Energy Metabolism

Energy
the capacity or ability to perform work.
Energy Transfer Energy is required for muscle
in the Body contraction and other biological work
such as digestion, nerve conduction,
secretion of glands, etc.
Refer to text for more detail. Metabolism
the sum total of all chemical reactions
occurring in the body.

Biologic Work in Humans Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Mechanical Work
Transport Work
Nitrogen Carbon
Chemical Work Phosphorous Oxygen

The most common immediate energy currency

of the cell (the all purpose nucleotide)

Metabolic Production of ATP

+Pi
Energy
Aerobic Processes
processes which
require the presence
of oxygen delivered
by the blood

Adenosine Triphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate

Nitrogen Carbon
Phosphorous Oxygen

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ATP-CP (Phosphagen) System All-out power for approximately
Biologic Work
10 seconds

ATP !## #" ADP + Pi +

ATPase Energy

CP !## #" C + Pi +
Creatine Energy
Kinase
Principle of Coupled Reactions

Anaerobic Glycolysis Glucose

The Glycolytic System Glucose can be made available in the
muscle cells for breakdown to lactate
Glucose principally by two methods:
Net production of 10 chemical reactions glucose molecules may pass from the
2 or 3 ATP molecules blood through the muscle cell membrane
into the cell interior (net 2 ATP), or
2 Pyruvate
the glucose can be split from glycogen
stores in the muscle cell itself (net 3 ATP).
Lactate Lactate Glycogen is stored in liver and muscle
tissue.

Anaerobic Glycolysis Predominates in all-out efforts

Anaerobic glycolysis can produce ATP rapidly to 30-90 seconds
help meet ATP requirements during severe
exercise when oxygen demand is greater than
oxygen supply
High rates of ATP production by glycolysis
cannot be sustained for very long (40-60 sec.)
Low muscle pH is associated with hydrogen ion
concentration and lactate formation
High acidity is believed to contributes to the
acute muscular discomfort experienced during
intense exercise. 50-200 meters

2
 Aerobic Processes Aerobic Carbohydrate Breakdown

Pyruvic Acid

Acetyl Coenzyme A

Electron
Krebs Cycle Transport
Chain

Wall of
Anaerobic Conditions Mitochondria ATP Yield
No O2 available
Pyruvate Lactate Do not worry about specific yields of ATP.
Depending on whether glycogen or
Glycolysis (2 ATP)
glucose is used and depending on which
Glucose shuttle system is used to transport NADH
molecules to the mitochondria you can
Glycolysis (2 ATP) get yields of 36 to 40 ATP.
O2 available 36 ATP The main thing is to see the approximate
Pyruvate increase in ATP yield between anaerobic
Krebs cycle +CO2
Electron TC +H2O breakdown (2 or 3 ATP) versus aerobic
breakdown (36-40 ATP)
Aerobic Conditions
Total 38 ATP

Predominates in the majority of daily activities and

lower intensity, long-duration sports.
Aerobic Breakdown of a
An all-out effort of 2 minutes is approximately Glycogen Molecule
50% aerobic and 50% anaerobic
Glycogen
Glucose



Pyruvate
Acetyl - CoA
Kreb's cycle

Electron Transport C + O2






CO2 + H2O + ATP

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Energy Release From Fat Aerobic Breakdown of
Fatty Acids Less efficient
The actual fuel reserves from stored fat
represent approximately 80,000 to Fat than carbohydrate
100,000 kcal of energy in an average in terms of energy
Fatty acids per O2 used
size male or female.
Beta oxidation

In contrast, the carbohydrate energy
reserve is less than 2,000 kcal, of which


Acetyl-CoA
1,500 kcal are stored as muscle Kreb's cycle

glycogen, 400 kcal as liver glycogen, and Electron Transport C + O2

about 80 kcal of glucose are in the blood.




CO2 + H2O + ATP

Energy Release From Protein Aerobic Breakdown

Research findings indicate that protein of Proteins
breakdown above the resting level occurs
during exercise of long duration when Protein"
carbohydrate stores become low. Amino acids
Ithas been suggested as much as 15% Deamination

of the energy during strenuous long Kreb's cycle

duration exercise can come from protein. Electron Transport Chain + O2





CO2 + H2O + ATP

% phosphagen % glycolytic %
anaerobic anaerobic aerobic Relative contribution of aerobic and
5 seconds 85 10 5 anaerobic energy during maximal physical
10 seconds 50 35 15 activity of various durations.
30 seconds 15 65 20
60 seconds 8 62 30 Duration of Maximal Exercise
2 minutes 4 46 50 Seconds Minutes
4 minutes 2 28 70 10 30 60 2 4 10 30 60 120

10 minutes % anaerobic 90 80 70 50 35 15 5 2 1
1 9 90
% aerobic 10 20 30 50 65 85 95 98 99
30 minutes Negligible 5 95
60 minutes Negligible 2 98
120 minutes Negligible 1 99

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 Phosphagen Energy Production
Figure 6.5 in text
Continuum
The text graph shows this
on logarithmic scale
Lactic
Lactate
% Max
Power
Aerobic

ATP-Creatine Phosphate System General Characteristics of

the Three Energy Systems

ATP !## #" ADP + Pi +

ATPase Energy

CP !## #" C + Pi +
Creatine Energy
Kinase
For a max 1 second effort you do not
really need to resynthesize much ATP
you have enough in the muscle already

Table 6.3: Estimated Maximal Power Output Capacity and Power of the
and Capacity of the Three Energy Systems
Three Energy Systems
Power Capacity (Untrained Male Subjects)
Energy System Moles Total moles
ATP per of ATP
minute available ATP Production
ATP-PC (phosphagen) 3.6 0.7 Energy System Capacity Power
Glycolytic 1.6 1.2 (total moles) (moles/min)
Phosphagen (ATP/PC) 0.6 3.6
Aerobic System 1.0 90.0 Anaerobic gylcolysis 1.2 1.6
Aerobic (oxidative) Theoretically Unlimited 1.0
Aerobic Power 28% of Peak Phosphagen System Power
Glycolytic System power 44% Peak Phosphagen Power
(Some researchers report this value to be higher 60%)

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 Rankings of Rate and Human Power Output
Capacity of ATP Production (energy systems)
Power Capacity
System rate of ATP capacity of ATP
production production
ATP-PC 1 4
(phosphagen)
Anaerobic glycolysis 2 3
Oxidation of 3 2
carbohydrates
Oxidation of fats 4 1
and proteins

Graph from Champion Athletes

Wilkie 1960

Time Motion Studies

English 1st Division (Premier) Players

Energy Transfer Position and Distance Covered (in meters)
Activity Mid-field Full-back Striker Centre-back Average
in Exercise Jog 4042 2907 2769 2908 3157
Cruise 2159 1588 1752 1596 1774
The energy systems previously Sprint 1063 787 1068 829 937
discussed are related to all human Walk 2034 2293 2310 1774 2103
activity. We now need to relate this Back 507 670 498 652 582
information specifically to exercise.
Total 9805 8245 8397 7759 8552

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 Duration Classification Predominate Energy
Ajax Amsterdam Data Supplied By
1-4 seconds Anaerobic ATP (in muscles)
Soccer Activity Percentage of Total
Match Time 4-20 seconds Anaerobic ATP + PC + Some muscle
(ATP-PC/Glycolytic) glycogen
Walk 20-30%
20-45 secs Anaerobic ATP + PC + Muscle
Jog 30-40% (Glycolytic/ATP-PC) glycogen
Run 15-25% 45-120 secs Anaerobic Muscle glycogen
(Glycolytic)
Sprint 10-15% (18%) 120-240 secs Aerobic + Muscle glycogen
Backwards 4-8% Glycolytic + a little from other fuels
>240 secs Aerobic Muscle glycogen + Fatty
Acids + Protein

Predominant Energy Pathways Five Areas of the Energy Continuum

0s 4s 10s 30s 3 min + Performance Intensity Major Energy Types of Activity
Time of Event System(s)
0-6 seconds Very ATP-CP Jumping, throwing, kicking,
ATP Strength Power Intense 50 metre sprints, base-running
6-30 Intense ATP-PC and 100-200 metre sprints
seconds Glycolytic
ATP-CP Sustained Power 30 seconds Heavy Glycolytic 600-800 metres run, ice
2 minutes hockey shifts, box lacrosse
shifts, 100-metre swim
Anaerobic Power
ATP-CP + glycolytic 2-3 minutes Moderate Glycolytic 800-100 metre runs
Endurance and oxidative
>3 minutes Light Oxidative Running > 1000 metres,
Oxygen Aerobic endurance systems distance cycling, cross country
skiing, swimming > 200-m

Primary Metabolic Demand From

% phosphagen % glycolytic %
Sports or Activity Phosphagen Anaerobic Aerobic
anaerobic anaerobic aerobic System Glycolysis Metabolism
5 seconds 85 10 5 Baseball High Low -
10 seconds Basketball High Moderate to High -
50 35 15
Field Events High - -
30 seconds 15 65 20 Field Hockey High Moderate Moderate
60 seconds 8 62 30 Football (American) High Moderate Low
2 minutes 4 46 50 Ice Hockey High Moderate Moderate

4 minutes Lacrosse High Moderate Moderate

2 28 70
Marathon (42 km) Low Low High
10 minutes 1 9 90 Soccer High Moderate Moderate
30 minutes Negligible 5 95 Tennis High Moderate -
60 minutes Negligible 2 98 Volleyball High Moderate -
Wrestling High High Moderate
120 minutes Negligible 1 99
Weight Lifting High Low Low

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 Average VO2 max (ml/kg.min) for Average VO2 max (ml/kg.min) for
Non-Athletes and Athletes Non-Athletes and Athletes
From Chapter
Group 5 you
or Sport shouldMale
Age see a high
Female Group or Sport Age Male Female
positive correlation
Non-athletes between
10-19 a sport 38-46
47-56 with
Skiing Alpine 18-30 57-68 50-55
a high demand on the oxidative
20-29 43-52system
33-42
Skiing 20-28 65-95 60-75
and the athletes VO260-69
max. 31-38 22-30 Cross-country
Baseball 18-32 48-56 Soccer 22-28 54-64 -
Cycling 18-26 62-74 47-57 Speed Skating 18-24 56-73 44-55
Football 20-36 42-60 - Swimming 10-25 50-70 40-60
Gymnastics 18-22 52-58 36-50
Weight Lifting 20-30 38-52 -
Ice Hockey 10-30 50-63 -
Wrestling 20-30 52-65
Rowing 20-35 60-72 58-65

Oxygen Deficit Oxygen Debt

O2 Deficit O2 Deficit
Steady State
VO2 O2 consumption
(l/min)

VO2
Rest
Time O2 Debt
Resting
VO2
Exercise Recovery
TIME

O2 Deficit Oxygen Debt after Oxygen Debt

Anaerobic Exercise
Rapid portion
VO2 max O2 Deficit
of debt

Slow portion
O2 Debt
of debt
O2 Debt

Exercise Recovery Exercise Recovery

TIME TIME

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 Figure 6.11 Lactate threshold and
the onset of blood lactate (OBLA)

Recommended Recovery Times after Ice Hockey Post-Game Recovery

Exhaustive Exercise
A light bike ride before/after exercise is a great
Recommended Recovery Time way to warm-up or cool down along with
Recovery Process Minimum Maximum stretching. Also, riding after a game helps to
Restoration of ATP & CP 2 min 3 min "flush out" lactic acid and other waste your
Repayment of alactate O2 debt 3 min 5 min muscles produce during activity; A cool-down
flush ride should last around 10-min (often up to
Restoration of O2-myoglobin 1 min 2 min
30-min); Get your heart rate up around 140 bpm
Restoration of muscle glycogen 10 hr 46 hr (prolonged) (Level II) for 5 min, then back off to a easy spin
5 hr 24 hr (intermittent) (Level I); You don't want to go hard enough to
Removal of lactate from 30 min 1 hr (exercise-rec) produce any more lactic acid (lactate); Stretch!!!
muscle and blood 1 hr 2 hr (rest-recover) This quote from Paul Goldberg, of the Colorado
Repayment of lactate O2 debt 30 min 1 hr Avalanche, February 1st, 2006.

Lactate does not cause muscle soreness Blood Markers

Despite the commonly If we take a blood sample from a runner the day
held belief that lactic after a marathon, especially an ultra-marathon,
acid (lactate) causes we find that the levels of an enzyme called
muscle soreness this creatine kinase are very high. This is a marker
has been discredited. of muscle damage as this particular enzyme
Delayed onset muscle "leaks" from damaged muscle.
soreness is likely The "damage" is in the form of minute tears or
caused by damage to ruptures of the muscle fibres. We can see this
muscle fibers and trauma to the muscle if a sample of muscle is
associated connective Getting a ball in examined microscopically.
tissue. the face also
causes soreness!

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Blood Markers (cont.)
However, it is not just the muscle that is
damaged. By measuring hydroxyproline, it is
possible to show that the connective tissue in
and around the muscles is also disrupted.
What this shows is that stiffness results from
muscle damage and breakdown of connective
tissue.
Muscle Fatigue and Lactate
Lactic acid does not actually exist as an acid in
the body but rather as lactate.
Producing lactate is a beneficial process since it
allows the regeneration of a coenzyme that
ensures that energy production is maintained
and exercise can continue (see text).
Lactate also does not cause an increase in
acidity (acidosis) within the muscle.
When ATP is broken down to release energy for
muscular contraction a hydrogen ion is released.
This increases acidosis.
Muscle Fatigue & Calcium Channels
Leaked calcium also stimulates an enzyme that
attacks muscle fibers and also leads to fatigue
and possible damage.
However, as very high
acidity could also cause
damage to the cells the
calcium leaks may be a
protective mechanism to
prevent muscle cell
damage due to excessive
acidity.
Stretching and DOMS
There is no statistically strong evidence that
stretching reduces post exercise muscle
soreness.
Intense stretching can cause muscle soreness.
Muscle Fatigue and Hydrogen Ions
ATP-derived hydrogen ions are primarily
responsible for increases in acidity in the muscle.
High acidity is one factor that contributes to acute
muscular discomfort experienced during and
shortly after intense exercise.
However, recent evidence suggests fatigue is
caused by calcium leaking into muscle cells from
release channels within the muscle.
Calcium helps control muscle contractions but
after extended high-intensity exercise, channels in
the muscle cells begin to leak calcium, which
leads to weakened muscle contractions.
Neural Fatigue
There is also the issue of Central Nervous
System (CNS) fatigue.
During intense repeated bouts of
strenuous exercise neurotransmitters get
depleted and reduces physical and
cognitive performance.
Central and peripheral fatigue factors are
discussed in text Chapter 6.
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