mm = 3.6 m = 12 ft.

Design Lane
It is the lane designation used by the bridge engineer for live load
placement. The design lane width and location may or may not be the
same as that of the traffic lane.

Clear Roadway Width

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 36

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Design Lanes
Design Lane Width
While calculating truck/tandem (live load) moments, it is assumed that
axle load acts as a point load. However in reality the vehicle will occupy
some definite width, hence live load moment must be divided by design
lane width.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 37

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Design Lanes
Design Lane Width
For single lane loaded:

E (inches) = 10.0 + 5.0 (L1W1)

L1 = Modified span length = Minimum of (S) and 60 ft

W1 = Modified edge to edge width = Minimum of (Overall width of


bridge, W1) or 30 ft

W S

W1
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 38

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Design Lanes
Design Lane Width
For multilane loaded:

E (inches) = 84 + 1.44 (L1W1) W1/NL

L1 = Same as single lane loaded case = Minimum of (S) and 60 ft

W1 = Minimum of (overall width of bridge, W1) or 60 ft

NL = No. of design lanes= INT (W/12)

S
W

W1
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 39

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Multiple Presence Factor
Multiple presence factors modify the vehicular live loads for the probability
that vehicular live loads occur together in a fully loaded state.

These factors should be applied before analysis or design only when doing
three-dimensional modeling, working with substructures.

A factor of 1.2 is also used in the line analysis of edge strip of a slab bridge.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 40

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Load Modifier
A factor accounting for ductility, redundancy and the
operational importance of the bridge.

It is taken as 1.05 for simply supported bridges and is


applied on already factored values of bending moments.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 41

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design

Minimum Slab Depth for Slab Bridge


Minimum depth for R.C.C Slabs:
Simple span = 1.2(S + 3000)/30

= 1.2(S + 10)/30 (in fps system)

Where S = span of bridge.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 42

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Design of Simply Supported Slab Bridge

Step 01: Sizes


Minimum depth for R.C.C Slabs:
Simple span (ft) = 1.2(S + 10)/30
S
Where S = span of bridge.

Step 02: Loads


Determine load DC, WDC = hconcrete
Dead Loads
Determine load DW, WDW = hwearing surface

Step 03: Analysis


Determine slab moments due to dead loads:
MDC = WDCS2/8

MDW = WDW S2/8


Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 43

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Design of Simply Supported Slab Bridge

Step 03: Analysis (Continued)


Determine slab moments due to live loads:

1. Moment due HL-93 Truck load, MTruck


(Max. moment due to truck load can be obtained by placing the middle axle at mid span of
the bridge and rear axle load at distance of 14 ft from the middle axle load)

32 kips 32 kips
8 kips

14 ft 14 ft

S/2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 44

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Design of Simply Supported Slab Bridge

Step 03: Analysis (Continued)


Determine slab moments due to live loads:

2. Moment due Tandem Load, MTandem


(Max. moment due to tandem load can be obtained by placing the two loads at distance of
2 ft from the mid span)

24 kips 24 kips

2 ft 2 ft

S/2

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 45

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Design of Simply Supported Slab Bridge

Step 03: Analysis (Continued)


Determine slab moments due to live loads:

3. Moment due design lane load, MLane


0.64 kip/ft
MLane = 0.64 S2/8

Take greater moment value among MTandem and MTruck and multiply
it by impact factor of 1.33 and then add it with MLane

Therefore, MLL+IM = 1.33(MTandem OR MTruck) + MLane

Convert MLL+IM to moment/ft, Divide MLL+IM by E design lane width.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 46

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Design of Simply Supported Slab Bridge

Step 03: Analysis (Continued)


For Interior Strip, Single Lane Loaded, E is given by:
E (inches) = 10.0 + 5.0 (L1W1) (1)

For Interior Strip, Multilane loaded, E is given by:


E (inches) = 84 + 1.44 (L1W1) W1/NL (2)

Finally, Design Lane Width E, is the smallest value of (1) & (2)

Determine Mu for interior strip:

Mu (interior strip) = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM (per foot)

For Edge Strip, E is given by:


E = Barrier width at base + 1 ft + (1/2) strip width Full strip width or 6
ft (whichever is less)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 47

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Important Points for Bridge Design


Reinforcement Detail in Slab Bridge:

As per shrinkage and


temperature reinforcement
requirements

As, Main Transverse Bottom


reinforcement reinforcement
(to be designed) (least of 100/S % or 50 %) of As
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 48

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Design Problem: Design of simply supported slab
bridge for HL-93 live load.
Span length of 35 ft centre to centre of bearings.

Roadway width is 44 ft curb to curb.

Allow for a future wearing surface of 3 inch thick bituminous


overlay.

Use fc = 4000 psi and fy = 60 ksi.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 49

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Design Pb: Simply supported slab bridge.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 50

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 1: Sizes.

Span length of bridge (S) = 35 ft c/c

Clear roadway width (W) = 44 ft (curb to curb)

For a curb width of 15 inches, total width of the bridge (W1) =


44 + (2 15/12) = 46.5 ft

Minimum thickness of bridge slab is given by formula:

hmin = 1.2(S + 10)/30 = 1.2 (35 + 10)/30 = 1.8 ft = 21.6 22

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 51

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 2: Loads.

Slab load (wDC) = hconc

= (22/12) 0.15 = 0.275 ksf

Wearing surface load (wDW) = hwearing surface

= (3/12) 0.14 = 0.035 ksf

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 52

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.

Dead load moments:

Slab moments (MDC) = wDCS2/8

= 0.275 (352)/8 = 42 ft-kip/ft

Wearing surface moment (MDW) = wDWS2/8

= 0.035 352/8 = 5.3 ft-kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 53

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.

Live load moments:


Truck Load moments:

MTruck = 350 ft-kip

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 54

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.

Live load moments:


Tandem moment:

Mtandem = 372 ft-kip

Lane moment:

Mlane = 640 352/8 = 98000 ft-lb = 98 ft-kip

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 55

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.

Live load moments:


Mtandem > Mtruck, therefore we will use Mtandem

MLL+IM (Including impact) = 1.33Mtandem + Mlane

= 1.33 372 + 98 = 593 ft-kip

To convert MLL+IM to moment/ft, Divide MLL+IM by E design lane


width.
The AASHTO code recommends separate calculation of E and
resulting bending moment M for an interior and edge strips of a RC
slab bridge. Hence next slides discusses interior and edge strips
separately.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 56

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.

Design Lane width E for interior strip:

For single lane loaded:


E (inches) = 10.0 + 5.0 (L1W1)

L1 = Modified span length = Minimum of (S = 35 ft) and 60 ft = 35 ft

W1 = Modified edge to edge width = Minimum of (W1 = 46.5 ft) or 30


ft = 30 ft

Therefore, E = 10.00 + 5.0 (35 30.00) = 172 in = 14.3 ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 57

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.

Design Lane width E for interior strip:

For multilane loaded:


E (inches) = 84 + 1.44 (L1W1) W1/NL

L1 = 35 ft

W1 = Minimum of (W1 = 46.5 ft) or 60 ft = 46.5 ft

NL = No. of design lanes.= INT (W/12) =INT (44/12) = 3

E = 84 + 1.44 (35 46.5) 46.5/3

= 142 inch or 11.84 ft 15.5

Therefore, E = 11.84 ft (Least of all)


Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 58

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.

Interior Strip Moment (per foot)


MLL +IM (Interior strip) per foot = 593/11.84 = 50 ft-kip/ft

Now,

Mu (interior strip) = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM (per foot)]

Mu (interior strip) = 1.05 (1.25 42 + 1.5 5.33 + 1.75 50)

Mu (interior strip) = 155.3 ft-kip/ft = 1863.6 in-kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 59

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.

Design lane width for edge strip: According to AASHTO LRFD


code A4.6.2.1.4,
E = Barrier width at base + 1 ft + (1/2) strip width Full strip width
or 6 ft (whichever is less)

E = 1.25 ft + 1 ft + (1/2) 11.84 11.84 ft or 6ft

E = 8.17 ft > 6 ft

Therefore E = 6 ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 60

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.

Edge Strip Moment (per foot):


Because the edge strip width is limited to 6, one-lane loaded
(wheel line = lane load) with a multiple presence factor, m of
1.2 will be critical. Hence edge strip moment per foot width is
equal to (Reference: chapter 4, Barker and Puckett) :

MLL+IM (Edge strip) per foot = (593) 1.2/6 = 59.3 ft-kip/ft

Mu (edge strip) = 1.05 [1.25MDC + 1.5MDW + 1.75MLL+IM (per foot)]

Mu (edge strip) = 1.05 (1.25 42 + 1.5 5.33 + 1.75 59.3)

Mu (edge strip) = 172.48 ft-kip/ft = 2069.79 in-kip/ft

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 61

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.

(a) Design for Interior strip:


Interior strip moment (Mu) = 155.3 ft-kip/ft = 1863.6 in-kip/ft

Effective depth of bridge slab (d) = h cover Dia of bar used

Using #8 bar, effective depth is bottom cover for slab is taken equal
to 1.

d = 22 1 1 = 20.5 inch

Asmin = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2

As = Mu/{fy (d a/2)}

After trials, As = 1.80 in2,(#8 @ 5 inches c/c)


Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 62

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.

(b) Distribution reinforcement for interior strip (bottom transverse


reinforcement) {A5.14.4.1}:
The amount of bottom transverse reinforcement may be taken as a
percentage of the main reinforcement required for positive moment as
follows but not less than Shrinkage reinforcement:

Atransverse = (100/S or 50 %) of As (whichever is less)

100/L = 100/35 = 16.9 % < 50 %

Therefore, Atransverse = 0.169 1.80 = 0.304 in2

Astmim (shrinkage)= 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @ 8


inches c/c)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 63

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.

(b) Distribution reinforcement for interior strip (bottom transverse


reinforcement) {A5.14.4.1}:
Maximum spacing for temperature steel reinforcement in one way
slab according to ACI 7.12.2.2 is minimum of:
3hf =3 22 = 66

18

Therefore #5 @ 8 inches c/c is OK.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 64

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Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.

(c) Design for Edge strip:


Edge strip moment (Mu) = 172.48 ft-kip/ft = 2069.79 in-kip/ft

Effective depth of bridge slab (d) = h cover Dia of bar used

Using #8 bar, effective depth is bottom cover for slab is taken equal to
1.

d = 22 1 1 = 20.5 inch

Asmin = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2

As = Mu/{fy (d a/2)}; After trials As = 2.014 in2, (#8 @ 4.7 inches)

Finally use #8 @ 4 inches c/c both for interior as well as edge strips
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 65

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.

(d) Distribution reinforcement for edge strip:


Atransverse = 0.169 2.014 = 0.34 in2

Astmim (shrinkage)= 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @ 8


inches c/c)

Maximum spacing for temperature steel reinforcement in one way


slab according to ACI 7.12.2.2 is minimum of:
5hf = 3 22 = 66

18

Use #5 @ 8 inches c/c as bottom transvers reinforcement


everywhere.
Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 66

33
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.

(e) Shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in top face of slab


(long and transverse both): For grade 60 steel,
Ast = 0.0018Ag = 0.0018 12 22 = 0.47 in2 (#5 @ 8 inches c/c)

Finally use #5 @ 8 inches c/c.

Final Recommendation:
Main steel (bottom) = #8 @ 4 c/c for interior as well as exterior.

Transverse bottom reinforcement = #5 @ 8 c/c throughout.

Top steel (long and transverse) = #5 @ 8 c/c.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 67

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Example
Solution:
Step No 5: Drafting

(Shrinkage reinforcement)
(Shrinkage reinforcement)

(Bottom transverse reinforcement)

(Main reinforcement)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 68

34
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Some Famous Bridges


Longest Bridge
DanyangKunshan Grand Bridge in China (164800 m)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 69

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Some Famous Bridges


Longest Span
Akashi Kaiky Bridge, Japan (1991 m)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 70

35
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Some Famous Bridges


Highest Bridge
Si Du River Bridge (472 m high)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 71

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
Lansdowne Bridge, Sukkur

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 72

36
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
Jamshoro Bridge, Jamshoro

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 73

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
Attock Bridge, Attock

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 74

37
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
Malir Bridge, Karachi
Longest Bridge in Pakistan (5000 m)

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 75

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
Chiniot Railway Bridge
Constructed in 1877.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 76

38
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

Bridges in Pakistan
Bridge on M2 Motorway
One of the highest in Asia.

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 77

Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

References
Design of Highway Bridges by Richard M. Barker.

ACI 318

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 78

39
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Peshawar

THE END

Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali CE 404 Advance Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures 79

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