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Assignment 1(Fall 2005)

(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 35
Due Date: 27/11/2005

Q.1.
For the circuit shown in the figure below, all the resistors are given in K Ohms;
Find the total resistance RT in the following circuits. Draw the circuit diagram of each step
otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw the circuit diagram of each step otherwise you will
lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention
the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Q.2.
In the network given below the power absorbed by the 9Ω resistance is 144 W. Find VS also
find out the value of IS , IB and IA.

Sol.

P=144W= IA2 x 9
So,
IA= 4A ----- (A)
Where by ohm’s Law
VX = 4 x 9 = 36 V
IB = 36 /18
IB = 2A ------ (B)
From (A) and (B) we have
IS = IA + IB = 6A

VS = 5 x 6 + VX
= 30 + 36
VS = 66 V

Q.3.
(a) Determine the current I and its direction in the following circuit. Draw the circuit diagram
of each step otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get
maximum marks and also mention the units of each derived value.
(b) What is the difference between Current division Rule and Voltage division Rule? Elaborate
your points by drawing complete circuit diagrams.

(c) Define Junction, Branch and Loop.

Sol.
(a)
(b)

Voltage divider Rule

The voltage divider rule states that the voltage across a resistor in a series circuit is equal to the value of
that resistor times the total voltage across the series components divided by the total resistance of the
series components.
A series circuit can be viewed as a voltage divider, because the source voltage is divided among the
resistors in the circuit.

In Figure we can easily find the voltage drop across each resistor in the circuit.

1) Find the total current

I = E/RT=12V/12 k = 1 mA
2) Find the IR drop across each resistor
V = IR (1mA)(3 kΩ ) = 3V
V = IR (1mA)(4 kΩ) = 4V
V = IR (1mA)(5 kΩ) = 5V
We can also see that Kirchhoff’s Law is satisfied also since the sum of the voltage drops (3V+4V+5V=12V)
equals the supply voltage of 12V.
You can also see that there is a direct relationship between the value of the resistor and the voltage that
appears across it.
We can use this relationship to come up with the voltage divider rule. In general, for any number of
resistors, the voltage drop across any resistor may be found as:
VX = (RX/ R)E
OR

Two resistors are connected as shown in the following diagram:

The output voltage Vout is related to Vin as follows:

As a simple example, if R1 = R2 then

Any ratio between 0 and 1 is possible.

Note that this rule only works if the divider is unloaded, i.e. the load resistance is infinite and all of the
current flowing through R1 goes into R2. If current flows into a load resistance (through Vout), that
resistance must be considered in parallel with R2to determine the voltage at Vout.

Current Divider Rule

For two parallel resistors the current through the branch equals the resistance of the opposite branch
times the input current divided by the sum of the two resistors

In parallel networks, the voltage across all parallel elements is the same. However, the currents through
the various elements are typically different.

A parallel circuit can be viewed as a current divider, because the source current is divided among the
branches in the circuit. is used to determine how current entering the circuit is split between the various
parallel resistors connected to it.
Current dividers are similar in construction to voltage dividers. A circuit diagram for a current divider is
given below

(c)
A junction: A junction (or node) is a connection point between two or more branches.

A circuit with 3 nodes

A branch: A branch is a single electrical element or device (resistor, etc.).

A circuit with 5 branches

A loop is a closed path formed by starting at a node, passing through a set of nodes, and
returning to the starting node without passing through any node more than once.

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 2(Fall 2005)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 30
Due Date: 05/12/2005

Q.1.
Calculates the currents I1,I2, I3 and I4 .Draw the circuit diagram of each step otherwise you
will lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also
mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.

KCL equation at Node V1 will be,

4 + 2 = V1/5Ω + V1/10Ω
V1 = 20V

Now KCL equation at Node V2 will be,

5 - 2 = V2/10Ω + V2/5Ω
V2 = 10V
So,
I1 = V1/5 = 4A, I2 = V1/10 = 2A
and
I3= V2/10 = 1A, I4 = V2/5 = 2A
Q.2.
Use nodal analysis to find Voltage at a and b in the given network. Identify and label each node
otherwise you will lose your marks. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and
also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Firs of all we will identify and label the nodes in the given network

KCL equation at Node Va will be,

(Va - 10)/30 + Va/15 + (Va -Vb)/10 = 0
6Va - Vb = 10 ------------(A)
KCL equation at Node Vb will be,
(Vb - Va)/10 + (Vb – 12)/20 + (Vb + 9)/5 = 0
2Va - 7Vb = 24 ------------(B)
Solving (A) and (B) leads to
Va = -0.0556 V, Vb =-3.444V

Q.3.
First of all Identify and label each node and then by using nodal analysis find out Voltages at the each
node. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the units of
each derived value.
Sol.
Firs of all we will identify and label the nodes in the given network

Sol.
Since 12 Volt voltage source is connected between node V2 and the reference node. It is evident that
V2 -0 = 12 V, V2 = 12 V. Since the voltage sources are connected between node V1 and V2 , and node V2
and V3 , we obtain V2 - V1 =10, and V2 – V3=20.

Thus,
V1= 2 V, V2 = 12 V and V3 = -8V.

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 3(Fall 2005)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 40
Due Date: 14/12/2005

Q.1.
Use nodal analysis to find V and the power for the 15 V source (indicate whether the power is absorbed or
supplied) in the given network. Identify and label each node otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw the
complete circuit diagram. Write each step of the calculation to get maximum marks and also mention the
units of each derived value.

Sol.
Fist of all we will identify and label each node,

From the above diagram we know that node V1 is directly connected with
15Volt voltage source so the voltage at Node V1 will be,
V1= 15Volts -------- (A)
And node V2 = V -------- (B)
Constraint equation
V2-V3=5V -------(C)
Put the value of V from (B) into (C) we have,
V2-V3= 5V2
So, V3=-4V2 ------- (D)
Now we will write KCL equation at Super Node,

(V2 - V1)/10 + V2/2 + V3/20 + V3/40= 0 ----------- (E)

We know V1=15volts put in (E) we have,
(V2 - 15)/10 + V2/2 + V3/20 + V3/40= 0
8V2+V3= 20 -------- (F)
Put the value of V3 from (D) into (F) we have,
 8V2 - 4V2= 20
V2= 5 volts
Put the value of V2 in (B) we have
V=5 volts
To find the power, we need to find current
Form the figure

Form the above figure I = I1 + I2

= V1/15 + (V1-V2)/10
= 15/15 + (15-5) /10
= 2A

power for the 15 V source = - 15(2A) =-30W or 30W supplied

Q.2.
Use Only Mesh analysis to find Current through each resistance and also find the voltage across
each resistance in the given network. Identify and label each mesh and also show each step of
calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw the complete circuit diagram and also mention the
units of each derived value.

Sol.
Fist of all we will label the diagram,

Using Mesh analysis we will write the KVL equations

Mesh I
i1= 6A ---------- (A)
Mesh II
3(i2- i3) + 1(i2- i1) = 0
4i2 -i1 -3 i3 = 0
Put the value of i1 in above equation we have
4i2 -3 i3 = 6 ---------- (B)
Mesh III
 2 i3 + 4 i3 + 3(i3- i2) = 0
-3i2 +9 i3 =0 ---------- (C)
Solving equation (B) and (C) we have
i3= 2/3A, i2= 2A , i1= 6A
But i1, i2 and i3 are mesh currents not element currents
I1 = i1- i2 = 4A
I2 = i2- i3 = 4/3A
I3 = i3 = 2/3A
I4 = i3 = 2/3A
V1= I1R = 4V
V2= I2R = 4V
V3= I3R = 4/3V
V4= I4R = 8/3V

Q.3.
Use Mesh analysis to find Current through each mesh in the given network also find the current Io.
Identify and label each mesh and also show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks.
Draw the complete circuit diagram and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Fist of all we will identify the meshes and label the diagram
 Constraint equation
I2 –I1 = 3 ------------ (A)

Mesh 1 and 2 form a Super Mesh or Loop,

KVL equation For the super Mesh,

5I1 + 1(I1 - I3) + 4(I2 - I3) + 12 =0

6I1 + 4I2 - 5I3+ 12 =0 ---------- (B)
For loop 3,
4(I3 - I2) + 1(I3 - I1) +2I3+ 6 = 0
- I1– 4 I2 + 7 I3+ 6 = 0 ------------(C)

Solving (A)to (C) simultaneously we have

I1= -3.067, I2 = -.067, I3= -1.3333

Io = I1 –I3= -1.7333A

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 4(Fall 2005)
(Solution)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 35
Due Date: 26/12/2005

Q.1.
Use Mesh analysis to find Current through each mesh in the given network also find the current Io.
Identify and label each mesh and also show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks.
Draw the complete circuit diagram and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Fist of all we will label the diagram,

Using Mesh analysis we will write the KVL equations

The mesh-current equations are:
Mesh I
I1 = 5mA --------- (I)
Mesh II
5000 (I2 –I1) + 10000(I2 - I3) + 20I2 = 0
⇒ -I1 + 7I2 -2I3 =0 ----------- (II)
Constraint equation
I1 –I3 = 0.4IO ------------ (A)
From the above figure we know that

I0=I2-I3 ------ (B)

Put Io from (B) into (A) we have
I1 –I3 = 0.4(I2-I3)
⇒ I1 - 0.4I2- 0.6I3 = 0 -------- (III)
Solving I, II and III simultaneously we have

I1 = 5mA
I2 = 2.6mA
I3 = 6.6mA

∴ I0 = I2-I3 = -4mA

Q.2.
Find the

(a) Current through each mesh by using Cramer’s rule in the given network.
(b) Also find the total power developed in the circuit.
(c) Check your answer by showing that the total power developed equals the total power dissipated.
Identify and label each mesh and also show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks.
Draw the complete circuit diagram and also mention the units of each derived value.

Sol.
Fist of all we will label the diagram,

Using Mesh analysis we will write the KVL equations

The mesh-current equations are:

Mesh I
-230 + 1(I1 -I2) + 2(I1 -I3) + 115 +4I1 = 0 --------- (I)
Mesh II
6I2 + 3(I2 - I3) +1(I2 - I1) = 0 ----------- (II)
Mesh III
460 + 5I3 -115 + 2(I3 - I1) + 3(I3 -I2) = 0 ---------- (III)
Place these equations in standard form:
I1 (1+2+4) + I2 (-1) + I3 (-2) = 115
 I1 (-1) + I2 (6 + 3 +1) + I3 (-3) = 0
I1 (-2) + I2 (-3) + I3 (5+2+3) = -345
Place in standard matrices form:

⎡ 7 −1 − 2⎤ ⎡I1 ⎤ ⎡ 115⎤
⎢ ⎥⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
⎢ −1 10 − 3 ⎥ ⎢I2 ⎥ = ⎢ 0 ⎥
⎢⎣ −2 −3 10 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣I3 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣-345⎥⎦
⇒ I1 = 4.4 A ,I2 = −10.6 A andI3 = −36.8 A

a) The only components that can develop power in the circuit are the sources:
P230V = - (230V) (4.4A) = -1012W
P115V = - (115V) (-36.8A -4.4A) = 4738W
P460V = (460V)(-36.8A) = -16928W
∴ ∑ Pdev = 1012W + 16928W = 17940W
From part (a) we know that the 115V source is dissipating power; compute the power dissipated by the
resistors.
2
P1Ω = (1 Ω) (4.4A +10.6A) =225W
2
P4Ω = (4 Ω) (4.4A ) = 77.44W
2
P6Ω = (6 Ω) (-10.6A ) = 674.16W
2
P2Ω = (2 Ω) (4.4AA + 36.8A) = 3394.88W
2
P3Ω = (3 Ω) (-10.6A + 36.8A ) = 2059.32W
2
P5Ω = (5 Ω) (-36.8A ) = 6771.2W

∴ ∑ Pdiss = 4738W +225W +77.44W+674.16W+ 3394.88W + 2059.32W + 6771.2W = 17940W

------ Good Luck -----

Assignment 5(Fall 2005)
CIRCUIT THEORY (PHY301)
MARKS: 50
Due Date: 13/02/2006

DON’T MISS THESE Important instructions:

• Labeled and draw each circuit diagram, other wise you will lose your marks. Write each step of
the calculation to get maximum marks.
• To solve this assignment, you should have good command over first 26 lectures.
• Upload assignments properly through LMS, (No Assignment will be accepted through
email).
• Write your ID on the top of your solution file.
• All students are directed to use the font and style of text as is used in this document.
• Don’t use colorful back grounds in your solution files.
• Use Math Type or Equation Editor etc for mathematical symbols.
• This is not a group assignment, it is an individual assignment so be careful and avoid copying
others’ work. If some assignment is found to be copy of some other, both will be awarded zero
marks. It also suggests you to keep your assignment safe from others. No excuse will be
accepted by anyone if found to be copying or letting others copy.
• Don’t wait for the last date to submit your assignment.

Q.1.
Apply Superposition to the circuit given below to find I3.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.
Q.2.
You are given the circuit shown below:
a) Use Source transformation to determine current IO.
b) Use Superposition to determine current IO.
c) Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit to the left of the terminals a-b and then find IO.
Show each step of calculation otherwise you will lose your marks. Draw and label the circuit diagram of
each step and also mention the units of each derived value.
(Note: You must solve this problem with all techniques mention in the problem statement.)

------ Good Luck -----