Problems

Section 10-2: Sinusoidal Sources

P10.2-1
(a) i (t ) = 2 cos(6 t + 120°) + 4 sin(6 t − 60°)
= 2 (cos 6 t cos120°−sin 6 t sin120°) + 4 (sin 6 t cos 60°− cos 6 t sin 60°)
=−4.46 cos 6 t + 0.27 sin 6t = 4.47 cos(6 t −176.5°)
(b) v(t ) = 5 2 cos8t + 10 sin(8t + 45° )
= 5 2 cos8t + 10[sin 8t cos 45° + cos8t sin 45° ]
= 10 2 cos8t + 5 2 sin 8t
v(t ) = 250 cos(8t − 26.56° ) = 5 10 sin(8t + 63.4° ) V

P10.2-2
2π 2π
ω = 2π f = = = 6283 rad sec
T 1×10−3
v(t ) = Vm sin(ω t + φ ) = 100 sin(6283 t + φ )
v(0) = 10 = 100 sin φ ⇒ φ = sin −1 (0.1) = 6.74°
v(t ) = 100 sin(6283 t + 5.74°) V
P10.2-3
ω 1200π
f = = = 600 Hz
2π 2π
i (2 × 10−3 ) = 300 cos(1200 π (2 × 10−3 ) + 55°) = 3cos(2.4π + 55°)
⎛ 180° ⎞
2.4π × ⎜ −3
⎟ = 432° ⇒ i (2 ×10 ) = 300 cos(432°+55°) = 300 cos(127°) = −180.5 mA
⎝ π ⎠

P10.2-4
P10.2-5

A = 18 V

T = 18 − 2 = 16 ms

2π 2π
ω= = = 393 rad/s
T 0.016

16 = 18 cos (θ ) ⇒ θ = 27°

v ( t ) = 18 cos ( 393 t + 27° ) V

P10.2-6

A = 15 V

T = 43 − 11 = 32 ms

2π 2π
ω= = = 196 rad/s
T 0.032

8 = 15 cos (θ ) ⇒ θ = 58°

v ( t ) = 15 cos (196 t + 58° ) V

Section 10-3: Steady-State Response of an RL Circuit for a Sinusoidal Forcing Function

P10.3-1
di di
L + Ri = v s ⇒ + 120i = 400cos300t
dt dt
di f
Try i f = A cos 300 t + B sin 300 t then = −300 A sin 300 t + 300 B cos 300 t . Substituting and
dt
equating coefficients gives
−300 A+120 B = 0 ⎫ A = 0.46
⎬ B = 1.15
300 B +120 A = 400 ⎭
Then
i (t ) = 0.46 cos 300 t + 1.15sin 300 t = 1.24 cos (300 t − 68°) A

P10.3-2
v dv dv
−is + +C =0 ⇒ + 500 v = 500 cos1000 t
2 dt dt
dv f
Try v f = A cos1000 t + B sin1000 t then = −1000 A sin1000 t + 1000 B cos1000 t .
dt
Substituting and equating coefficients gives

−1000 A+ 500 B = 0 ⎫ A = 0.2

⎬ ⇒ B = 0.4
1000 B +500 A=500 ⎭
Then
v (t ) = 0.2 cos1000 t + 0.4 sin1000 t = 0.447 cos (1000t − 63°) V

P10.3-3

12 e j 45° ~ 12 e j 45° j 45°

I(ω ) = = (2 ⋅10−3 ) e ⇒ i (t ) = 2 cos (4 t + 45°) mA
6000+ j (0.2) 6000
Section 10.4: Complex Exponential Forcing Function

P10.4-1
(5∠36.9°) (10∠−53.1°) 50∠−16.2° 50∠−16.2°
= = = 2 5∠10.36°
(4 + j 3) + (6− j8) 10− j 5 5 5∠− 26.56°

P10.4-2
⎡ 3 2∠− 45° ⎤
5∠81.87° ⎢ 4 − j 3+
3
⎥ = 5∠81.87°[4 − j 3 + ∠ − 36.87°]
⎣ 5 2∠−8.13° ⎦ 5
= 5∠81.87° (4.48 − j 3.36) = 5∠81.87° (5.6∠− 36.87°)
= 28∠45°= 14 2 + j14 2

P10.4-3
A*C* (3− j 7)5e − j 2.3°
= = 0.65 − j 6.31
B 6 e j15°

P10.4-4
(6∠120° ) (−4 + j 3 + 2e j15 ) = −12.1 − j 21.3 ⇒ a =−12.1 and b =−21.3

P10.4-5
⎛ 3− b ⎞
(a) j tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
Ae j120
= −4 + j (3 − b) = 4 + (3−b) e
2 2 ⎝ −4 ⎠

⎛ 3−b ⎞
120 = tan −1 ⎜ °
⎟ ⇒ b = 3 + 4 tan (120 ) = −3.93
⎝ −4 ⎠
A = 42 + (3−b) 2 = 42 + (3− (−3.93)) 2 = 8.00

(b) −4 + 8 cos θ + j (b + 8 sin θ ) = 3e − j120 = − 1.5 − j 2.6

2.5
−4 +8 cos θ = −1.5 ⇒ θ = cos −1 = 72°
8
°
b + 8 sin (72 ) = − 2.6 ⇒ b = −10.2

(c) −10 + j 2a = Ae j 60° = A cos 60° − j A sin 60°

−10 −20sin 60°
A= = −20 and a = = −8.66
cos 60° 2
P10.4-6
⎛ d ⎞ d
5 ⎜ 0.1 v ⎟ + v = cos 2 t ⇒ v + 2 v = 2 cos 2 t
⎝ dt ⎠ dt

Replace the real excitation by a complex exponential excitation to get

d
v + 2 v = 2 e j 2t
dt
d
Let ve = A e j 2t so ve = j 2 A e j 2t and
dt
d
ve + 2 ve = 2 e j 2t ⇒ j 2 A e j 2t + 2 A e j 2t = 2 e j 2 t
dt
2 1
( j 2 + 2 ) A e j 2t = 2 e j 2 t ⇒ A= = ∠ − 45°
2 + j2 2

⎛ 1 − j 45° ⎞ j 2t 1 j ( 2t −45° )
so ve = ⎜ e ⎟e = e
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
1
Finally v ( t ) = Re {ve } = cos ( 2t − 45° ) V
2

P10.4-7
d d2 d2 d 20 80
0.45 v + v + 0.15 2 v = 4 cos 5 t ⇒ 2
v+3 v+ v= cos 5 t
dt dt dt dt 3 3

Replace the real excitation by a complex exponential excitation to get

d2 d 20 80 j 5t
2
v+3 v+ v= e
dt dt 3 3
d d2
Let ve = A e so ve = j 5 A e , and 2 ve = −25 A e j 5 t
j5t j5t
dt dt

( ) ( )
2
d d 20 80 j 5t 20 80 j 5t
2
v+3 v+ v= e ⇒ − 25 A e j 5t + 3 j5 A e j 5t + A e j 5t = e
dt dt 3 3 3 3
80
⎛ 20 ⎞ 80 3 80
⎜ −25 + j15 + ⎟ A e = e j 5t ⇒ A = = = 1.126∠ − 141
j 5t
⎝ 3 ⎠ 3 20 −55 + j 45
−25 + j15 +
3

so ( )
ve = 1.126 e− j141° e j 5t = 1.126 e (
j 5t −141° )

Finally v ( t ) = Re {ve } = 1.126 cos ( 5 t − 141° ) V

Section 10-5: The Phasor Concept

P10.5-1

Apply KVL
d
6i+2 i − 15 cos 4 t = 0
dt
or
d
2 i + 6 i = 15 cos 4 t
dt

Now use i = I m Re{e (

j 4 t +θ )
} and 15 cos 4 t = 15 Re{e4 t } to write

2
d
dt
( ) (
I m Re{e ( ) } + 6 I m Re{e ( ) } = 15 Re{e j 4 t }
j 4 t +θ j 4 t +θ
)
⎧ d ⎫
Re ⎨2 ( I m e j 4 t e j θ ) + 6 ( I m e j 4 t e j θ ) ⎬ = Re{15 e j 4 t }
⎩ dt ⎭

{ }
Re 2 ( j 4 I m e j 4 t e j θ ) + 6 ( I m e j 4 t e j θ ) = Re{15 e j 4 t }

j8 ( I m e jθ ) + 6 ( I m e jθ ) = 15

15 15
I m e jθ = = = 1.5∠ − 53°
6 + j8 10∠53°

i ( t ) = 1.5 cos ( 4 t − 53° ) A

Finally
i ( t ) = 2 (1.5 cos ( 4 t − 53° ) ) = 3 ( −4sin ( 4 t − 53° ) )
d d
v (t ) = 2
dt dt
= −12 ( cos ( 4 t − 143° ) )
= 12 cos ( 4 t + 37° ) V
P10.5-2

Apply KCL at node a:

v − 4 cos 2 t d
+ 0.25 v + i = 0
1 dt

Apply KVL to the right mesh:

d d
4i + 4 i − v = 0 ⇒ v = 4i + 4 i
dt dt
After some algebra:
d2 d
2
i + 5 i + 5 i = 4 cos 2t
dt dt
Now use i = I m Re{e (
j 2 t +θ )
} and 4 cos 2 t = 4 Re{e j 2 t } to write

d2 ⎡ d
I Re{e j ( 2 t +θ ) }⎤⎦ + 5 ⎡⎣ I m Re{e j ( 2 t +θ ) }⎤⎦ + 5 ⎡⎣ I m Re{e j ( 2 t +θ ) }⎤⎦ = 4 Re{e j 2 t }
2 ⎣ m
dt dt

⎧ d2 d ⎫
Re ⎨ 2 ⎡⎣ I m e j ( 2 t +θ ) ⎤⎦ + 5 ⎡⎣ I m e j ( 2 t +θ ) ⎤⎦ + 5 ⎡⎣ I m e j ( 2 t +θ ) ⎤⎦ ⎬ = Re{4 e j 2 t }
⎩ dt dt ⎭
{ }
Re −4 e j θ I m e j 2 t + 5 ( j 2 e jθ I m e j 2 t ) + 5 e j θ I m e j 2 t = Re{4 e j 2t }

−4 e j θ I m + 5 ( j 2 e j θ I m ) + 5 e j θ I m = 4

4 4 4
I m e jθ = = = = 0.398∠ − 84°
−4 + 5 ( j 2 ) + 5 1 + j 10 10.05∠84

i ( t ) = 0.398 cos ( 2 t − 85° ) A

(checked 7/6/05)
P10.5-3

VS = 2∠ − 90° V

−j −j
Z R = R; Z C = = = − j 16000 Ω
ω C (500)(0.125×10−6 )

⎛ − j 16000 ⎞ (16000∠−90° )( 2∠−90° ) = 1.25∠ − 141° V

V (ω ) = ⎜ ⎟ ( 2∠−90° ) =
⎝ 20000 − j 16000 ⎠ 25612∠−39°
therefore
v ( t ) = 1.25cos ( 500t − 141° ) V

P10.5-4

d
0.01 v + v = 10 cos 100 t
dt
( 0.01)( j 100 )V + V =10
10
V= = 7.071 ∠− 45°
1+ j
v = 7.071 cos (100 t − 45° ) V

P10.5-5

{
vs = 40 cos100t = Re 4 e j100 t }
di (t ) 1
∫
t
KVL: i (t ) + 10 × 10−3 + i (t ) dt = vS
dt 5×10−3 −∞

Assume i (t ) = Ae j100 t where A is complex number to be determined. Plugging into

the differential equation yields

4
Ae j100 t + j Ae j100 t + (− j 2 A)e j100 t = 4 e j100 t ⇒ A= = 2 2 e j 45°
1− j
In the time domain:

{ } { }
i (t ) = Re 2 2 e j100 t e j 45° = Re 2 2 e j (100 t + 45°) = 2 2 cos (100 t + 45° ) A
Section 10-6: Phasor Relationships for R, L, and C Elements

P10.6-1

P10.6-2

P10.6.3
P10.6-4

P10.6-5
(a) v = 15cos (400 t + 30°) V
i = 3 sin(400 t+30°) = 3 cos (400 t − 60°) V
v leads i by 90° ⇒ element is an inductor
v 15
Z L = peak = = 5 = ω L = 400 L ⇒ L = 0.0125 H = 12.5 mH
ipeak 3
(b) i leads v by 90° ⇒ the element is a capacitor
vpeak 8 1 1
Zc = = =4= = ⇒ C = 277.77 μ F
ipeak 2 ω C 900 C
(c) v = 20 cos (250 t + 60°) V
i = 5sin (250 t +150°) =5cos (250 t + 60°) A
Since v & i are in phase ⇒ element is a resistor
v 20
∴ R = peak = =4Ω
ipeak 5
P10.6-6
V1 = 150 cos(−30°) + j150sin(−30°) = 130 − j 75 V

V2 = 200 cos 60°+ j 200sin 60° = 100+ j173 V

V = V1 + V2 = 230+ j 98 = 250∠23.1° V

Thus v(t ) = v1 (t ) + v2 (t ) = 250 cos (377 t + 23.1°) V

P10.6-7
1 V 20∠15° 20
R− j =Z= = = ∠ (15° − 63° ) = 13.42∠ − 48° = 8.98 − j 9.97 Ω
20 C I 1.49∠63° 1.49
1
Equating real and imaginary parts gives R = 9 Ω and C = = 5 mF .
20 × 9.97

P10.6-8
V = j ( 4 )(15 ) ( I 1 + I 2 ) = j 60 ( 0.03∠45° ) − 0.04∠0° = j 60 ( 0.0212 + j 0.0212 − 0.04 )
= −1.273 − j1.127
= 1.7∠ − 138.5° V
so
v ( t ) = 1.7 cos ( 4t − 138.5° ) V
(checked: LNAP 8/7/04)
Section 10-7: Impedance and Admittance

P10.7-1
ω = 2π f = 2π (10 ×103 ) = 62832 rad sec
1 1
Z R = R = 36 Ω ⇔ YR = = = 0.0278 S
ZR 36
1
Z L = jω L = j (62830)(160 × 10 −6 ) = j10.053 ≈ j10 Ω ⇔ YL = = − 0.1 j S
ZL
−j −j 1
ZC = = = − j15.915 ≈ − j 16 Ω ⇔ YC = = j 0.0625 S
ω C (62830)(1×10 )
−6
ZC

Yeq = YR + YL + YC = 0.0278 − j0.0375 = 0.0467 ∠ − 53.4° S

1
Z eq = = 21.43∠ 53.4° = 12.75 + j17.22 Ω
Yeq

P10.7-2
V 10 ∠40°
Z= = = − 5000∠205°Ω = 4532 + j 2113 = R + j ω L
−I −2×10−3 ∠−165°

2113 2113
so R = 4532 Ω and L = = = 1.057 mH
ω 2×106

P10.7-3
j L R
− ( R + jω L) −j
Z(ω ) = ω C = C ωC
+ ( R + jω L) R + j ⎛⎜ ω L −
j 1 ⎞
−
ωC ⎝ ω C ⎟⎠
⎛L R ⎞⎛ ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
⎜ −j ⎟⎜ R − j ⎜ ω L −
⎝ C ω C ⎠⎝ ⎝ ω C ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠
= 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
R 2 +⎜ ω L −
⎝ ω C ⎟⎠
RL R ⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ R2 L ⎛ 1 ⎞⎞
− ⎜ ω − ⎟− j ⎜ + ⎜ω L−
ω C ⎟⎠ ⎟⎠
L
C ωC ⎝ ωC ⎠ ⎝ ωC C ⎝
= 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
R 2 +⎜ ω L −
⎝ ω C ⎟⎠
Z (ω ) will be purely resistive when
 R2 L ⎛ 1 ⎞
2
1 ⎛R⎞
+ ⎜ω L− ⎟= 0 ⇒ ω =
2
−⎜ ⎟
ωC C⎝ ωC⎠ CL ⎝L⎠

when R =6 Ω , C = 22 μ F, and L = 27 mH, then ω = 1278 rad/s.

P10.7-4
R
Zc R jω C R + j (ω L −ω R 2 C +ω 3 R 2 L C 2 )
Z = ZL + = jω L + =
R +Z c R+
1 1+ (ω R C ) 2
jω C
Set real part equal to 100 Ω to get C

R
= 100 ⇒ C =0.158 μF
1+ (ω R C ) 2

Set imaginary part of numerator equal to 0 to get L ( ω = 2π f = 6283 rad sec )

L − R 2C + ω 2 R 2 LC 2 = 0 ⇒ L = 0.1587 H

P10.7-5
Z L = j ω L = j (6.28 × 106 ) (47 × 10−6 ) = j 295 Ω
⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ ⎟( 300+ j 295 )
⎝ jω C ⎠
Z eq = Z c || (Z R +Z L ) = = 590.7 Ω
1
+ 300+ j 295
jω C
300 +300 j
590.7 = ⇒ 590.7 − (590.7)(295 ω C ) + j (590.7)(300ω C ) = 300 + j 295
1+300 j ω C −300 ω C

(
Equating imaginary terms ω =2π f = 6.28×106 rad sec )
(590.7) (300ω C ) = 295 ⇒ C =0.27 nF
P10.7-6
Replace series and parallel capacitors by an
equivalent capacitor and series inductors by an
equivalent inductor:

Then

1
⎛ 200 ⎞
( )
100 200 2
jω 5 ×10−3 100 ⎜ − j ⎟ −j 1+ j
⎝ ω ⎠ = jω 4 + ω × ω
Z = jω 4 + = jω 4 +
100 +
1 ⎛ 200 ⎞ 1− j
2
1+
2
100 + ⎜ − j
( ) ⎟ j
jω 5 ×10 −3
⎝ ω ⎠ ω ω

4 2
−j
Z = jω 4 + 100 ω
ω = jω 4 + 100 4 − j 2 ω = 400 + j ⎛ 4 ω − 200 ω ⎞
2
⎜ ⎟
4
1+ 2 4 +ω2 4 +ω2 ⎝ 4 +ω2 ⎠
ω
Section 10-8: Kirchhoff’s Laws Using Phasors

P10.8-1

(a) Z1 =3+ j 4 = 5∠53.1° Ω and Z 2 =8− j8 = 8 2 ∠− 45° Ω

(b) Total impedance = Z1 + Z 2 = 3 + j 4 + 8 − j8 = 11 − j 4 = 11.7∠− 20.0° Ω

(c) 100∠0° 100 100

I= = = ∠20.0° ⇒ i (t ) = 8.55 cos (1250 t + 20.0°) A
Z1 +Z 2 11.7 ∠− 20° 11.7

P10.8-2
V1 (ω ) = Vs (ω ) − V2 (ω ) = 7.68∠47° − 1.59∠125°
= ( 5.23 + j 5.62 ) − ( −0.91 + 1.30 )
= ( 5.23 + 0.91) + j ( 5.62 − 1.30 )
= 6.14 + j 4.32
= 7.51∠35°
v1 ( t ) = 7.51 cos ( 2 t + 35° ) V

P10.8-3
I = I 1 + I 2 = 0.744∠ − 118° + 0.5405∠100 = ( −0.349 − j 0.657 ) + ( −0.094 + j 0.532 )
= ( −0.349 − 0.094 ) + j ( −0.657 + 0.532 )
= −0.443 − j 0.125
= 0.460∠196°

i ( t ) = 460 cos (2 t + 196°) mA

P10.8-4
Vs = 2 ∠30° V
2 ∠30°
and I = = 0.185 ∠ − 26.3° A
6 + j12 + 3 / j

i(t ) = 0.185 cos (4 t − 26.3°) A

P10.8-5
j (2π ⋅ 796) (3 ⋅10−3 ) = j15 Ω

12
I= = 0.48 ∠ − 37° A
20 + j15
i (t ) = 0.48 cos (2π ⋅ 796 t − 37°) A

P10.8-6
Z1 = R = 8 Ω, Z 2 = j 3 L, I = B ∠ − 51.87° and I s = 2 ∠ − 15° A

I B ∠−51.87° Z1 8 8 ∠ 0°
= = = =
Is 2 ∠−15° Z1 + Z 2 8+ j 3L ⎛ 3L ⎞
82 + (3L) 2 ∠ tan −1 ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 8 ⎠
Equate the magnitudes and the angles.
⎛ 3L ⎞
angles: + 36.87 = + tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ L = 2 H
⎝ 8 ⎠
8 B
magnitudes: = ⇒ B =1.6
64 +9 L2 2
P10.8-7

The voltage V can be calculated using Ohm's Law.

V = (1.72 ∠ - 69°) (4.24∠45°) = 7.29∠ - 24° V

The current I can be calculated using KCL.

I = (3.05 ∠ - 77°) - (1.72∠ - 69°) = 1.34∠ - 87° A

Using KVL to calculate the voltage across the inductor and then Ohm's Law gives:

24 - 4(1.34∠-87°)
j 2L = ⇒ L=4 H
3.05∠-77°

P10.8-8

⎛ 10 ⎞
V10 = Vs ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 − j10 ⎠
⎛ 10 ⎞
= 20∠0° ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 10 2∠− 45° ⎠
= 10 2∠45°

v10 (t ) = 10 2 cos (100 t + 45°) V

P10.8-9
(a) 160 ∠0° 160 ∠0°
I= =
(− j1326) (300 + j 37.7) 303 ∠−5.9°
− j1326 + 300+ j 37.7
= 0.53 ∠5.9° A
i(t ) = 0.53cos (120π t +5.9°) A

(b) 160∠0° 160∠0°

I= =
(− j199)(300+ j 251) 256∠−59.9°
− j199 + 300+ j 251
= 0.625∠59.9° A

i (t ) =0.625 cos (800π t +59.9°) A

P10.8-10
(a)
4
v (t ) = − × 24 = −8 V
4 + ( 40 & 10 )
40 24 8
i (t ) = × = = 1.6 A
40 + 10 4 + ( 40 & 10 ) 5

(b) Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using impedances and phasors.

V=−
j16
× 24∠15° =
(16∠ − 90° )( 24∠15° ) = 33.66∠ − 65° V
j16 + ( 40 & − j 25 ) 40 ( − j 25 )
j16 +
40 − j 25

40 24∠15°
I= × = 1.78∠57° A
40 − j 25 40 ( − j 25 )
j16 +
40 − j 25
so
 v ( t ) = 33.66 cos ( 4t − 65° ) V
and
i ( t ) = 1.78cos ( 4t + 57° ) A

(checked: LNAP 8/1/04)

P10.8-11
5∠30° 5∠30° 5∠30°
I= + + = 0.100∠ − 23.1° + 0.0923∠98.2° + 0.1667∠ − 60°
30 + j 40 20 − j 50 j 50 − j 20
= 0.186∠ − 29.5° A
so
i ( t ) = 0.186 cos (10t − 29.5° ) A

(checked: LNAP 8/1/04)

P10.8-12
V = 0.01∠45° ⎡⎣( 20 & j 20 ) + ( 30 & ( − j 40 ) ) + ( j10 & ( − j 50 ) ) ⎤⎦

⎡ 20 ( j 20 ) 30 ( − j 40 ) j10 ( − j 50 ) ⎤
= 0.01∠45° ⎢ + + ⎥
⎣ 20 + j 20 30 − j 40 j10 − j 50 ⎦

= 0.01∠45° [14.14∠45° + 24∠ − 36.9° + 12.5∠90°]

= 0.01∠45° [10 + j10 + 19.2 − j14.4 + j12.5]

= 0.303∠60.5° V

so
v ( t ) = 0.303cos ( 5t + 60.5° ) V

(checked: LNAP 8/1/04)

P10.8-13
Let
⎛
Z 1 = ⎜⎜ 20 − j
1 ⎞ ( 20 − j 25) j10 = 250 − j 200 = 12.81∠75.5° Ω
⎟⎟ & j10 =
⎝ 4 ( 0.01) ⎠ 20 − j 25 + j10 20 − j15
and
⎛ 1 ⎞ j 20 ( 40 − j 50 ) 1000 + j800
Z 2 = j 20 & ⎜⎜ − j + 40 ⎟⎟ = = = 25.61∠75.5° Ω
⎝ 4 ( 0.005 ) ⎠ j 20 + 40 − j 50 40 − j 30
Then
Z2 25.61∠75.5°
V= ×10∠60° = × 10∠60° = 6.67∠60° V
Z1 + Z 2 12.81∠75.5° + 25.6∠75.5°
so
v ( t ) = 6.67 cos ( 4t + 60° ) V

(checked: LNAP 8/1/04)

P10.8-14
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using impedances and phasors. Let

⎛ 1 ⎞ 40 ( − j 50 )
Z 1 = j 50 + ⎜ 40 & −3 ⎟
= j 50 + = 39.0∠51.3° Ω
⎝ j10 × 2 × 10 ⎠ 40 − j 50
and
1 j 20 ( 25 )
Z2 = − j + j 20 & 25 = − j 20 + = 12.5∠ − 38.7 Ω
10 ( 5 × 10 )
−3
25 + j 20

Z1 and Z2 are connected in parallel. Current division gives

Z1
I1 = × 0.025∠15° = 0.024∠32.7° A
Z1 + Z 2
so
i1 ( t ) = 0.024cos (10t + 32.7° ) A

(checked: LNAP 8/1/04)

P10.8-15
(a)
80 + 80
i (t ) = 0.024 = 19.2 mA
40 + ( 80 + 80 )

× ( 40 & ( 80 + 80 ) ) 0.024 = ( 32 )( 0.024 ) = 0.384 V

80 1
v (t ) =
80 + 80 2

(b) Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using impedances and phasors.

80 + j80
I= × 0.024∠15° = 0.028∠25.5° A
− j 25 + ( 80 + j80 )
80
V= × ⎡ − j 25 & ( 80 + j80 ) ⎤⎦ × 0.024∠15° = 0.494∠ − 109.5° V
80 + j80 ⎣
so
i ( t ) = 28cos (10t + 25.5° ) mA
and
v ( t ) = 0.494 cos (10t − 109.5° ) V

(checked: LNAP 8/1/04)

P10.8-16
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using impedances and phasors. Let

1
Z 1 = 25 + j ( 20 ) 2 + = 25 + j15 = 29.2∠31° Ω
j ( 20 )( 0.002 )
1
Z 2 = 20 + = 20 − j10 = 22.36∠ − 26.6° Ω
j ( 20 )( 0.005 )

Z 3 = 40 + j ( 20 ) 2 = 40 + j 40 = 56.57∠45° Ω

and let
Z p = Z 2 & Z 3 = 18.86∠ − 8° = 18.67 − j 2.67 Ω
Then
 16∠75° Z2
I= × = 0.118∠6.1° A
Z1 + Z p Z 2 + Z 3
so
i ( t ) = 0.118cos ( 20t + 6.1° ) A
(checked: LNAP 8/2/04)

P10.8-17
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances. The impedance
1
capacitor is = − j 20, 000 . When the switch is closed
j (100 ) ( 0.5 × 10−6 )
− j 20, 000
17.89∠ − 26.6° = V = × 20∠0°
R 2 − j 20, 000
Equating angels gives
⎛ −20, 000 ⎞ −20, 000
−26.6° = −90° − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟⎟ ⇒ R2 = = 10015 Ω
⎜ tan ( −63.4 )
⎝ R2 ⎠
When the switch is open
− j 20, 000
14.14∠ − 45° = V = × 20∠0°
R1 + R 2 − j 20, 000
Equating angles gives
⎛ −20, 000 ⎞ −20, 000
−45° = −90° − tan −1 ⎜ ⇒ R1 + R 2 = = 20, 000
⎜ R1 + R 2 ⎟⎟ tan ( −45° )
⎝ ⎠
So
R1 = 20, 000 − 10015 = 9985 Ω
(checked: LNAP 8/2/04)

P10.8-18
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances. Let

1
Z 1 = ( j 20 & 20 ) + = 10 − j10 = 14.14∠ − 45° Ω
j 0.05
⎛ 1 ⎞
Z 2 = j 40 + 40 + ⎜ j10 & ⎟ + 15 = 55 + j 56.67 = 79∠46.3° Ω
⎝ j 0.04 ⎠
Z1
I=− × 20∠30° = 3.535∠129.3° mA
Z1 + Z 2
so
i ( t ) = 3.535cos ( 5t + 129.3° ) mA
(checked: LNAP 8/2/04)
P10.8-19
(a) Using KCL and then KVL gives
20 = 50 i ( t ) + 40 ( 5 i ( t ) ) ⇒ i ( t ) =
20
= 80 mA
250
Then
v ( t ) = 40 ( 5i ( t ) ) = 200 ( 0.08) = 16 V

(b) Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances.

Where
1
Z 1 = 40 + j (10 ) 3 + = 40 + j10 = 41.23∠26.6° Ω
j (10 )( 0.005 )
and
Z 2 = j (10 ) 2 & 10 = 8 + j 4 = 8.944∠26.6° Ω

Using KCL and then KVL gives

20∠15° = Z 1I + 5Z 2 I ⇒ I = 0.234∠ − 5.6° A

Then
V = Z 2 ( 5I ) = 10.47∠21° A
so
i ( t ) = 0.234 cos (10t − 5.6° ) A
and
v ( t ) = 10.47 cos (10t + 21° ) V
(checked: 8/3/04)
P10.8-20
(a) Using voltage division twice

40 100
v (t ) = × 24 − × 24 = −12 V
40 + 80 20 + 100

(b) Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances.

Where
Z 1 = 20 Ω
⎛ 1 ⎞
Z 2 = j ( 20 ) 4 + ⎜⎜ & 20 ⎟⎟ = 12.2 + j 70.2 = 71.30∠80.2° Ω
⎝ j ( 20 )( 0.002 ) ⎠
1
Z 3 = j ( 20 ) 3 + + 25 = 25 + j 50 = 55.90∠63.4° Ω
j ( 20 )( 0.005 )
1
Z4 = + 15 = 15 − j12.5 = 19.53∠ − 39.8° Ω
j ( 20 )( 0.004 )

Using voltage division twice

Z2 Z4
V= × 24∠45° − × 24∠45° = 24.8∠80° V
Z1 + Z 2 Z3 + Z4
so
v ( t ) = 24.8cos ( 20t + 80° ) V

(Checked using LNAP 10/5/04)

P10.8-21
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances.

4 ( j 6 ) 24∠90°
4 & j6 = = = 3.33∠34° = 2.76 + j1.86 Ω
4 + j 6 7.2∠56°

Using voltage division

3.33∠34° 3.33∠34° 3.33∠34°

V= × 5∠45° = × 5∠45° = × 5∠45° = 3.98∠127° V
− j 5 + 2.76 + j1.86 2.76 − j 3.14 4.18∠ − 48°

The corresponding voltage in the time domain is

v ( t ) = 3.98cos ( 2t + 127° ) V

P10.8-22

j10
V1 (ω ) = 5 e − j 90 = 3.9 e − j 51 V
8 + j10

j 20
V 2 (ω ) = 5 e − j 90 = 5.68 e− j 90 V
j 20 − j 2.4

V (ω ) = V1 (ω ) − V 2 (ω ) = 3.9 e − j 51 − 5.68 e − j 90
= 3.58 e j 47 V
P10.8-23

8 ( j 6 ) j15
V1 (ω ) = 4 e = 19.2 e j 68 V
8 + j6

j12 ( − j 4 ) j15
V 2 (ω ) = 4 e = 24 e− j 75 V
j12 − j 4

V (ω ) = V1 (ω ) + V2 (ω ) = 14.4 e− j 22 V
Section 10-9: Node Voltage and Mesh Current Analysis Using Phasors

P10.9-1
Draw frequency domain circuit and write node equations:

VA VA − VC
KCL at A − 2 + + = 0 ⇒ (2 + j ) VA − 2VC = j 20
10 j5
VC − VA VC
KCL at C: + − (1+ j ) = 0 ⇒ 4VA + VC = 20 − j 20
j5 − j4

Solve using Cramers rule:

(2+ j ) j 20
4 20− j 20 60− j100 116.6 ∠−59°
Vc = = = = 11.6 ∠ − 64.7° V
(2+ j ) −2 10+ j 101 ∠5.7°
4 1

P10.9-2

(V −100) V V V
KCL: + + + = 0 ⇒ V = 57.6 ∠22.9° V
150 − j125 j80 250

100− V
IS = = 0.667 − 0.384 ∠22.9° = 0.347 ∠− 25.5° A
150

V
IC = = 0.461 ∠112.9° A
125 ∠−90°
 V
IL = = 0.720 ∠−67.1° A
80∠90°

V
IR = = 0.230∠22.9° A
250

P10.9-3
KCL at node A:

Va Va − Vb
+ =0 (1)
200 j 100

KCL at node B:

Vb − Va V V −1.2
+ b + b = 0
j 100 − j 50 j 80
1 3
⇒ Va = Vb − (2)
4 2
Substitute Eqn (2) into Eqn (1) to get

Vb = 2.21 ∠ − 144° V
Then Eqn (2) gives
Va = ( 0.55∠−144°) − 1.5 = 1.97∠ − 171° V
Finally
va (t ) = 1.97 cos (4000 t − 171°) V and vb (t ) = 2.21cos (4000 t − 144°) V

P10.9-4

ω = 104 rad s
I s = 20∠53° A

The node equations are:

⎛ 1 1 j ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
KCL at a: ⎜ + + ⎟ Va + ⎜ − ⎟ Vb = 20∠53.13°
⎝ 20 40 60 ⎠ ⎝ 40 ⎠
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 j j ⎞ j
KCL at b: ⎜ − ⎟ Va + ⎜ − + ⎟ Vb − Vc = 0
⎝ 40 ⎠ ⎝ 40 40 80 ⎠ 80
 −j ⎛ 1 j ⎞
KCL at c: V b + ⎜ + ⎟ Vc = 0
80 ⎝ 40 80 ⎠

Solving these equations, e.g. using MATLAB yields

Va = 2 ⋅ 240∠45° V ⇒ va (t ) = 339.4cos (ω t + 45°) V

(checked: LNAP 7/19/04)

P10.9-5
vs = sin (2π ⋅ 400 t ) V

R = 100 Ω
LR = 40 mH
⎧ 40 mH door opened
LS = ⎨
⎩ 60 mH door closed

With the door open VA − VB = 0 since the bridge circuit is balanced.

With the door closed Z LR = j (800π )(0.04) = j100.5 Ω and Z LS = j (800π )(0.06) = j150.8 Ω.

The node equations are:

VB − VC VB j100.5
KCL at node B: + = 0 ⇒ VB = VC
R Z LR j100.5+100
VA − VC VA
KCL at node A : + =0
R Z LS

Since VC = Vs =1 V
VB = 0.709∠ 44.86° V and VA = 0.833∠33.55 V
Therefore

VA − VB = 0.833∠33.55° − 0.709∠44.86° = (0.694 + j.460) − (0.503 + j 0.500) = 0.191 − j 0.040

= 0.195∠ − 11.83° V
P10.9-6

The node equations are:

V1 − (−1+ j ) V1 V1 − V2
+ + =0
j2 2 −j2

V2 − V1 V2
+ − IC = 0
− j2 − j2

Also, expressing the controlling signal of the dependent source in terms of the node voltages
yields
−1 + j ⎡ −1+ j ⎤
Ix = ⇒ IC = 2 I x = 2 ⎢ ⎥ = −1 − j A
-2 j ⎣ -2 j ⎦
Solving these equations yields

−3− j
V2 = = 2 ∠ − 135° V ⇒ v(t ) = v2 (t ) = 2 cos (40 t − 135°) V
1+ j 2

(checked: LNAP 7/19/04

P10.9-7

V2 = 0.7571∠66.7° V
V3 = 0.6064∠ − 69.8° V

⎫
I1 =I 2 + I 3 ⎪
⎪ ⎧ I 3 =0.3032 ∠20.2° A
V3 − V2 ⎪ ⎪
I2 = ⎬ yields ⎨ I 2 =0.1267∠−184° A
j 10 ⎪ ⎪ I =0.195∠36° A
V3 ⎪ ⎩ 1
I3 = ⎪
−j2 ⎭
therefore
i1 (t ) = 0.195 cos (2 t + 36°) A

(checked: MATLAB 7/18/04)

P10.9-8
The mesh equations are

(4 + j 6) I1 − j 6 I 2 = 12 + j12 3
- j 6 I1 + (8 + j 2) I 2 = 0

Using Cramer’s rule yields

(12 + j 12 3) (8+ j 2)
I1 = = 2.5∠29° = 2.2 + j 1.2 A
(4 + j 6) (8+ j 2) − (− j 6) (− j 6)
Then
j6 6∠90°
I2 = (2.5∠29°) = (2.5∠29°) = 1.82∠105° A
8+ j 2 68∠14°
and

VL = j 6(I1 − I 2 ) = (6∠90°) (2.5∠ 29° − 1.82∠105°) = (6∠90°) (2.71∠ − 11.3°) = 16.3∠78.7° V

Finally
V = − j 4I 2 = (4∠ − 90°)(1.82∠105°) = 7.28∠15° V
c
P10.9-9

The mesh equations are:

(10 − j ) I1 + ( j ) I 2 + 0 I 3 = 10
j I1 − j I 2 + j I 3 = 0
0 I1 + j I 2 + (1− j ) I 3 = j10

Solving these mesh equations using Cramer’s rule yields:

(10 − j ) 10 0
j 0 j
j 10 (1− j ) 90 − j 20
= 8.38∠77.5° A ⇒ i (t ) = 8.38cos (103 t + 77.5° ) A
0
I2 = =
(10− j ) j 0 −11 j
j −j j
0 j (1− j )
(checked using LNAPAC on 7/3/03)

P10.9-10

The mesh equations are:

⎡ (2 + j 4) −1 − j 4 ⎤ ⎡ I1 ⎤ ⎡10∠30°⎤
⎢ −1 (2 +1/ j 4) −1 ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ I 2 ⎥⎥ = ⎢⎢ 0 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎢⎣ − j 4 −1 (3+ j 4) ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ I 3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

Using Cramer’s rule yields

2 + j8
I3 = (10∠30° ) = 3.225∠44° A
12+ j 22.5
Then
V = 2 I 3 = 2 ( 3.225∠ 44° ) = 6.45∠ 44° V ⇒ v (t ) = 6.45 cos (105 t + 44° ) V

(checked: LNAP 7/19/04)

P10.9-11

Mesh Equations:
j 75 I1 − j 100 I 2 = 375
− j 100 I1 + (100+ j 100) I 2 = 0

Solving for I 2 yields I 2 = 4.5 + j 1.5 = 3 ∠53.1° A ⇒ i 2 ( t ) 3cos ( 400t + 53.1° ) A

(checked: LNAP 7/19/04)

P10.9-12
(a) The node equations are
24 − v a va − vb va
= +
40 20 15

24 − v b va − vb vb
+ =
25 20 50
or
⎡1 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ v ⎤ ⎡ 24 ⎤
⎢ 40 20 + 15
+
20
− ⎥ ⎢ a ⎥ ⎢ 40 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ =⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 24 ⎥
− + + ⎢v ⎥
⎢⎣ 20 25 20 50 ⎥⎦ ⎣ b ⎦ ⎢⎣ 25 ⎥⎦

Solving using MATLAB gives

v a = 8.713 V and v b = 12.69 V

(b) Use phasors and impedances to represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

where
Z 1 = 25 + j ( 20 ) 4 = 25 + j80 = 83.82∠72.7° Ω
⎛ 1 ⎞
Z 2 = ⎜⎜ 40 & ⎟⎟ + j ( 20 ) 5 = 3.56 + j88.6 = 88.68∠87.7° Ω
⎝ j ( 20 )( 0.004 ) ⎠
Z 3 = 20 Ω
Z 4 = 15 + j ( 20 ) 2 = 15 + j 40 = 42.72∠69.4°
1
Z 5 = j ( 20 ) 3 + = j 50 = 50∠90° Ω
j ( 20 )( 0.005 )

The node equations are

24∠45° − Va Va Va − V b
= +
Z2 Z4 Z3
24∠45° − V b Va − Vb Vb
+ =
Z1 Z3 Z5
⎡ 1 1 1 1⎤ ⎡ 24∠45° ⎤
⎢Z + Z + Z − ⎥ ⎡ Va ⎤ ⎢ Z ⎥
⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢
Z3
⎢ 2 3 4 2
⎥
⎢ 1 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 24∠45° ⎥
⎢ − + + ⎥ ⎢V ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ Z3 Z 1 Z 3 Z 5 ⎥⎦ ⎣ b ⎦ ⎢⎣ Z 1 ⎥⎦

Solving using MATLAB gives

V a = 7.89∠44.0°
V b = 8.45∠45.1°

so
 v a ( t ) = 7.89 cos ( 20t + 44° ) V
v a ( t ) = 8.45cos ( 20t + 45.1) V

(checked: LNAP 8/3/04)

P10.9-13
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using impedances and phasors

The mesh currents are I and 0.05∠ − 30° A . Apply KVL to the top mesh to get

15∠ 45° + ( − j 25 ) I + (15 + j 32 )( I − 0.05∠ − 30° ) + 25I = 0

so
−15∠45° + (15 + j 32 )( 0.05∠ − 30° )
I= = 0.3266∠ − 143.6° = −0.2629 − j 0.1939 A
25 − j 25 + 15 + j 32
Then
V = ( − j 25 ) I = 8.166∠126.4° = −4.8475 + j 6.5715 V
so
v ( t ) = 8.166 cos ( 8t + 126.4° ) V

(checked: LNAP 8/3/04)

P10.9-14
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using impedances and phasors.

The mesh currents are I and 10I. Apply KVL to the supermesh corresponding to the dependant
current source to get
( j 500 ) I + ( − j 5 )(10I ) + 40 (10I ) − 25∠ − 15° = 0
so
25∠ − 15°
I= = 0.04152∠ − 63.37° A
400 + j 450
The output voltage is
V = 40 (10I ) = 16.61∠ − 63.37° V
so
v ( t ) = 16.61cos (100t − 63.37° ) V

(checked: LNAP 8/3/04)

P10.9-15
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances. Apply KVL to the
center mesh to get

8∠210° − 30∠ − 15°

0.8394∠138.5° = I = ⇒ R + j10 L = 35 + j 25 = 35 + j (10 ) 2.5
R + j10 L
so
R = 35 Ω and L = 2.5 H

(checked: LNAP 8/3/04)

P10.9-16
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances. Apply KCL at the
top node of R and L to get

( 50∠ − 75° ) − V + 35∠100° − V = V

j 40 40 R & jω L
50∠ − 75° 35∠110° ⎛ 1 1 1 1 ⎞
⇒ + =⎜ + + −j ⎟V
40∠90° 40 ⎝ j 40 40 R 20 L ⎠

Using the given equation for v(t) we get

1.587∠161.7°
21.25∠ − 168.8° = V =
1 1
0.025 (1 − j ) + − j
R 20 L
then
1 1 1.587∠161.7°
−j = − 0.025 (1 − j ) = 0.04 − j 0.01176
R 20 L 21.25∠ − 168.8°
finally
1 1
R= = 25 Ω and L = = 4.25 H
0.04 20 ( 0.01176 )

(checked: LNAP 8/3/04)

P10.9-17
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances.

The node equations are

 50∠0° − Va V b − Va Va
+ =
15 j100 25

50∠0° − V b V b − Va Vb
= +
− j 20 j100 j 50
or
⎡1 ⎤
⎡ Va ⎤ ⎡ 50∠0° ⎤
1 1 1
⎢15 + j100 + 25 − ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎥ ⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ 15 ⎥
j100
⎢
⎢ 1 1 1 1 ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ 50∠0° ⎥
⎢ − + + ⎢V ⎥
⎣ j100 j 50 j100 − j 20 ⎥⎦ ⎣ b ⎦ ⎢⎣ − j 20 ⎥⎦

⎡ 0.1067 − j 0.010 j 0.010 ⎤ ⎡ V a ⎤ ⎡3.333⎤

⎢ ⎢ ⎥=
⎣ j 0.010 j 0.020 ⎥⎦ ⎣ V b ⎦ ⎢⎣ j 2.5 ⎥⎦

Solving, eg using MATLAB, gives

Va = 33.05∠ − 12.6° V and Vb = 108.9∠1.9° V

Then
Va
I= = 1.322∠ − 12.6° A
25
so
i ( t ) = 1.322 cos ( 25t − 12.6° ) A

(checked: LNAP 8/3/04)

P10.9-18
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances. Label the node
voltages.
The node equations are
24∠15° − Va Va Va − Vb
= +
25 j 40 10

24∠15° − V b Va − Vb Vb
+ =
− j 6.25 10 45
or
⎡1 1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ V ⎤ ⎡ 24∠15° ⎤
⎢ 25 − j 40 + 10 −
10 ⎥⎢ a⎥ ⎢ 25 ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ 1 1 1 1⎥ ⎢ 24∠15° ⎥
− j + + ⎢V ⎥
⎣⎢ 10 6.25 45 10 ⎦⎥ ⎣ b ⎦ ⎣⎢ 6.25∠ − 90° ⎦⎥

⎡ 0.140 − j 0.025 − 0.10 ⎤ ⎡ V a ⎤ ⎡ 0.960∠15° ⎤

⎢ ⎢ ⎥=
⎣ −0.10 0.1222 + j 0.160 ⎥⎦ ⎣ V b ⎦ ⎢⎣3.840∠105° ⎥⎦

Solving gives
Va = 24.67∠32.6° V and Vb = 25.59∠25.2° V
Then
Va − Vb
I= = 0.3347∠134.9° A
10
so
i ( t ) = 0.3347 cos (10t + 134.9° ) A

(checked: LANP 8/4/04)

P10.9-19
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances.

The node equations are

 20∠0° − V V V − 5V
= +
j 40 25 − j 20
5V − Vo Vo
=
10 − j10

⎡1 1 1 ⎤ ⎡ V ⎤ ⎡ − j 0.5⎤
⎢ 25 − j −j
5 40
0
⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −
1 1
+ j ⎥ ⎢⎣ Vo ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦
1
⎣⎢ 2 10 10 ⎦⎥

⎡ 0.04 − j 0.225 0 ⎤ ⎡ V ⎤ ⎡ − j 0.5⎤

⎢ ⎢ ⎥=
⎣ −0.50 0.10 + j 0.10 ⎥⎦ ⎣ V o ⎦ ⎢⎣ 0 ⎥⎦

Solving gives
V = 2.188∠ − 10.1° V and Vo = 7.736∠ − 55.1° V
so
v o ( t ) = 7.736 cos ( 5t − 55.1° ) V
(checked: LNAP 8/4/04)

P10.9-20
(a) Use KVL to see that the voltage across the 8 Ω resistor is 20i ( t ) − 4i ( t ) = 16i ( t ) .

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the dependent voltage source to get

16i ( t )
0.036 = i ( t ) + = 3i ( t )
8
so
i ( t ) = 12 mA

(b) Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances.

Where
 1
Z 1 = 20 + = 20 − j 20 Ω
j ( 25)( 0.002 )
⎛ 1 ⎞
Z 2 = j 50 + ⎜⎜ 15 & ⎟⎟ = 43.3∠83.9° Ω
⎝ j ( 25 )( 0.004 ) ⎠
Use KVL to get
V = Z 1I − 4I = ( Z 1 − 4 ) I

Then apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the dependent source to get

0.036∠0° = I +
(Z 1 − 4) I ⎛ Z1 + Z 2 − 4 ⎞
=⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟ I
Z2 ⎝ Z 2 ⎠
so
Z 2 ( 0.036∠0° )
I= = 50.4∠35.7° mA
Z1 + Z 2 − 4
so
i ( t ) = 50.4 cos ( 25t + 35.7° ) mA
(checked: LNAP 8/4/04)

P10.9-21
KCL at Va:
Va V −V
+ a b =1
4 − j 2 − j10

(4 − j12) Va + (−4 + j 2) Vb = −20 − j 40

KCL at Vb:
 Vb − Va
+ b + 0.5∠ − 90° = 0 ⇒ (−2 − j 4) Va + (2 − j 6) Vb = 10 + j 20
V
− j10 2+ j 4

Cramer’s rule yields:

(−20− j 40) (−4+ j 2)
(10 + j 20) (2− j 6) −200 + j100
V = = = 5∠296.5° V
a (4 − j12) (−4+ j 2) −80 − j 60
(−2− j 4) (2- j 6)
Therefore
v (t ) = 5 cos (100 t + 296.5° ) = 5 cos (100 t − 63.5° ) V
a

P10.9-22

The mesh equations are:

j15 I1 + 10 (I1 − I 2 ) = 20 ⇒ (10 + j15) I1 − 10 I 2 = 20

− j 5 I 2 +10(I 2 − I1 ) = −30∠−90° ⇒ −10I1 + (10− j 5) I 2 = j 30

Cramer’s rule yields:

20 −10
j 30 10 − j 5 200+ j 200
I1 = = = 2.263∠ − 8.1° A
10 + j15 −10 75+ j100
−10 10 − j 5
Next
VL = ( j15) I1 = (15∠90°) (2.263∠−8.1°) = 24 2∠82° V
Therefore
vL (t ) = 24 2 cos (ω t + 82°) V
P10.9-23

The mesh equations are:

(10 − j 50) I1 − 10 I 2 = j 30

−10 I1 + (10 − j 20) I 2 + j 20 I 3 = j 50

j 20 I 2 + (30− j10) I 3 = 0

Solving the mesh equations, e.g. using MATLAB, gives:

I1 = − 0.87 − j 0.09 A, I 2 = −1.32+ j 1.27 A, I 3 = 0.5+ j 1.05 A

Then
Va = 10 (I1 − I 2 ) = 14.3∠ − 72° V and Vb = Va + j 50 = 36.6 ∠83° V

(checked: LNAP 7/18/04)

Section 10-10: Superposition, Thèvenin and Norton Equivalents and Source
Transformations

P10.10-1
Use superposition

12∠45° −5∠0°
I1 = = 3.3∠11.3° mA I2 = = 1.5∠153° mA
3000 + j 2000 3000 + j1500

i (t ) = 3.3cos (4000 t + 11.3°) + 1.5 cos (3000 t + 153°) mA

P10.10-2
Use superposition

3 −1∠45°
I1 = = 0.5 mA I 2 (ω ) = = −0.166 ×10−3 ∠45° A
6000 6000 + j 0.2

i (t ) = i 2 (t ) + i1 (t ) = − 0.166 cos (4 t + 45°) + 0.5 mA

= 0.166 cos (4 t − 135°) + 0.5 mA
P10.10-3
Use superposition

12∠ 45° 5∠−90°

I1 (ω ) = = 19∠26.6° mA I 2 (ω ) = = 0.808∠ − 104° mA
6 + j2 6 + j1.5

i (t ) = i1 (t ) − i 2 (t ) = 19 cos (4 t + 26.6°) − 0.808 cos (3 t − 104°) mA

P10.10-4
Find Voc :

⎛ 80 + j80 ⎞
Voc = ( 5 ∠−30° ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 80 + j80 − j 20 ⎠
⎛ 80 2∠− 45° ⎞
= ( 5 ∠−30° ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 100∠36.90° ⎠
= 4 2∠ − 21.9° V

Find Z t :

Zt =
( − j 20 )(80 + j80 ) = 23 ∠ − 81.9° Ω
− j 20 + 80 + j80

The Thevenin equivalent is

P10.10-5
First, determine Voc :

The mesh equations are

600 I1 − j 300 (I1 − I 2 ) = 9 ⇒ (600 − j 300) I1 + j300 I 2 = 9∠0°

−2 V + 300 I 2 − j 300 (I1 − I 2 ) = 0 and V = j 300 (I1 − I 2 ) ⇒ j3 I1 + (1 − j 3) I 2 = 0

Using Cramer’s rule:

I 2 = 0.0124∠ − 16° A
Then
Voc = 300 I 2 = 3.71∠ − 16° V

Next, determine I sc :

9∠0°
−2 V − V = 0 ⇒ V = 0 ⇒ I sc = = 0.015∠0° A
600
The Thevenin impedance is
Voc 3.545∠−16°
ZT = = = 247∠ − 16° Ω
I sc 0.015∠0°

The Thevenin equivalent is

P10.10-6

First, determine Voc :

The node equation is:

Voc Voc − (6 + j8) 3 ⎛ Voc − (6 + j8) ⎞

+ − ⎜ ⎟=0
− j4 j2 2⎝ j2 ⎠

Voc =3+ j 4=5∠53.1° V

Vs = 10∠53° = 6 + j 8 V

Next, determine I sc :

The node equation is:

V V V − (6 + j8) 3 ⎡ V − (6 + j8) ⎤
+ + − ⎢ ⎥=0
2 − j4 j2 2⎣ j2 ⎦

3 + j4
V=
1− j

V 3+ j 4 Vs = 10∠53° = 6 + j 8 V
I sc = =
2 2− j 2

The Thevenin impedance is

Voc ⎛ 2− j 2 ⎞
ZT = = 3 + j4 ⎜ ⎟ = 2 − j2 Ω
I sc ⎝ 3+ j 4 ⎠

The Thevenin equivalent is

(checked: LNAP 7/18/04)

P10.10-7
Y = G + YL + YC
1
Y = G when YL + YC = 0 or + jω C = 0
jω L
1 1 1
ωO = , fO = =
LC 2π LC 2π 39.6×10−15
= 0.07998×107 Hz =800 kHz
(80 on the dial of the radio)

P10.10-8
In general:

Voc ZL
I= and V = Voc
Z t +Z L Z t +Z L

In the three given cases, we have

V1 25
Z1 = 50 Ω ⇒ I1 = = = 0.5 A
Z1 50

1 1 V2 100
Z2 = = = − j 200 Ω ⇒ I2 = = = 0.5 A
jω C j (2000)(2.5×10 −6 ) Z 2 200

V3 50
Z 3 = jω L = j (2000)(50 × 10−3 ) = j100 Ω ⇒ I3 = = = 0.5 A
Z 3 100

Since |I| is the same in all three cases, Z t +Z1 = Z t +Z 2 = Z t +Z3 . Let Z t = R + j X . Then

( R + 50) 2 + X 2 = R 2 + ( X − 200) 2 = R 2 + ( X + 100) 2

This requires
( X − 200) 2 = ( X + 100) 2 ⇒ X = 50 Ω
Then
( R + 50) 2 + (50)2 = R 2 + (−150) 2 ⇒ R = 175 Ω
so
Z t =175+ j 50 Ω
and
Voc = I1 Z t + R1 =(0.5) (175+50)2 + (50) 2 =115.25 V
P10.10-9

(− j 3)(4)
Z1 = = 2.4∠ − 53.1° Ω
− j 3+ 4
=1.44 − j1.92 Ω

Z 2 = Z1 + j 4
= 1.44 + j 2.08
= 2.53∠55.3° Ω

Z3 = 3.51∠ − 37.9° Ω
= 2.77 − j 2.16 Ω

⎛ 3.51∠−37.9° ⎞
I = ( 2.85∠− 78.4° ) ⎜
( 3.51∠−37.9° ) = 1.9∠ − 92° A
⎟ = ( 2.85∠− 78.4° )
⎝ 2.77 − j 2.16 + 2 ⎠ ( 5.24∠− 24.4° )
(checked: LNAP 7/18/04)
P10.10-10

(200)(− j 4)
Z2 = = 4∠ − 88.8° Ω
200− j 4

0.4∠− 44°
I= = 4∠ − 44° mA
−4 j +100+ j 4

i (t ) = 4 cos (25000 t − 44°) mA

P10.10-11
Use superposition in the time domain. Let

i s1 ( t ) = 36cos ( 25 t ) mA and i s 2 ( t ) = 48cos ( 50 t + 45° ) mA

We will find the response to each of these inputs separately. Let ii(t) denote the response to isi(t)
for i = 1,2. The sum of the two responses will be i(t), i.e.

i ( t ) = i1 ( t ) + i 2 ( t )

Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

Use KVL to get
V i = Z i I i − 4I i

Apply KCL to the supernode corresponding to the dependent voltage source.

Vi Z1 + Z 2 − 4
I si = I i + = Ii
Z2 Z2
or
Z 2I s i
Ii =
Z1 + Z 2 − 4

Consider the case i = 1 : is1(t) = 26cos(25t) mA.

Here ω = 25 rad/s and

I si = 36∠0° mA
1
Z 1 = 20 + = 20 − j 20 Ω
j ( 25 )( 0.002 )
⎛ 1 ⎞
Z 2 = j 50 + ⎜⎜15 & ⎟ = 43.3∠83.9° Ω
⎝ j ( 25 )( 0.004 ) ⎟⎠
and
I 1 = 50.4∠35.7° mA
so
i ( t ) = 50.4 cos ( 25t + 35.7° ) mA

Next consider i = 2 : is2 = 48cos(50t + 45°) mA.

Here ω = 50 rad/s and

 I s2 = 48∠45° mA
1
Z 1 = 20 + = 20 − j10 Ω
j ( 50 )( 0.002 )
⎛ 1 ⎞
Z 2 = j100 + ⎜⎜15 & ⎟⎟ = 95.5∠89.1° Ω
⎝ j ( 50 )( 0.004 ) ⎠

(Notice that Z1 and Z2 change when ω changes.)

I 2 = 52.5∠55.7° mA
so
i 2 ( t ) = 52.5cos ( 50t + 55.7° ) mA

Finally, using superposition in the time domain gives

i ( t ) = 50.4 cos ( 25t + 35.7° ) + 52.5cos ( 50t + 55.7° ) mA

(checked: LNAP 8/7/04)

P10.10-12
Use superposition in the time domain. Let i1(t) be the part of i(t) due to vs1(t) and i2(t) be the part
of i(t) due to vs2(t). To determine i1(t), set vs2(t) = 0. Represent the resulting circuit in the
frequency domain to get

where
Z 1 = 20 + j80 = 82.46∠76° Ω
Z 2 = 10 + ( j 40 & 15 ) = 23.15 + j 4.93 = 23.67∠12° Ω
1
Z 3 = 20 + = 20 − j10 = 22.36∠ − 26.6° Ω
j ( 20 )( 0.005 )

Next, using Ohm’s law and current division gives

 30∠70° Z3 Z 3 ( 30∠70° )
I1 = × = = 0.182∠ − 17.6° A
Z 1 + ( Z 2 & Z 3 ) Z 2 + Z 3 Z 1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 1Z 3
so
i ( t ) = 0.182 cos ( 20t − 17.6° ) A

To determine i2(t), set vs1(t) = 0. Represent the resulting circuit in the frequency domain to get

where
Z 4 = 20 + j 40 = 44.72∠63.4° Ω
Z 5 = 10 + ( j 20 & 15 ) = 19.6 + j 7.2 = 20.88∠20.2° Ω
1
Z 6 = 20 + = 20 − j 20 = 28.28∠ − 45° Ω
j (10 )( 0.005 )

Next, using Ohm’s law and current division gives

18∠ − 15° Z4 Z 1 (18∠ − 15° )

I2 = × = = 0.377∠18° A
Z 6 + ( Z 4 & Z 5 ) Z 4 + Z 5 Z 1Z 2 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 1Z 3
so
i 2 ( t ) = 0.377 cos (10t + 18° ) A
Using superposition,

i ( t ) = i1 ( t ) + i 2 ( t ) = 0.182cos ( 20t − 17.6° ) + 0.377 cos (10t + 18° ) A

(checked: LNAP 8/8/04)

P10.10-13
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

where i =1,2 and R1 = 20 Ω, V1 = 3.0∠ − 100.9° V, R 2 = 40 Ω and V 2 = 4.88∠ − 95.8° V.

Using voltage division gives
Ri
Vi = × Voc
R i + R t + j 20 L t
so
⎛ R1 + R t + j 20 L t ⎞ ⎛ R 2 + R t + j 20 L t ⎞
V1 ⎜
⎜ ⎟⎟ = Voc = V 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ R1 ⎠ ⎝ R2 ⎠
Solving gives
R1 R 2 ( V1 − V2 )
R t + j 20 L t = = 52 + j 35 Ω
V2 R1 − V1 R 2
35
So Rt = 52 Ω and L t = = 1.75 H . Next
20
R1 + R t + j 20 L t
Voc = × V1 = 12∠ − 75° V
R1
So A = 12 V and θ = −75°.
(checked using LNAP 10/4/04)
P10.10-14
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

where R1 = 20 Ω and I 1 = 1.025∠ − 108.5° A, R 2 = 40 Ω and I 2 = 0.848∠ − 100.7° A . Using

current division gives
R t + j10 L t
In = × I sc
R n + R t + j10 L t
so
⎛ R1 + R t + j10 L t ⎞ ⎛ R 2 + R t + j10 L t ⎞
I1 ⎜
⎜ R t + j10 L t ⎟⎟ = I sc = I 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ R t + jL t ⎠
Solving gives
R 2I 2 − R1I 1
R t + j10 L t = = 40 + j 50
I1 − I 2
So Rt = 40 Ω and Lt = 5 H. Next

R1 + R t + j10 L t
I sc = × I 1 = 1.25∠ − 120° A
R t + j10 L t
so
B = 1.25 A and θ = −120°.
(checked: LNAP 8/8/04)
P10.10-15
Represent the circuit in the Three cases are mentioned, so we consider i =1,2,3; with
frequency domain as
Z1 = 10 + j75 Ω and V1 = 7.063∠50.2° V

for experiment 1 and

Z2 = 25 + j250 Ω and V 2 = 8.282∠47.8° V

for experiment 2.

Using voltage division

⎛ Z1 + Z t ⎞ ⎛ Z2 + Zt ⎞
V1 ⎜
⎜ Z1 ⎟⎟ = Voc = V 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ Z2 ⎠
Solving gives
Z 1Z 2 ( V1 − V2 )
Zt = = 20 + j 50
V2 Z 1 − V1Z 2
and
⎛ Z1 + Z t ⎞
Voc = V1 ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 10∠45° V
⎜ Z1
⎝ ⎠
Now when Z3 = 10 + j200

Z3 10 + j 200
V3 = Voc = × 10∠45° = 7.95∠49° V
Z3 + Zt (10 + j 200 ) + ( 20 + j50 )
so
v ( t ) = 7.95cos ( 25t + 49° ) V
(checked: LNAP 8/8/04)
P10.10-16
Represent the circuit in the Three cases are mentioned, so we consider i =1,2,3; with
frequency domain as
Z 1 = 25 Ω, V1 = 9.77∠31.6° V ,

Z 2 = j 60 Ω, V 2 = 18.9∠90.0° V
and
1
Z3 = − j , V3 = B∠ − 45°
15C

Using voltage division

Zi
Vi = Voc
Zi + Zt
so
⎛ Z1 + Z t ⎞ ⎛ Z2 + Zt ⎞
V1 ⎜
⎜ Z1 ⎟⎟ = Voc = V 2 ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ Zt ⎠
Solving gives
Z 1Z 2 ( V1 − V 2 )
Zt = = 65 + j 48.75 Ω
V2 Z 1 − V1Z 2
and
⎛ Z1 + Z t ⎞
V oc = V1 ⎜ ⎟⎟ = 40∠60° V
⎜ Z1
⎝ ⎠
Now
1
Z3 j15C 40∠60°
B∠ − 45° = V3 = × V oc = × 40∠60° =
Z3 + Zt 1
+ 65 + j 48.75 1 − 731.25C + j 975C
j15C
Equating angles gives
⎛ 975C ⎞ tan (105° )
−45° = 60° − tan −1 ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ C= = 2.1277 mF
⎝ 1 − 731.25C ⎠ 975 + 731.25 tan (105° )
1
Then Z 3 = − j = 31.33∠ − 90° Ω and
15C
Z3
V3 = Voc = 18.625∠ − 45° V
Z3 + Zt
so
B = 18.625 V .
(checked: LNAP 8/8/04)
P10.10-17
Use superposition in the time domain. Let vs1(t) = 5 V and vs2(t) = 30cos(100t) V.

Find the steady state response to vs1(t).

When the input is constant and the circuit is at

steady state, the capacitor acts like an open
circuit and the inductor acts like a short circuit.
So
5
i1 ( t ) = = 1 A
5

Find the steady state response to vs2(t).

Represent the circuit in the frequency domain

using impedances and phasors.

30∠0°
I2 = = 4.243∠ − 45 A
5 + j5
So
i 2 ( t ) = 4.243cos (100t − 45° ) A

Using superposition
i ( t ) = i1 ( t ) + i 2 ( t ) = 1 + 4.243cos (100t − 45° )

P10.10-18
Use superposition. First, find the response to the voltage source acting alone:

− j10⋅10
Z eq = = 5(1 − j ) Ω
10 − j10

Replacing the parallel elements by the equivalent impedance. The write a mesh equation :

10
−10 + 5 I1 + j15 I1 + 5(1 − j ) I1 = 0 ⇒ I1 = = 0.707∠ − 45° A
10 + j10
Therefore:
i1 (t ) = 0.707 cos(10 t − 45° ) A

Next, find the response to the dc current source acting alone:

 10
Current division: I2 = − × 3 = −2 A
15

Using superposition:
i (t ) = 0.707 cos(10 t − 45°) − 2 A
Section 10-11: Phasor Diagrams

P10.11-1

V = V1 − V2 + V3 = ( 3+ j 3) − ( 4 + j 2 ) + ( −3− j 2 ) = −4 + j 3
* *

P10.11-2

10∠0°
I= = 0.74∠42° A
10 + j1− j10

VR = R I = 7.4∠42° V

VL = Z L I = (1∠90°)(0.74∠42°) = 0.74∠132° V

VC = Z C I = (10∠−90°)(0.74∠42°) = 7.4∠− 48° V

VS = 10∠0° V

P10.11-3
I = 72 3 + 36 3∠(140° − 90°) + 144∠210° + 25∠φ = 40.08 − j 24.23 + 25∠φ
= 46.83∠ − 31.15° + 25∠φ
To maximize I , require that the 2 terms on the right side have the same angle ⇒ φ = −31.15°.
P10.11-4
Two possible phasor diagrams for
currents:

In both cases:
I CL = I LC = ( 25 )−(15 )
2 2
= 20 A
In the first case:
I LC = I L − I C ⇒ I C = 6 − 20 = −14 A
Section 10-12: Phasor Circuits and the Operational Amplifier

P10.12-1
Vo (ω ) ⎛ 104 || − j104 ⎞ −j 10 − j 225
H (ω ) = = −⎜ ⎟ = −10 = e
Vs (ω ) ⎝ 1000 ⎠ 1− j 2
⎛ 10 − j 225 ⎞
Vs (ω ) = 2 ⇒ Vo (ω ) = ⎜ e ⎟ 2 = 10e
− j 225

⎝ 2 ⎠
vo ( t ) = 10 cos (1000t − 225°) V

P10.12-2
Node equations:

V1 − VS VS
+ j ω C1 V1 = 0 ⇒ V1 =
R1 1 + j ω C1 R1

V1 V1 − V0 ⎛ R3 ⎞
+ = 0 ⇒ V0 = ⎜ 1 +
⎜ R 2 ⎟⎟ 1
V
R2 R3 ⎝ ⎠

Solving:
R3
1+
V0 R2
=
VS 1 + j ω C 1 R1

P10.12-3
Node equations:

V1 j ω C 1 R1 VS
+ j ω C 1 ( V1 − VS ) = 0 ⇒ V1 =
R1 1 + j ω C 1 R1

V1 V1 − V0 ⎛ R3 ⎞
+ =0 ⇒ V0 = ⎜1 +
⎜ R 2 ⎟⎟ 1
V
R2 R3 ⎝ ⎠

Solving:
⎛ R ⎞
j ω C 1 R1 ⎜1 + 3 ⎟
⎜ R2 ⎟
V0
= ⎝ ⎠
VS 1 + j ω C 1 R1
P10.12-4
Node equations:

V1 − VS V VS
+ 1 = 0 ⇒ V1 =
175 − j1.6 1 + j 109

V1 V − V0
+ 1 = 0 ⇒ V0 = 11 V1
1000 10000

Solving:

11 11
V0 = VS = ( 0.005∠0° )
1 + j 109 110∠89.5°
= 0.5∠ − 89.5° mV
Therefore

v0 (t ) = 0.5cos (ω t − 89.5°) mV

P10.12-5
Label the nodes:

The ideal op amps force Va = 0 and Vc = 0.

Z2
Apply KCL at node a to get Vb = Vs
Z1 + Z 2

Z4
Apply KCL at node c to get Vo = Vb
Z3 + Z4
Therefore
Vo Z4 Z2
= ×
Vs Z 3 + Z 4 Z 1 + Z 2
P10.12-6
Label a node voltage as Va in each of the
circuits.

In both circuits, we can apply KCL at the

node between Z3 and Z4 to get

Z4
Vo = Va
Z3 + Z4
In (a)

Va =
(
Z 2 || Z 3 + Z 4 ) Vs
(
Z 1 + Z 2 || Z 3 + Z 4 )
=
(
Z2 Z3 + Z4 ) Vs
( )
Z1 Z 2 + Z 3 + Z 4 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4 ( )
so
Va Z2 Z4
=
( )
Vs Z 1 Z 2 + Z 3 + Z 4 + Z 2 Z 3 + Z 4 ( )
In (b)
Z2
Va = Vs
Z1 + Z 2
so
Vo Z4 Z2
= ×
Vs Z 3 + Z 4 Z 1 + Z 2
P10.12-7
Label the node voltages Va and Vb as shown:

Apply KCL at the node between Z1 and Z2 to

get
Z2
Va = Vs
Z1 + Z 2

Apply KCL at the node between Z1 and Z2 to

get
Z3 + Z4
Vb = Va
Z3

Apply KCL at the node between Z5 and Z6 to

get
Z6
Vo = Vb
Z5 + Z6
so
Vo Z6 Z3 + Z4 Z2
= × ×
Vs Z 5 + Z 6 Z3 Z1 + Z 2

P10.12-8
The network function of the circuit is
1 R2 R2
⎛ 1 + 1 +
Vo R 2 ⎞ jω C 1000 = 1000
= ⎜1 + ⎟ =
V s ⎝ 1000 ⎠ R + 1 1 + j ω C R1 1 + j 10−3 R1
jω C
1

Converting the given input and output sinusoids to phasors gives

Vo 5 ∠71.6°
=
Vs 2
Consequently
R2
1+
5 ∠71.6° 1000
=
2 1 + j 10−3 R1
Equating angles gives
 (
71.6° = − tan −1 10−3 R1 ) ⇒ R1 = tan ( 71.6° ) ×10 3 = 3006 Ω

Equating magnitudes gives

R2 R2
1+ 1+
5 1000 1000 ⎛5 ⎞
= = ⇒ R 2 = ⎜ 10 − 1⎟ × 10 3 = 6906 Ω
2
( ) ( ) ⎝2 ⎠
2 2
1 + 10−3 R1 1 + 10−3 × 3006

P10.12-9
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain as

Apply KCL at the top node of the impedance of the capacitor to get
Vs − V
10 4
=
V
1
+ 4
V
10
⇒
1
2
(
Vs = 1 + j ( 5 ×105 ) C V )
j100C
Apply KCL at the inverting node of the op amp to get

V Vo R
+ =0 ⇒ Vo = − V
104 R 104
so
R
Vo −
= 2 ×104
Vs 1 + j ( 5 ×105 ) C

Converting the input and output sinusoids to phasors gives

Vo 8∠135°
= = 2∠135°
Vs 4∠0°
so
 R R
−
2 ×10 2 ×104
(
∠180° − tan −1 ( 5 × 105 ) C)
4
2∠135° = =
1 + j ( 5 × 10 ) C
5
1 + ⎡⎣( 5 ×105 ) C ⎤⎦
2

Equating angles gives

tan ( 45° )
(
135° = 180° − tan −1 ( 5 × 105 ) C )⇒ C=
5 ×105
= 2 × 10−6 = 2 μ F

Next, equating magnitudes gives

R R
2= 2 × 10 4
= 2 × 10
4
⇒ R = 104 = 10 kΩ
1 + ( 5 × 105 )( 2 × 10−6 ) 2

P10.12-10

Represent the circuit in the frequency

domain using phasors and impedances.

To calculate the input impedance Z, add

a current source as shown. The input
impedance will be given by

Vt
Z=
It

Label the node voltages as shown.

Apply KCL at the noninverting input of

the lower op amp to get

R 4 + R5
Vb = Vt
R5
Apply KCL at the output of the upper
op amp to get

R 4 + R5
Vt − Vt
Vb − Vt R5 R4
I2 = = = Vt
R3 R3 R3 R5

Apply Ohm’s law twice to get

 R4
V t − V a = R1 I t and V t − V a = Vt
j ω C 2 R3 R5
so
R4
R1 I t = Vt
j ω C 2 R3 R5

Vt j ω R1 C 2 R 3 R 5 R1 C 2 R 3 R 5
j ω L eq = Z = = ⇒ L eq =
It R4 R4
Section 10.15 How Can We Check…?

P10.15-1
Generally, it is more convenient to divide complex numbers in polar form. Sometimes, as in this
case, it is more convenient to do the division in rectangular form.

Express V1 and V2 as: V1 = − j 20 and V 2 = 20 − j 40

KCL at node 1:
V1 V1 − V 2 − j 20 − j 20 − ( 20 − j 40 )
2− − = 2− − = 2+ j2−2− j2 = 0
10 j 10 10 j 10

KCL at node 2:

V1 − V2 V2 ⎛ V1 ⎞ − j 20 − ( 20 − j 40 ) 20 − j 40 ⎛ − j 20 ⎞
− + 3⎜ ⎟ = − + 3⎜ ⎟ = ( 2 + j 2) − ( 2 − j4) − j 6 = 0
j 10 10 ⎝ 10 ⎠ j 10 10 ⎝ 10 ⎠

The currents calculated from V1 and V2 satisfy KCL at both nodes, so it is very likely that the V1
and V2 are correct.

P10.15-2
I 1 = 0.390 ∠ 39° and I 2 = 0.284 ∠ 180°

Generally, it is more convenient to multiply complex

numbers in polar form. Sometimes, as in this case, it is more
convenient to do the multiplication in rectangular form.

Express I1 and I2 as: I 1 = 0.305 + j 0.244 and I 2 = −0.284

KVL for mesh 1:

8 ( 0.305 + j 0.244 ) + j 10 ( 0.305 + j 0.244 ) − (− j 5) = j 10 ≠ 0

Since KVL is not satisfied for mesh 1, the mesh currents are
not correct.

Here is a MATLAB file for this problem:

% Impedance and phasors for Figure VP 10-2
Vs = -j*5;
Z1 = 8;
Z2 = j*10;
Z3 = -j*2.4;
Z4 = j*20;

% Mesh equations in matrix form

Z = [ Z1+Z2 0;
0 Z3+Z4 ];
V = [ Vs;
-Vs ];
I = Z\V
abs(I)
angle(I)*180/3.14159

% Verify solution by obtaining the algebraic sum of voltages for

% each mesh. KVL requires that both M1 and M2 be zero.
M1 = -Vs + Z1*I(1) +Z2*I(1)
M2 = Vs + Z3*I(2) + Z4*I(2)

P10.15-3
V1 = 19.2 ∠ 68° and V 2 = 24 ∠ 105° V

KCL at node 1 :

19.2 ∠ 68° 19.2 ∠ 68°

+ − 4∠15 = 0
8 j6
KCL at node 2:

24 ∠105° 24 ∠105°
+ + 4∠15 = 0
− j4 j12

The currents calculated from V1 and V2 satisfy

KCL at both nodes, so it is very likely that the V1
and V2 are correct.

Here is a MATLAB file for this problem:

% Impedance and phasors for Figure VP 10-3

Is = 4*exp(j*15*3.14159/180);
Z1 = 8;
Z2 = j*6;
Z3 = -j*4;
Z4 = j*12;
% Mesh equations in matrix form
Y = [ 1/Z1 + 1/Z2 0;
0 1/Z3 + 1/Z4 ];
I = [ Is;
-Is ];
V = Y\I
abs(V)
angle(V)*180/3.14159

% Verify solution by obtaining the algebraic sum of currents for

% each node. KCL requires that both M1 and M2 be zero.
M1 = -Is + V(1)/Z1 + V(1)/Z2
M2 = Is + V(2)/Z3 + V(2)/Z4

P10.15-4
First, replace the parallel resistor and capacitor by an equivalent impedance

(3000)(− j 1000)
ZP = = 949 ∠ − 72° = 300 − j 900 Ω
3000− j 1000

The current is given by

VS 100 ∠0°
I= = = 0.2∠53° A
j 500 + Z P j 500+ 300− j 900
Current division yields
⎛ − j 1000 ⎞
I1 = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.2 ∠53° ) = 63.3 ∠ − 18.5° mA
⎝ 3000 − j 1000 ⎠
⎛ 3000 ⎞
I2 = ⎜ ⎟ ( 0.2 ∠53° ) = 190∠71.4° mA
⎝ 3000 − j 1000 ⎠

The reported value of I1 is off by an order of magnitude.

P10.15-5
Represent the circuit in the frequency domain using phasors and impedances. Use voltage
division to get
1
j 200C
18.3∠ − 24° = × 20∠0°
1
R+
j 200C
so
1 1
0.915∠ − 24° = = ∠ − tan −1 ( 200CR )
1 + j 200CR 1 + ( 200CR )
2

Equating angles gives

−24° = − tan −1 ( 200CR ) ⇒ 200CR = tan ( 24° ) = 0.4452

The nominal component values cause 200CR = 0.5. So we expect that the actual component
values are smaller than the nominal values.

Try
C = 5 (1 − 0.10 ) ×10−6 = 4.5 μ F
Then
0.4452
R= = 494.67 Ω
200 × 4.5 × 10−6

500 − 494.67
Since = 0.01066 = 1.066% this resistance is within 2% of 500 Ω. We conclude
500
that the measured angle could have been caused by a capacitance that is within 10% of 5 μF and
the resistance is within 2% of 500 Ω. Let’s check the amplitude. We require

1
= 0.9136  0.915
1 + ( 0.4452 )
2

So the measured amplitude could also have been caused by the given circuit with C = 4.5 μF and
R = 494.67 Ω.

We conclude that he measured capacitor voltage could indeed have been produced by the given
circuit with a resistance that is within 2 % of 500 Ω and a capacitance that is within 10% of 5 μF.