Lecture - 08
Introduction to Bridge
Engineering
By: Prof Dr. Qaisar Ali
Civil Engineering Department
UET Peshawar
drqaisarali@nwfpuet.edu.pk
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Topics
Introduction
Bridge Components
Types of Bridges
Example
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Introduction
Bridge is a structure having an opening not less
than 6000 mm that forms part of a highway or over,
or under which the highway passes.
Bridge Culvert
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Introduction
Bridge is the key element in a Transportation
System:
It controls the capacity of the system.
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Bridge Components
A bridge consists of super structure and sub
structure.
Super structure: Structural parts of the bridge which provides the horizontal span.
Sub structure: Structural parts of the bridge which supports the horizontal span.
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Bridge Components
Deck
Girder
Pier
Pile Cap
Piles
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Types of Bridges
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Types of Bridges
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Types of Bridges
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Types of Bridges
Concrete Arch
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Types of Bridges
Arch
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Types of Bridges
The most suitable site for this form of structure is a valley, with
the arch foundation located on dry rock slopes.
The conventional curved arch rib may have high fabrication and
erection costs, although these may be controlled by skilled
labor.
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Types of Bridges
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Types of Bridges
Main Structure Above Deck line
Suspension, Cable Stayed, and Through-Truss bridges are
included in this category.
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Types of Bridges
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Types of Bridges
Through Bridges
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Types of Bridges
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Types of Bridges
Stiffening
trusses
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Types of Bridges
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Types of Bridges
2. The open web system permits the use of a greater overall depth
(due to lesser dead load) than for an equivalent solid web girder.
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Types of Bridges
T-beam,
I-beam,
Wide-flange beam,
Steel box,
Concrete Box Girder Bridge
Steel plate girder.
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Types of Bridges
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Types of Bridges
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Transient loads.
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Transient Loads
Gravity (Live) loads due to vehicular, railway and pedestrian
traffic.
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Transient Loads
Following effects caused by Live load are also very
important and must be considered in the design of a bridge.
Impact (dynamic effects),
Braking forces,
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Design Tandem,
Design Lane.
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145 kN 145 kN
35 kN (32 kips) (32 kips)
(8 kips) (14.5 tons) (14.5 tons)
(3.5 tons)
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110 kN 110 kN
(24 kips) (24 kips)
(11 tons) (11 tons)
1.2 m
(4 ft)
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9.3 kN/m
(0.64 kip/ ft)
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Tandem + lane,
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Design lane.
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Design Lanes
Traffic Lane
It is the number of lanes of traffic that the traffic engineer plans to route
across the bridge. Lane width is associated with a traffic lane and is
typically 3600 mm = 3.6 m = 12 ft.
Design Lane
It is the lane designation used by the bridge engineer for live load
placement. The design lane width and location may or may not be the
same as that of the traffic lane.
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W S
W1
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S
W
W1
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These factors should be applied before analysis or design only when doing
three-dimensional modeling, working with substructures.
A factor of 1.2 is also used in the line analysis of edge strip of a slab bridge.
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32 kips 32 kips
8 kips
14 ft 14 ft
S/2
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24 kips 24 kips
2 ft 2 ft
S/2
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Take greater moment value among MTandem and MTruck and multiply
it by impact factor of 1.33 and then add it with MLane
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Finally, Design Lane Width E, is the smallest value of (1) & (2)
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Example
Design Problem: Design of simply supported slab
bridge for HL-93 live load.
Span length of 35 ft centre to centre of bearings.
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Example
Design Pb: Simply supported slab bridge.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 1: Sizes.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 2: Loads.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
Lane moment:
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Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
L1 = 35 ft
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Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
Now,
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Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
E = 8.17 ft > 6 ft
Therefore E = 6 ft
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Example
Solution:
Step No 3: Analysis.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
Using #8 bar, effective depth is bottom cover for slab is taken equal
to 1.
d = 22 1 1 = 20.5 inch
As = Mu/{fy (d a/2)}
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
Using #8 bar, effective depth is bottom cover for slab is taken equal to
1.
d = 22 1 1 = 20.5 inch
Finally use #8 @ 4 inches c/c both for interior as well as edge strips
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 4: Design.
Final Recommendation:
Main steel (bottom) = #8 @ 4 c/c for interior as well as exterior.
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Example
Solution:
Step No 5: Drafting
(Shrinkage reinforcement)
(Shrinkage reinforcement)
(Main reinforcement)
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Bridges in Pakistan
Lansdowne Bridge, Sukkur
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Bridges in Pakistan
Jamshoro Bridge, Jamshoro
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Bridges in Pakistan
Attock Bridge, Attock
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Bridges in Pakistan
Malir Bridge, Karachi
Longest Bridge in Pakistan (5000 m)
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Bridges in Pakistan
Chiniot Railway Bridge
Constructed in 1877.
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Bridges in Pakistan
Bridge on M2 Motorway
One of the highest in Asia.
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References
Design of Highway Bridges by Richard M. Barker.
ACI 318
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THE END
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