Coordinates: 15h 00m 00s, +75 00 00

Ursa Minor
Ursa Minor (Latin: "Lesser Bear", contrasting with Ursa Major), also known as
Ursa Minor
the Little Bear, is a constellation in the Northern Sky. Like the Great Bear, the
tail of the Little Bear may also be seen as the handle of a ladle, hence the North Constellation
American name, Little Dipper: seven stars with four in its bowl like its partner
the Big Dipper. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd-century
astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa
Minor has traditionally been important for navigation, particularly by mariners,
because of Polaris being the North Star.

Polaris, the brightest star in the constellation, is a yellow-white supergiant and

the brightest Cepheid variable star in the night sky, ranging from an apparent
magnitude of 1.97 to 2.00. Beta Ursae Minoris, also known as Kochab, is an
aging star that has swollen and cooled to become an orange giant with an
apparent magnitude of 2.08, only slightly fainter than Polaris. Kochab and
magnitude 3 Gamma Ursae Minoris have been called the "guardians of the pole
star".[3] Planets have been detected orbiting four of the stars, including Kochab.
The constellation also contains an isolated neutron starCalveraand
List of stars in Ursa Minor
H1504+65, the hottest white dwarf yet discovered, with a surface temperature of
200,000 K. Abbreviation UMi[1]
Genitive Ursae Minoris[1]
Pronunciation /rs manr/,
genitive
Contents /rsi mnrs/
1 History and mythology Symbolism the Little Bear[1]
2 Characteristics Right ascension 08h 41.4m to
3 Features 22h 54.0m[1]
3.1 Stars
Declination 65.40 to 90[1]
3.2 Deep-sky objects
3.3 Meteor showers Quadrant NQ3
4 See also Area 256 sq. deg.
5 References (56th)
5.1 Notes Main stars 7
5.2 Citations
5.3 External links Bayer/Flamsteed 23
stars
Stars with planets 4

History and mythology Stars brighter than 3

3.00m
In the Babylonian star catalogues, Ursa Minor was known as the "Wagon of Stars within 10.00 0
Heaven" (MUL MAR.GD.DA.AN.NA, also associated with the goddess pc (32.62 ly)
Damkina). It is listed in the MUL.APIN catalogue, compiled around 1000 BC Brightest star Polaris[2] (1.97m)
among the "Stars of Enlil"that is, the northern sky.[5]
Messier objects 0
Meteor showers Ursids
According to Diogenes Laertius, citing Callimachus, Thales of Miletus Bordering Draco
"measured the stars of the Wagon by which the Phoenicians sail". Diogenes constellations Camelopardalis
identifies these as the constellation of Ursa Minor, which for its reported use by Cepheus
the Phoenicians for navigation at sea were also named Phoinik.[6][7] The Visible at latitudes between + 90 and 10.
tradition of naming the northern constellations "bears" appears to be genuinely Best visible at 21:00 (9 p.m.) during the
Greek, although Homer refers to just a single "bear".[8] The original "bear" is month of June[2].
thus Ursa Major, and Ursa Minor was admitted as second, or
"Phoenician Bear" (Ursa Phoenicia, hence , Phoenice) only
later, according to Strabo (I.1.6, C3) due to a suggestion by Thales,
who suggested it as a navigation aid to the Greeks, who had been
navigating by Ursa Major. In classical antiquity, the celestial pole
was somewhat closer to Beta Ursae Minoris than to Alpha Ursae
Minoris, and the entire constellation was taken to indicate the
northern direction. Since the medieval period, it has become
convenient to use Alpha Ursae Minoris (or "Polaris") as the north
star, even though it was still several degrees away from the celestial
pole.[9][a] Its New Latin name of stella polaris was coined only in the
early modern period. The ancient name of the constellation is
Cynosura (Greek "dog's tail"). The origin of this name is
unclear (Ursa Minor being a "dog's tail" would imply that another
constellation nearby is "the dog", but no such constellation is
known).[10] Instead, the mythographic tradition of Catasterismi
makes Cynosura the name of an Oread nymph described as a nurse
of Zeus, honoured by the god with a place in the sky.[11] There are
various proposed explanations for the name Cynosura. One
suggestion connects it to the myth of Callisto, with her son Arcas
replaced by her dog being placed in the sky by Zeus.[10] Others have
suggested that an archaic interpretation of Ursa Major was that of a
Cow, forming a group with Bootes as herdsman, and Ursa Minor as a Ursa Minor, with Draco looping around it, as
depicted in Urania's Mirror,[4] a set of constellation
dog.[12][13] George William Cox explained it as a variant of
cards published in London c. 1825
, understood as "wolf's tail" but by him etymologized as
"trail, or train, of light" (i.e. "wolf" vs. - "light"). Allen
points to the Old Irish name of the constellation, drag-blod "fire trail", for comparison. Brown (1899) suggested a non-Greek origin
of the name (a loan from anAssyrian Annas-surra "high-rising").[14]

An alternative myth tells of two bears that saved Zeus from his murderous father Cronus by hiding him on Mount Ida. Later Zeus set
[15]
them in the sky, but their tails grew long from being swung by the god.

Because Ursa Minor consists of seven stars, the Latin word for "north" (i.e., where Polaris points) is septentrio, from septem (seven)
and triones (oxen), from seven oxen driving a plough, which the seven stars also resemble. This name has also been attached to the
main stars of Ursa Major.[13]

In Inuit astronomy, the three brightest starsPolaris, Kochab and Pherkadwere known as Nuutuittut "never moving", though the
term is more frequently used in the singular to refer to Polaris alone. The Pole Star is too high in the sky at far northern latitudes to be
of use in navigation.[16]

In Chinese astronomy, the main stars of Ursa Minor are divided between two asterisms: Guchn (Curved Array) (including
UMi, UMi, UMi, UMi, UMi, UMi, UMi) and Bij (Northern Pole) (including UMi and UMi).

Characteristics
Ursa Minor is bordered by Camelopardalis to the west, Draco to the west, and Cepheus to the east. Covering 256 square degrees, it
ranks 56th of the 88 constellations in size. Ursa Minor is colloquially known in the US as the Little Dipper because its seven brightest
stars seem to form the shape of a dipper (ladle or scoop). The star at the end of the dipper handle is Polaris. Polaris can also be found
by following a line through the two starsAlpha and Beta Ursae Majoristhat form the end of the 'bowl' of the Big Dipper, for 30
degrees (three upright fists at arms' length) across the night sky.[17] The four stars constituting the bowl of the Little Dipper are of
second, third, fourth, and fifth magnitudes, and provide an easy guide to determining what magnitude stars are visible, useful for city
dwellers or testing one's eyesight.[18]

The three-letter abbreviation for the constellation, as adopted by the IAU (International Astronomical Union) in 1922, is "UMi".[19]
The official constellation boundaries, as set by Eugne Delporte in 1930, are defined by a polygon of 22 segments (illustrated in
infobox). In the equatorial coordinate system, the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 08h 41.4m and 22h 54.0m,
while the declination coordinates range from the north celestial pole south to 65.40.[1] Its position in the far northern celestial
[20][b]
hemisphere means that the whole constellation is only visible to observers in the northern hemisphere.

Features

Stars
The German cartographerJohann Bayer used the Greek letters alpha to theta to label the
most prominent stars in the constellation, while his countryman Johann Elert Bode
subsequently added iota to phi. Only lambda and pi remain in use, likely because of their
proximity to the north celestial pole.[13] Within the constellation's borders, there are
39 stars brighter than or equal toapparent magnitude 6.5.[20][c]

Marking the Little Bear's tail,[13] Polaris, or Alpha Ursae Minoris, is the brightest star in
the constellation, varying between apparent magnitude 1.97 and 2.00 over a period of
3.97 days.[22] Located around 432 light-years away from Earth,[23] it is a yellow-white
supergiant that varies between spectral types F7Ib and F8Ib,[22] and has around 6 times
the Sun's mass, 2,500 times its luminosity and 45 times its radius. Polaris is the brightest
Cepheid variable star visible from Earth. It is a triple star system, the supergiant primary
star having two yellow-white main-sequence star companions that are 17 and
The constellation Ursa Minor as it
2,400 astronomical units (AU) distant and take 29.6 and 42,000 years respectively to
can be seen by the naked eye
complete one orbit.[24]
(with connections and label
added).
Traditionally called Kochab, Beta Ursae Minoris at apparent magnitude 2.08 is only
slightly less bright than Polaris.[25] Located around 131 light-years away from
Earth,[26][d] it is an orange giantan evolved star that has used up the hydrogen in its core and moved off the main sequenceof
spectral type K4III.[25] Slightly variable over a period of 4.6 days, Kochab has had its mass estimated at 1.3 times that of the Sun via
measurement of these oscillations.[27] Kochab is 450 times more luminous than the Sun and has 42 times its diameter, with a surface
temperature of approximately 4,130 K.[28] Estimated to be around 2.95 billion years old, give or take 1 billion years, Kochab was
announced to have a planetary companion around 6.1 times as massive asJupiter with an orbit of 522 days.[29]

Traditionally known as Pherkad, Gamma Ursae Minoris has an apparent magnitude that varies between 3.04 and 3.09 roughly every
3.4 hours.[30] It and Kochab have been termed the "guardians of the pole star".[3] A white bright giant of spectral type A3II-III,[30]
with around 4.8 times the Sun's mass, 1,050 times its luminosity and 15 times its radius,[31] it is 4878 light-years distant from
Earth.[26] Pherkad belongs to a class of stars known as Delta Scuti variables[30] short period (six hours at most) pulsating stars that
have been used as standard candles and as subjects to study asteroseismology.[32] Also possibly a member of this class is Zeta Ursae
Minoris,[33] a white star of spectral type A3V,[34] which has begun cooling, expanding and brightening. It is likely to have been a B3
main-sequence star and is now slightly variable.[33] At magnitude 4.95 the dimmest of the seven stars of the Little Dipper is Eta
Ursae Minoris.[35] A yellow-white main-sequence star of spectral type F5V, it is 97 light-years distant.[36] It is double the Sun's
diameter, 1.4 times as massive, and shines with 7.4 times its
luminosity.[35] Nearby Zeta lies 5.00-magnitude Theta Ursae
Minoris. Located 860 80 light-years distant,[37] it is an orange
giant of spectral type K5III that has expanded and cooled off the
main sequence, and has an estimated diameter around 4.8 times that
of the Sun.[38]

Making up the handle of the Little Dipper are Delta and Epsilon
Ursae Minoris. Just over 3.5 degrees from the north celestial pole,
Delta is a white main-sequence star of spectral type A1V with an
apparent magnitude of 4.35,[39] located 1721 light-years from
Earth.[26] Bearing the proper name of Yildun, it has around 2.8 times
the diameter and 47 times the luminosity of the Sun.[40] A triple star Ursa Minor and Ursa Major in relation to Polaris
system,[41] Epsilon Ursae Minoris shines with a combined average
light of magnitude 4.22.[42] A yellow giant of spectral type G5III,[42]
the primary is an RS Canum Venaticorum variable star. It is a spectroscopic binary, with a companion 0.36 AU distant, and a third
staran orange main-sequence star of spectral type K08100AU distant.[41]

Located close to Polaris is Lambda Ursae Minoris, a red giant of spectral type M1III. It is a semiregular variable varying from
magnitudes 6.35 to 6.45.[43] The northerly nature of the constellation means that the variable stars can be observed all year: the red
giant R Ursae Minoris is a semiregular variable varying from magnitude 8.5 to 11.5 over 328 days, while S Ursae Minoris is a long
period variable that ranges between magnitudes 8.0 and 11 over 331 days.[44] Located south of Kochab and Pherkad towards Draco is
RR Ursae Minoris,[3] a red giant of spectral type M5III that is also a semiregular variable ranging from magnitude 4.44 to 4.85 over a
period of 43.3 days.[45] T Ursae Minoris is another red giant variable star that has undergone a dramatic change in statusfrom
being a long period (Mira) variable ranging from magnitude 7.8 to 15 over 310315 days to a semiregular variable.[46] The star is
thought to have undergone a shell helium flasha point where the shell of helium around the star's core reaches a critical mass and
ignitesmarked by its abrupt change in variability in 1979.[47] Z Ursae Minoris is a faint variable star that suddenly dropped
R Coronae Borealis variables.[48]
6 magnitudes in 1992 and was identified as one of a rare class of stars

Eclipsing variables are star systems that vary in brightness because of one star passing in front of the other rather than from any
intrinsic change in luminosity. W Ursae Minoris is one such system, its magnitude ranging from 8.51 to 9.59 over 1.7 days.[49] The
combined spectrum of the system is A2V, but the masses of the two component stars are unknown. A slight change in the orbital
period in 1973 suggests there is a third component of the multiple star systemmost likely a red dwarfwith an orbital period of
62.23.9 years.[50] RU Ursae Minoris is another example, ranging from 10 to 10.66 over 0.52 days.[51] It is a semidetached system,
as the secondary star is filling itsRoche lobe and transferring matter to the primary.[52]

RW Ursae Minoris is a cataclysmic variable star system that flared up as a nova in 1956, reaching magnitude 6. In 2003, it was still
two magnitudes brighter than its baseline, and dimming at a rate of 0.02 magnitude a year. Its distance has been calculated as
5,000800 parsecs (16,300 light-years), which puts its location in thegalactic halo.[53]

Taken from the villain in The Magnificent Seven, Calvera is the nickname given to an X-ray source known as 1RXS
J141256.0+792204 in the ROSAT All-Sky Survey Bright Source Catalog (RASS/BSC).[54] It has been identified as an isolated
neutron star, one of the closest of its kind to Earth.[55] Ursa Minor has two enigmatic white dwarfs. H1504+65 is a faint (magnitude
15.9) star that with the hottest surface temperature200,000 Kyet discovered for a white dwarf. Its atmosphere, composed of
roughly half carbon, half oxygen and 2% neon, is devoid of hydrogen and heliumits composition unexplainable by current models
of stellar evolution.[56] WD 1337+705 is a cooler white dwarf that has magnesium and silicon in its spectrum, suggesting a
companion or circumstellar disk, though no evidence for either has come to light.[57] WISE 1506+7027 is a brown dwarf of spectral
+2.3
type T6 that is a mere 11.1 1.3 light-years away from Earth.[58] A faint object of magnitude 14, it was discovered by the Wide-field
Infrared Survey Explorer(WISE) in 2011.[59]
Kochab aside, three more stellar systems have been discovered to contain planets. 11 Ursae Minoris is an orange giant of spectral
type K4III around 1.8 times as massive as the Sun. Around 1.5 billion years old, it has cooled and expanded since it was an A-type
main sequence star. Around 390 light-years distant, it shines with an apparent magnitude of 5.04. A planet around 11 times the mass
of Jupiter was discovered orbiting the star with a period of 516 days in 2009.[60] HD 120084 is another evolved star, this time a
yellow giant of spectral type G7III, around 2.4 times the mass of the Sun. It has a planet 4.5 times the mass of Jupiter with one of the
most eccentric planetary orbits (with an eccentricity of 0.66), discovered by precisely measuring the radial velocity of the star in
2013.[61] HD 150706 is a sunlike star of spectral type G0V some 89 light-years distant from the Solar System. It was thought to have
a planet as massive as Jupiter at a distance of 0.6 AU, but this was discounted in 2007.[62] A further study published in 2012 showed
that it has a companion around 2.7 times as massive as Jupiter that takes around 16 years to complete an orbit and is 6.8 AU distant
from its Sun.[63]

Deep-sky objects
Ursa Minor is rather devoid of deep-sky objects. The Ursa Minor Dwarf, a dwarf
spheroidal galaxy, was discovered by Albert George Wilson of the Lowell
Observatory in the Palomar Sky Survey in 1955.[64] Its centre is around 225 000
light-years distant from Earth.[65] In 1999, Kenneth Mighell and Christopher Burke
used the Hubble Space Telescope to confirm that it had a single burst of star
formation that lasted around 2 billion years that took place around 14 billion years
ago,[66] and that the galaxy was probably as old as the Milky W
ay itself.[67]

NGC 6217 is a barred spiral galaxy located some 67 million light-years away,[68]
which can be located with a 10 cm (4 in) or larger telescope as an 11th magnitude
object about 2.5 east-northeast of Zeta Ursae Minoris.[69] It has been characterized
as a starburst galaxy, which means it is undergoing a high rate of star formation
compared to a typical galaxy.[70]

NGC 6251 is an active supergiant elliptical radio galaxy more than 340 million NGC 6217
light-years away from Earth. It has a Seyfert 2 active galactic nucleus, and is one of
the most extreme examples of a Seyfert galaxy. This galaxy may be associated with
gamma-ray source 3EG J1621+8203, which has high-energy gamma-ray emission.[71] It is also noted for its one-sided radio jetone
of the brightest knowndiscovered in 1977.[72]

Meteor showers
The Ursids, a prominent meteor shower that occurs in Ursa Minor, peaks between December 18 and 25. Its parent body is the comet
8P/Tuttle.[73]

See also
Ursa Minor Beta, fictional planet in The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

References

Notes
a. The position of the north celestial pole moves in accordance with the Earth's
axial precession such that in 12,000
years' time, Vega will be the Pole Star.[9]
b. While parts of the constellation technically rise above the horizon to observers between the equator and 24S, stars
within a few degrees of the horizon are to all intents and purposes unobservable.[20]
 c. Objects of magnitude 6.5 are among the faintest visible to the unaided eye in suburban-rural transition night
skies.[21]
[26]
d. Or more specifically 130.90.6 light-years by parallax measurement.

Citations
1. "Ursa Minor, Constellation Boundary"(http://www.iau.org/public/constellations/#umi). The Constellations.
International Astronomical Union. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
2. Department of Astronomy (1995)."Ursa Minor" (http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/constellations/Ursa_
Minor.html). University of WisconsinMadison. Retrieved 27 June 2015.
3. Arnold, H. J. P.; Doherty, Paul; Moore, Patrick (1999). The Photographic Atlas of the Stars(https://books.google.co
m.au/books?id=YjcvJUfnWBAC&pg=PA148). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. p. 148.ISBN 978-0-7503-0654-6.
4. Ridpath, Ian. "Urania's Mirror c.1825 Ian Ridpath's Old Star Atlases"(http://www.ianridpath.com/atlases/urania.ht
m). Self-published. Retrieved 13 February 2012.
5. Rogers, John H. (1998). "Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamianraditions".
T Journal of the
British Astronomical Association. 108: 928. Bibcode:1998JBAA..108....9R (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBA
A..108....9R).
6. Hermann Hunger, David Edwin Pingree,Astral Sciences in Mesopotamia(1999), p. 68 (https://books.google.ch/book
s?id=7hnTZ8tdOS0C&pg=PA68).
7. Albright, William F. (1972). "Neglected Factors in the Greek Intellectual Revolution".Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society. 116 (3): 22542. JSTOR 986117 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/986117).
8. Ridpath, Ian. "Ursa Minor" (http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/ursaminor.htm). Star Tales. Self-published. Retrieved
7 March 2015. Blomberg, Peter E. (2007). "How Did the Constellation of the Bear Receive its Name?". In Psztor ,
Emlia. Archaeoastronomy in Archaeology and Ethnography: Papers from the Annual Meeting of SEAC (European
Society for Astronomy in Culture), held in Kecskemt in Hungary in 2004 (http://minoanastronomy.mikrob.com/pdf/20
07b%20Peter%20Kecs.pdf)(PDF). Oxford, United Kingdom: Archaeopress. pp. 12932.ISBN 978-1-4073-0081-8.
9. Kenneth R. Lang (24 May 2013).Essential Astrophysics(https://books.google.com/books?id=PVJEAAAAQBAJ&pg=
PA10). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1015.ISBN 978-3-642-35963-7.
10. Allen, Richard Hinckley (1899).Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning. 447f. (http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/e/
gazetteer/topics/astronomy/_texts/secondary/allsta/home.html)"The origin of this word is uncertain, for the star
group does not answer to its name unless the dog himself be attached; still some, recalling a variant legend of
Kallisto and her Dog instead of Arcas, have thought that here lay the explanation. Others have drawn this title from
that of the Attican promontory east of Marathon, because sailors, on their approach to it from the sea, saw these
stars shining above it and beyond; but if there be any connection at all here, the reversed derivation is more
probable; while Bournouf asserted that it is in no way associated with the Greek word for "dog."
11. Condos, T., The Katasterismoi (Part 1), 1967(http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1970ASPL...10..361C) . Also
mentioned by Servius On Virgilius' Georgics 1. 246, c. AD 400; a mention of doubtful authenticity isHyginus, De
Astronomica 2.2).
12. 265f. Robert Brown, Researches into the origin of the primitive constellations of the Greeks, Phoenicians and
Babylonians (1899)
(https://archive.org/stream/researchesintoo01browgoog#page/n284/mode/2up/search/Syoronos) , "M. Syoronos
(Types Mon. des anciensp. 116) is of opinion that in the case of some Kretan coin-types,Ursa Maj. is represented
as a Cow, hence Bots as 'the Herdsman', andUrsa Min. as a Dog ('Chienne' cf. Kynosoura, Kynoups), a Zeus-
suckler." A supposed Latin tradition of naming Ursa Minor Catuli "whelps" or Canes Laconicae "Spartan dogs",
recorded in Johann Heinrich Alsted(1649, 408 (https://books.google.ch/books?id=KGkp6GNTCOQC&pg=P A408#v=
onepage&q&f=falsep.)), is probably an early modern innovation.
13. Wagman, Morton (2003).Lost Stars: Lost, Missing and Troublesome Stars from the Catalogues of Johannes Bayer,
Nicholas Louis de Lacaille, John Flamsteed, and Sundry Others
. Blacksburg, Virginia: The McDonald & Woodward
Publishing Company. pp. 312, 518. ISBN 978-0-939923-78-6.
14. "Very recently, however, Brown [Robert Brown, Researches into the origin of the primitive constellations of the
Greeks, Phoenicians and Babylonians] has suggested that the word is not Hellenic in origin, but Euphratean; and, in
confirmation of this, mentions a constellation title from that valley
, transcribed by Sayce as Anta-surra, the Upper
Sphere. Brown reads this Annas-surra, High in Rising, certainly very appropriate to Ursa Minor; and he compares it
with , or, the initial consonant being omitted, Unosoura." Brown points out that Aratus fittingly
describes "Cynosura" as "high-running" ("at the close of night Cynosura s head runs very high",
v. 308f).
15. Rogers, John H. (1998)."Origins of the Ancient Constellations: II. The Mediterranean traditions"(http://adsabs.harva
rd.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R). Journal of the British Astronomical Association. 108: 7989.
Bibcode:1998JBAA..108...79R (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108...79R) .
16. MacDonald, John (1998).The Arctic Sky: Inuit Astronomy, Star Lore, and Legend. Toronto, Ontario: Royal Ontario
Museum/Nunavut Research Institute. p. 61.ISBN 978-0-88854-427-8.
17. O'Meara, Stephen James (1998).The Messier Objects (https://books.google.com/books?id=jis4evHuuzUC&pg=P A1
0). Deep-sky Companions. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 10.
ISBN 0-521-55332-6.
18. Olcott, William Tyler (2012) [1911]. Star Lore of All Ages: A Collection of Myths, Legends, and Facts Concerning the
Constellations of the Northern Hemisphere(https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ODJM51UvfzEC&pg=P A377).
New York, New York: Courier Corporation. p. 377.
19. Russell, Henry Norris (1922). "The New International Symbols for the Constellations".Popular Astronomy. 30: 469.
Bibcode:1922PA.....30..469R (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1922PA.....30..469R).
20. Ridpath, Ian. "Constellations: LacertaVulpecula" (http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations2.htm). Star Tales. Self-
published. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
21. Bortle, John E. (February 2001)."The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale"(http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3
304011.html?page=1&c=y). Sky & Telescope. Retrieved 29 November 2014.
22. Otero, Sebastian Alberto (4 December 2007)."Alpha Ursae Minoris" (http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=deta
il.top&oid=37413). The International Variable Star Index. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved
16 May 2014.
23. "Alpha Ursae Minoris Classical Cepheid (Delta Cep yTpe)" (http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Alf+UM
i&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id) . SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Centre de
Donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 19 August 2014.
24. Kaler, James B. "Polaris" (http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/polaris.html)
. Stars. University of Illinois. Retrieved
19 August 2014.
25. "Beta Ursae Minoris Variable Star" (http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Bet+UMi&NbIdent=1&Radius=2
&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id). SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Centre de Donnes astronomiques de
Strasbourg. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
26. van Leeuwen, F. (2007). "Validation of the New Hipparcos Reduction".Astronomy and Astrophysics. 474 (2): 653
64. Bibcode:2007A&A...474..653V (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007A&A...474..653V). arXiv:0708.1752 (https://ar
xiv.org/abs/0708.1752) . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20078357(https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20078357) .
27. Tarrant, N.J.; Chaplin, W.J.; Elsworth, Y.; Spreckley, S.A.; Stevens, I.R. (June 2008). "Oscillations in Ursae Minoris.
Observations with SMEI".Astronomy and Astrophysics. 483 (3): L43L46. Bibcode:2008A&A...483L..43T (http://ads
abs.harvard.edu/abs/2008A&A...483L..43T). arXiv:0804.3253 (https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.3253) . doi:10.1051/0004-
6361:200809738 (https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A200809738) .
28. Kaler, James B. "Kochab" (http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/kochab.html)
. Stars. University of Illinois. Retrieved
19 August 2014.
29. Lee, B.-C.; Han, I.; Park, M.-G.; Mkrtichian, D.E.; Hatzes, A.P.; Kim, K.-M. (2014). "Planetary Companions in K giants
Cancri, Leonis, and Ursae Minoris".Astronomy and Astrophysics. 566: 7. Bibcode:2014A&A...566A..67L (htt
p://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014A&A...566A..67L) . arXiv:1405.2127 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.2127) .
doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322608(https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201322608) . A67.
30. Watson, Christopher (4 January 2010)."Gamma Ursae Minoris"(http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.to
p&oid=37414). The International Variable Star Index. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved
18 May 2014.
31. Kaler, James B. (20 December 2013)."Pherkad" (http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/pherkad.html)
. Stars. University of
Illinois. Retrieved 18 May 2014.
32. Templeton, Matthew (16 July 2010)."Delta Scuti and the Delta Scuti Variables" (http://www.aavso.org/vsots_delsct).
Variable Star of the Season. AAVSO (American Association of Variable Star Observers). Retrieved 19 August 2014.
33. Kaler, James B. "Alifa al Farkadain" (http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/alifa.html). Stars. University of Illinois.
Retrieved 21 June 2014.
34. "Zeta Ursae Minoris Variable Star" (http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Zet+UMi&NbIdent=1&Radius=2
&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id). SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Centre de Donnes astronomiques de
Strasbourg. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
35. Kaler, James B. "Anwar al Farkadain" (http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/anwar.html). Stars. University of Illinois.
Retrieved 21 June 2014.
36. "Eta Ursae Minoris" (http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Eta+Ursae+Minoris&submit=SIMBAD+searc
h). SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Centre de Donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 30 July 2014.
37. "Theta Ursae Minoris - Variable Star" (http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=Theta+Ursae+Minoris&su
bmit=SIMBAD+search). SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Centre de Donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg .
Retrieved 30 July 2014.
38. Pasinetti Fracassini, L. E.; Pastori, L.; Covino, S.; Pozzi, A. (February 2001). "Catalogue of Apparent Diameters and
Absolute Radii of Stars (CADARS) Third edition Comments and statistics". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 367:
52124. Bibcode:2001A&A...367..521P (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&A...367..521P) . arXiv:astro-
ph/0012289 (https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0012289) . doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000451(https://doi.org/10.1051%2
F0004-6361%3A20000451).
39. "Delta Ursae Minoris" (http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Delta+UMi&NbIdent=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit
=arcmin&submit=submit+id). SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Centre de Donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg .
Retrieved 21 June 2014.
40. Kaler, James B. "Yildun" (http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/yildun.html). Stars. University of Illinois. Retrieved 30 July
2014.
41. Kaler, James B. "Epsilon Ursae Minoris"(http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/epsumi.html)
. Stars. University of Illinois.
Retrieved 21 June 2014.
42. "Epsilon Ursae Minoris Variable of RS CVn type" (http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?Ident=Eps+UMi&NbIde
nt=1&Radius=2&Radius.unit=arcmin&submit=submit+id) . SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Centre de Donnes
astronomiques de Strasbourg. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
43. Watson, Christopher (4 January 2010)."Lambda Ursae Minoris"(http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.to
p&oid=37416). The International Variable Star Index. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved
21 June 2014.
44. Levy, David H. (1998). Observing Variable Stars: A Guide for the Beginner (https://books.google.com.au/books?id=5
-O2cd937FMC&pg=PA133). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 133.ISBN 978-0-521-
62755-9.
45. Otero, Sebastian Alberto (16 November 2009)."RR Ursae Minoris" (http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detai
l.top&oid=37384). The International Variable Star Index. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved
18 May 2014.
46. Uttenthaler, S.; van Stiphout, K.; Voet, K.; van Winckel, H.; van Eck, S.; Jorissen, A.; Kerschbaum, F.; Raskin, G.;
Prins, S.; Pessemier, W.; Waelkens, C.; Frmat, Y.; Hensberge, H.; Dumortier, L.; Lehmann, H. (2011). "The
Evolutionary State of Miras with Changing Pulsation Periods".Astronomy and Astrophysics. 531: A88.
Bibcode:2011A&A...531A..88U (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011A&A...531A..88U) . arXiv:1105.2198 (https://arxi
v.org/abs/1105.2198) . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201116463(https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F201116463) .
47. Mattei, Janet A.; Foster, Grant (1995). "Dramatic Period Decrease in T Ursae Minoris"(http://articles.adsabs.harvard.
edu//full/1995JAVSO..23..106M/0000106.000.html). The Journal of the American Association of V ariable Star
Observers. 23 (2): 10616. Bibcode:1995JAVSO..23..106M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995JA VSO..23..106M).
48. Benson, Priscilla J.; Clayton, Geoffrey C.; Garnavich, Peter; Szkody, Paula (1994). "Z Ursa Minoris a New R
Coronae Borealis Variable". The Astronomical Journal. 108 (1): 24750. Bibcode:1994AJ....108..247B (http://adsabs.
harvard.edu/abs/1994AJ....108..247B). doi:10.1086/117063 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F117063).
49. Watson, Christopher (4 January 2010)."W Ursae Minoris" (http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid=
37380). The International Variable Star Index. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 18 July
2015.
50. Kreiner, J. M.; Pribulla, T.; Tremko, J.; Stachowski, G. S.; Zakrzewski, B. (2008). "Period Analysis of Three Close
Binary Systems: TW And, TT Her and W UMi".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 383 (4): 1506
12. Bibcode:2008MNRAS.383.1506K(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008MNRAS.383.1506K) . doi:10.1111/j.1365-
2966.2007.12652.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2007.12652.x) .
51. Watson, Christopher (4 January 2010)."RU Ursae Minoris" (http://www.aavso.org/vsx/index.php?view=detail.top&oid
=37387). The International Variable Star Index. American Association of Variable Star Observers. Retrieved 18 July
2015.
52. Manimanis, V. N.; Niarchos, P. G. (2001). "A Photometric Study of the Near-contact System RU Ursae Minoris".
Astronomy and Astrophysics. 369: 96064. Bibcode:2001A&A...369..960M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001A&
A...369..960M). doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20010178(https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%3A20010178) .
53. Bianchini, A.; Tappert, C.; Canterna, R.; Tamburini, F.; Osborne, H.; Cantrell, K. "RW Ursae Minoris (1956): An
Evolving Postnova System".Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific . 115 (809): 81118.
Bibcode:2003PASP..115..811B (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003PASP..115..811B). doi:10.1086/376434 (https://d
oi.org/10.1086%2F376434).
54. "Rare Dead Star Found Near Earth"(http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6955769.stm) . BBC News:
Science/Nature. BBC. 20 August 2007.Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140713133234/http://news.bbc.co.u
k/2/hi/science/nature/6955769.stm)from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 21 August 2007.
55. Rutledge, Robert; Fox, Derek; Shevchuk, Andrew (2008). "Discovery of an Isolated Compact Object at High Galactic
Latitude". The Astrophysical Journal. 672 (2): 113743. Bibcode:2008ApJ...672.1137R (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ab
s/2008ApJ...672.1137R). arXiv:0705.1011 (https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.1011) . doi:10.1086/522667 (https://doi.org/1
0.1086%2F522667).
56. Werner, K.; Rauch, T. (2011). "UV Spectroscopy of the Hot Bare Stellar Core H1504+65 with the HST Cosmic
Origins Spectrograph".Astrophysics and Space Science. 335 (1): 12124. Bibcode:2011Ap&SS.335..121W(http://a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Ap&SS.335..121W) . doi:10.1007/s10509-011-0617-x(https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs1050
9-011-0617-x).
57. Dickinson, N. J.; Barstow, M. A.; Welsh, B. Y.; Burleigh, M.; Farihi, J.; Redfield, S.; Unglaub, K. (2012). "The Origin of
Hot White Dwarf Circumstellar Features".Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society . 423 (2): 13971410.
Bibcode:2012MNRAS.423.1397D(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNRAS.423.1397D) . arXiv:1203.5226 (http
s://arxiv.org/abs/1203.5226) . doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20964.x(https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.
20964.x).
58. Marsh, Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Gelino, Christopher R.; Cushing, Michael C.; Grif
fith,
Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Eisenhardt, Peter R. (2013). "Parallaxes and Proper Motions of Ultracool Brown
Dwarfs of Spectral Types Y and Late T". The Astrophysical Journal. 762 (2): 119. Bibcode:2013ApJ...762..119M (htt
p://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ApJ...762..119M) . arXiv:1211.6977 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1211.6977) .
doi:10.1088/0004-637X/762/2/119(https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0004-637X%2F762%2F2%2F119) .
59. Kirkpatrick, J. Davy; Cushing, Michael C.; Gelino, Christopher R.; Grif
fith, Roger L.; Skrutskie, Michael F.; Marsh,
Kenneth A.; Wright, Edward L.; Mainzer, A.; Eisenhardt, Peter R.; McLean, Ian S.; Thompson, Maggie A.; Bauer ,
James M.; Benford, Dominic J.; Bridge, Carrie R.; Lake, Sean E.; Petty , Sara M.; Stanford, S. A.; Tsai, Chao-Wei;
Bailey, Vanessa; Beichman, Charles A.; Bloom, Joshua S.; Bochanski, John J.; Burgasser , Adam J.; Capak, Peter
L.; Cruz, Kelle L.; Hinz, Philip M.; Kartaltepe, Jeyhan S.; Knox, Russell.;PManohar, Swarnima; Masters, Daniel;
Morales-Calderon, Maria; Prato, Lisa A.; Rodigas, T imothy J.; Salvato, Mara; Schurr, Steven D.; Scoville, Nicholas
Z.; Simcoe, Robert A.; Stapelfeldt, Karl R.; Stern, Daniel; Stock, Nathan D.;acca,
V William D. (2011). "The First
Hundred Brown Dwarfs Discovered by the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE)". The Astrophysical Journal
Supplement. 197 (2): 19. Bibcode:2011ApJS..197...19K (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011ApJS..197...19K) .
arXiv:1108.4677v1 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1108.4677v1) . doi:10.1088/0067-0049/197/2/19(https://doi.org/10.1088%
2F0067-0049%2F197%2F2%2F19).
60. Dllinger, M. P.; Hatzes, A.P.; Pasquini, L.; Guenther, E. W.; Hartmann, M. (2009). "Planetary Companions around
the K Giant Stars 11 Ursae Minoris and HD 32518".Astronomy and Astrophysics. 505 (3): 131117.
Bibcode:2009A&A...505.1311D (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009A&A...505.1311D) . arXiv:0908.1753 (https://arxi
v.org/abs/0908.1753) . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200911702(https://doi.org/10.1051%2F0004-6361%2F200911702) .
61. Sato, Bun'ei; Omiya, Masashi; Harakawa, Hiroki; Liu, Y u-Juan; Izumiura, Hideyuki; Kambe, Eiji; T akeda, Yoichi;
Yoshida, Michitoshi; Itoh, Yoichi; Ando, Hiroyasu; Kokubo, Eiichiro; Ida, Shigeru (2013). "P
lanetary Companions to
Three Evolved Intermediate-Mass Stars: HD 2952, HD 120084, and omega Serpentis". Publications of the
Astronomical Society of Japan: 115. Bibcode:2013PASJ...65...85S (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PASJ...65...
85S). arXiv:1304.4328 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1304.4328) . doi:10.1093/pasj/65.4.85 (https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpas
j%2F65.4.85).
62. Wright, J.T.; Marcy, G.W.; Fischer, D. A.; Butler, R. P.; Vogt, S. S.; Tinney, C. G.; Jones, H. R. A.; Carter, B. D.;
Johnson, J. A.; McCarthy, C.; Apps, K. (2007). "Four New Exoplanets and Hints of Additional Substellar Companions
to Exoplanet Host Stars".The Astrophysical Journal. 657 (1): 53345. Bibcode:2007ApJ...657..533W (http://adsabs.
harvard.edu/abs/2007ApJ...657..533W). arXiv:astro-ph/0611658 (https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0611658) .
doi:10.1086/510553 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F510553).
63. Boisse, I.; Pepe, F.; Perrier, C.; Queloz, D.; Bonfils, X.; Bouchy, F.; Santos, N. C.; Arnold, L.; Beuzit, J.-L.; Daz, R. .F;
Delfosse, X.; Eggenberger, A.; Ehrenreich, D.; Forveille, T.; Hbrard, G.; Lagrange, A.-M.; Lovis, C.; Mayor , M.;
Moutou, C.; Naef, D.; Santerne, A.; Sgransan, D.; Sivan, J.-P .; Udry, S. (2012). "The SOPHIE Search for Northern
Extrasolar Planets. V. Follow-up of ELODIE Candidates: Jupiter-analogs around Sun-like Stars".Astronomy &
Astrophysics. 545. A55. Bibcode:2012A&A...545A..55B (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012A&A...545A..55B) .
arXiv:1205.5835 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.5835) . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201118419(https://doi.org/10.1051%2F
0004-6361%2F201118419).
64. Bergh, Sidney (2000).The Galaxies of the Local Group(https://books.google.com.au/books?id=H0JMeoqFqEcC&pg
=PA257&dq=variable+stars+ursa+minor&hl=en&sa=X&ei=0QcJVYb5FufimAWlw4HIDQ&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAw#v=o
nepage&q=variable%20stars%20ursa%20minor&f=false) . Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
p. 257. ISBN 978-1-139-42965-8.
65. Grebel, Eva K.; Gallagher, John S., III; Harbeck, Daniel (2003). "The Progenitors of Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxies".The
Astronomical Journal. 125 (4): 192639. Bibcode:2003AJ....125.1926G (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....12
5.1926G). arXiv:astro-ph/0301025 (https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0301025) . doi:10.1086/368363 (https://doi.org/10.
1086%2F368363).
66. van den Bergh, Sidney(April 2000). "Updated Information on the Local Group".The Publications of the Astronomical
Society of the Pacific. 112 (770): 52936. Bibcode:2000PASP..112..529V (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PASP..
112..529V). arXiv:astro-ph/0001040 (https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0001040) . doi:10.1086/316548 (https://doi.org/1
0.1086%2F316548).
67. Mighell, Kenneth J.; Burke, Christopher J. (1999). "WFPC2 Observations of the Ursa Minor Dwarf Spheroidal
Galaxy". The Astronomical Journal. 118 (366). Bibcode:1999AJ....118..366M (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999A
J....118..366M). arXiv:astro-ph/9903065 (https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9903065) . doi:10.1086/300923 (https://doi.o
rg/10.1086%2F300923).
68. Gusev, A. S.; Pilyugin, L. S.; Sakhibov, F.; Dodonov, S. N.; Ezhkova, O. V.; Khramtsova, M. S.; Garznhuhed, F
.
(2012). "Oxygen and Nitrogen Abundances of H II regions in Six Spiral Galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal
Astronomical Society. 424 (3): 193040. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.424.1930G(http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MNR
AS.424.1930G). arXiv:1205.3910 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1205.3910) . doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21322.x(https://
doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2966.2012.21322.x) .
69. O'Meara, Stephen James (2007).Steve O'Meara's Herschel 400 Observing Guide(https://books.google.com/books?
id=Nyh9fAC_tpIC&pg=PA227). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 227.ISBN 978-0-521-
85893-9.
70. Calzetti, Daniela (1997). "Reddening and Star Formation in Starburst Galaxies".
Astronomical Journal. 113: 16284.
Bibcode:1997AJ....113..162C (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997AJ....113..162C) . arXiv:astro-ph/9610184 (https://
arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9610184) . doi:10.1086/118242 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F118242).
71. "NGC 6251 Seyfert 2 Galaxy"(http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-id?protocol=html&Ident=QSO+B1637%2B82
6). SIMBAD Astronomical Database. Centre de Donnes astronomiques de Strasbourg . Retrieved 21 July 2015.
72. Perley, R. A.; Bridle, A. H.; Willis, A. G. (1984). "High-resolution VLA Observations of the Radio Jet in NGC 6251".
Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 54: 291334. Bibcode:1984ApJS...54..291P (http://adsabs.harvard.edu/ab
s/1984ApJS...54..291P). doi:10.1086/190931 (https://doi.org/10.1086%2F190931).
73. Jenniskens, Peter (September 2012). "Mapping Meteoroid Orbits: New Meteor Showers Discovered".
Sky &
Telescope: 24.

External links
 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (over 180 medieval and early modern images of Ursa Minor)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ursa_Minor&oldid=799295204

"

This page was last edited on 6 September 2017, at 20:55.

Text is available under theCreative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of theWikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.