Admm

AE6411- AERODYNAMICS
LABORATORY
REG-2013
AE6411 AERODYNAMICS LABORATORY
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE-METER
2. FLOW THROUGH VENTURI-METER
3. FLOW THROUGH PIPES- LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOWS
4. CALIBARTION OF SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL - PLOT OF RPM VS TEST SECTION VELOCITY IN A SUBSONIC WIND
TUNNEL.
5. DETERMINATION OF LIFT FOR THE GIVEN AIRFOIL SECTION
6. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER SMOOTH CIRCULAR CYLINDER
7. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER ROUGH CIRCULAR CYLINDER
8. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER SYMMETRIC AEROFOIL
9. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER CAMBERED AEROFOIL
10. FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES IN SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL- SMOKE TUNNEL
1
AE6411-Aerodynamics Laboratory-R2013
OBSERVATIONS AND TABULATIONS
Diameter of inlet (d1) = m, Diameter of orifice (d2) = m
Internal plan dimensions of collecting tank,

Length (l) = m, Breadth (b) = m
Manometric readings Discharge

(cm of mercury) Loss of head (m3/s)
Time for Coefficient of
S Sw H = 10 cm Theoretical discharge,
S. No. h (h1 h2 ) m Actual discharge discharge, Q
Difference, S w rise, t Cd a
h1 h2 AH
(h1 h2) (m) (s) Q a a 2 gh
Qt 1 2
Qt
t

a12 a 22
Mean, Cd =
2
Exp. No. : 01
Date :
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE-METER

Aim:
To determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd) for the given orifice meter.
Theory:
Orifice-meter is a device used to measure the discharge of any liquid

flowing through a pipe line. The pressure difference between the inlet and the diaphragm
of the orifice-meter is recorded using a mercury differential manometer and the time
required a measured discharge. From the observed readings, Cd can be calculated as
follows,
Cd - Coefficient of discharge,
Qa
Cd
Qt
Qa - Actual discharge,
AH
Qa
t
A - Internal plan area of collecting tank
H - Height of collection in the collecting tank
T - Time of collection for H rise in the collecting tank.
Qt - Theoretical discharge,
a1 a 2 2 gh
Qt
a 2
1 a 22
a1 -Area of inlet
a2 - Area of throat
g - Acceleration due to gravity
h - Venture head in terms of flowing liquid
S Sw
h (h1 h2 ) m
S w
h1 - Manometric head in one limb
h2 - Manometric head in another limb
Sm - Specific gravity of manometric liquid (mercury)
Sw - Specific gravity of other liquid (water)
3
MODEL CALCULATIONS
Reading No. .
Area of inlet,
d 2
a1 1
4
=
Area of orifice,
d 22
a2
4
=
Internal plan area of collecting tank (A),
A=lxb
Actual Discharge,
AH
Qa
t
=
Theoretical discharge,
a1 a 2 2 gh
Qt
a 2
1 a 22
=
Coefficient of discharge,
Qa
Cd
Qt
=
4
Apparatus required:
1. An Orifice-meter
2. Differential U-tube manometer
3. Collecting tank fitted with piezo-meter and control valve.
4. Stop watch.
5. Metre scale.
Procedure:
1. The diameters of the inlet and orifice are recorded and the internal plan
dimensions of the collecting tank are measured.
2. Open the cocks of the orifice-meter and close the cocks (of venture-meter) so
that only the pressure across the orifice-meter is transferred to the manometer.
3. Keeping the outlet valve closed, the inlet valve is opened fully.
4. The outer valve is opened slightly and the manometric heads in both the limbs
(h1 and h2) are noted.
5. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is tightly closed and the timet required
for H rise of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch.
6. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and

observing the corresponding readings.
7. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of discharge for the orifice-
meter is computed.
Graph:
The graphs Qa Vs h, is drawn and taking h on X-axis.
Result:
The coefficient of discharge (Cd) for Orifice-meter is .
5
Diameter of inlet (d1) = m, Diameter of throat (d2) = m

Length (l) = m, Breadth (b) = m
Manometric readings Discharge

(cm of mercury) Loss of head (m3/s)
Time for Coefficient of
S Sw H = 10 cm Theoretical discharge,
S. No. h (h1 h2 ) m Actual discharge discharge, Q
Difference, Sw rise, t Cd a
h1 h2 AH
(h1 h2) (m) (s) Q a a 2 gh
Qt 1 2
Qt
t

a12 a 22
Mean, Cd =
6
Exp. No. : 02
Date :
FLOW THROUGH VENTURI-METER

Aim:
To determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd) for the given venturi-meter.
Theory:
Venturi-meter is a device used to measure the discharge of any liquid flowing

through a pipe line. The pressure difference between the inlet and the throat of the venturi-
meter is recorded using a mercury differential manometer and the time required for a known
height in the collecting tank is noted. From the observed readings, Cd can be calculated as
follows
Cd - Coefficient of discharge
Qa
Cd
Qt
Qa - Actual discharge
AH
Qa
t
A-Internal plan area of collecting tank
H-Height of collection in the collecting tank
t-Time of collection for H rise in the collecting tank.
Qt - Theoretical discharge
a1 a 2 2 gh
Qt
a 2
1 a 22
a1-Area of inlet
a2-Area of throat
h - Venture head in terms of flowing liquid
S Sw
h (h1 h2 ) m
S w
7
MODEL CALCULATIONS
Reading No. .
Area of inlet,
d12
a1
4
Area of throat,
d 22
a2
4
Internal plan area of collecting tank,
A = lxb
Actual Discharge,
AH
Qa
t
=
Theoretical discharge,
a1 a 2 2 gh
Qt
a 2
1 a 22
=
Coefficient of discharge,
Qa
Cd
Qt
=
8
Apparatus required:
1. Venturi-meter
4. Stop watch.
5. Meter scale.
Procedure:
1. The diameters of the inlet and throat are recorded and the internal plan dimensions
of the collecting tank are measured.
2. Open the cocks of the venture-meter and close the cocks (of orifice-meter) so that
only the pressure across the venture-meter is transferred to the manometer.
3. Keeping the outlet valve closed, the inlet valve is opened fully.
4. The outer valve is opened slightly and the manometric heads in both the limbs (h1
and h2) are noted.
5. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is tightly closed and the time t required
for H rise of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch.
6. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing
the corresponding readings.
7. The observations are tabulated and the coefficient of discharge for the venturi-
meter is computed.
Graph:
The graphs Qa Vs h, is drawn and taking h on X-axis.
Result:
The coefficient of discharge (Cd) for Venturi-meter is .
9
Diameter of pipe (d) = m
Length of pipe (L) = m

Length (l) = m
Breadth (b) = m
Manometric readings Loss of head Discharge Velocity Friction

(cm of mercury) S Sw Time for AH factor, f
h (h1 h2 ) m Q Q v2
S. No. H = 10 cm v h2 gd
Difference, Sw t a (m/s)2 f
h1 h2 rise, t (s)
(h1 h2) (m) 3
(m /s) (m/s) 4Lv 2
Mean, f =
10
Exp. No. : 03
Date :
FLOW THROUGH PIPES

Aim:
To determine the friction factor (f) of the given pipe.
Theory:
When liquid flows through a pipeline, it is subjected to frictional resistance. The

frictional resistance depends upon the roughness of the inner surface of the pipe. More the roughness,
greater is the frictional resistance.
The loss of head between a selected length of pipe is observed for a measured discharge.
The friction factor (f) is calculated by using the expression.
h2 gd
f
4Lv 2
f - Friction factor
h - Loss of head due to fiction
S Sw
h (h1 h2 ) m
Sw
d - Diameter of pipe
L - Length of pipe
v - Velocity of flow in pipe.
Q
v
a
Q - Discharge
AH
Q
t
A - Internal plan area of collecting tank
H- Height of collection in the collecting tank
t - Time of collection for H rise in the collecting tank.
a - Cross sectional area of pipe
d 2
a
4
d - Diameter of the pipe
11
MODEL CALCULATIONS
Reading No. .
Cross sectional area of pipe,
d 2
a
4
=
Internal plan area of collecting tank,
A = lxb
Discharge,
AH
Q
t
Velocity,
Q
v
a
Friction factor,
h2 gd
f
4Lv 2
12
Apparatus required:
1. A pipe, provided with inlet and outlet valves and pressure tapping cocks.
4. Stop watch.
5. Metre scale.
Procedure:
1. The diameter of the pipe is measured and the internal plan dimensions of the collecting tank
and the length of the pipeline between the two pressure tapping cocks are measured.
2. Keeping the outlet valve fully closed, the inlet valve is opened completely.
3. The outer valve is slightly opened and the manometric heads in both the limbs (h1 and h2)
are noted.
4. The outlet valve of the collecting tank is tightly closed and the time t required for H rise
of water in the collecting tank is observed using a stop watch.
5. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and observing the
corresponding readings.
6. The observations are tabulated and the friction factor calculated.
Graph:
A graph h Vs v2 is drawn taking h on X-axis.
Result:
Friction factor of the given pipe, f = ..
13
Exp.no: 04
Date:
CALIBARTION OF SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL
PLOT OF RPM Vs TEST SECTION VELOCITY IN A SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL.
AIM:
To plot RPM Vs Test section velocity in a subsonic wind tunnel.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Low speed subsonic wind tunnel
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the wind tunnel.
2. Set the RPM as ____.
3. Measure the corresponding velocity.
4. Similarly for different RPMs note the corresponding velocities.
5. The readings are tabulated.
6. Plot a graph between RPM and test section velocity.
14
TABULATION:
S.NO RPM TEST SECTION VELOCITY

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
RESULT:
Thus the graph is plotted between RPM and test section velocity in a subsonic wind tunnel.
15
Exp.no: 05
Date:
DETERMINATION OF LIFT FOR THE GIVEN AIRFOIL SECTION

(Applicable for both symmetrical and cambered airfoil)
AIM:
To measure the forces on a symmetric/Cambered airfoil at different angle of attack.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Subsonic wind tunnels

2. Symmetric/Cambered airfoil
FORMULA:
L
CL= 1
V2 S
2
D
CD= 1
V2 S
2
CL - Co-efficient of lift
CD - Co-efficient of drag
L - Lift force
D - Drag force
- Density of air
V - Free stream velocity
S - Surface area of the airfoil
16
PROCEDURE:
1. The airfoil is mounted in the test section with the required AOA.
2. The corresponding Lift and Drag force is noted.
3. Similarly find the Lift and Drag force for various AOA.
17
TABULATION:
TABLE 1
Lift force Drag force Side force

s.no Angle of Attack
(kg) (kg) (kg)
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 2
Lift force Drag force Side force

(N) (N) (kg)
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 3
Co-efficient of Co-efficient of Co-efficient of

Lift Drag Side force
1
2
3
4
5
RESULT
Thus the , , on symmetrical airfoil at different angle of attack is determined

18
Exp.No : 06
Date :
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A SMOOTH CIRCULAR CYLINDER
AIM:
To determine the pressure distribution over a circular cylinder
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Smooth Cylindrical model with pressure tapping
2. Subsonic wind tunnel
3. Multi-tube manometer
FORMULA:
pps
Coefficient of pressure, cp= 1
v2
2 a
P - Pressure from the pressure tapping
ps - Static pressure (or) reference pressure
w - Density of water
a - Density of air
h - Height of the liquid in the multi-tube manometer
v - Velocity of air
19
PROCEDURE
1. The cylinder is mounted in the test section with one of the pressure tappings facing the flow.
2. The tube bundle from the pressure tapping is connected to the tubes of the multi-tube
manometer according to the numbering.
3. Switch on the tunnel and set the rpm as _______.
4. Note the height of the liquid in the multi-tube manometer.
5. The readings are tabulated and the corresponding value of co-efficient of pressure (Cp) is noted.
6. A graph is plotted between Cp and the angular location of the pressure tapping ().
20
TABULATIONS:
TABLE 1
Tunnel
Manometric pressure reading (cm of water) static
Free
pressure
stream
s.no RPM (or)
velocity
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10 h11 h12 reference
v
pressure
h13
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 2
Tunnel
Manometric pressure reading (N/m2) static
Free
pressure
stream
s.no RPM (or)
velocity
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10 P11 P12 reference
v
pressure
P13
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 3
Theoretical result,
Experimental result, Cp=
Pressure Cp=1-4sin2

s.no
tapping
RPM= RPM= RPM=
(Degree) Cp
V V V
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
21
RESULT:
Then the determination of the pressure distribution over a circular smooth cylinder is estimated.
22
Exp.No : 07
Date:
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A ROUGH CIRCULAR CYLINDER
AIM:
To determine the pressure distribution over a circular Rough cylinder
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Rough Cylindrical model with pressure tapping
FORMULA:
pps
v2
2 a
a - Density of air
v - Velocity of air
23
PROCEDURE:
1. The cylinder is mounted in the test section with one of the pressure tappings facing the flow.
2. The tube bundle from the pressure tapping is connected to the tubes of the multi-tube
manometer according to the numbering.
3. Switch on the tunnel and set the rpm as _______.
4. Note the height of the liquid in the multi-tube manometer.
6. A graph is plotted between Cp and the angular location of the pressure tapping ().
24
TABULATIONS:
TABLE 1
Tunnel
Free
pressure
stream
s.no RPM (or)
velocity
v
pressure
h13
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 2
Tunnel
Free
pressure
stream
s.no RPM (or)
velocity
v
pressure
P13
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 3
Theoretical result,
Pressure
Cp=1-4sin2
s.no
tapping
RPM= RPM= RPM=
(Degree) Cp
V V V
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
25
RESULT:
Then the determination of the pressure distribution over a Rough cylinder is estimated.
26
Ex.no:08
Date :
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OVER A SYMMETRIC AIRFOIL
AIM:
To determine the pressure distribution over a symmetric airfoil.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Symmetric Airfoil model with pressure tapping
FORMULA:
pps
v2
2 a
a - Density of air
v - Velocity of air
27
PROCEDURE
1. Mount the symmetric Airfoil with the required angle of attack.
2. Connect the pressure tapping tube bundle of the airfoil to the tube bundle of the multi tube
manometer as per the numbering.
3. Switch on the wind tunnel and set the required RPM.
4. Note the heights of the multitube manometer.
6. A graph is plotted between Cp and x/c (location of pressure tapping with respect to the chord)
7. Repeat the experiment for different RPM or AOA
28
TABULATION:
TABLE-A
Pressure x (distance of pressure tapping from

s.no x/c
tapping leading edge)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
1. FOR CONSTANT AOA:
TABLE 1
= ____
Tunnel
Free
pressure
stream
s.no RPM (or)
velocity
v
pressure
h13
1
2
3
4
5
29
TABLE 2
= ____
Tunnel
Manometric pressure reading (N/m2)
static
Free
pressure
stream
s.no RPM (or)
velocity
v
pressure
P12
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 3


Pressure
s.no x/c
tapping
RPM= RPM= RPM=
V V V
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
30
2. FOR CONSTANT RPM:
TABLE 1
RPM = ____
Tunnel
Manometric pressure reading (cm of water)
static
pressure
s.no AOA (or)
pressure
h13
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 2
RPM = ____
Tunnel
pressure
s.no AOA (or)
pressure
P13
1
2
3
4
5
31
TABLE 3

Pressure

s.no x/c
tapping = = =
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
RESULT
32
Thus the pressure distribution over a cambered airfoil is calculated.
Exp.no:09
Date :
PRESSURE DISTRIBUTIONS OVER A CAMBERED AIRFOIL
AIM:
To determine the pressure distribution over a cambered airfoil.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Cambered Airfoil model with pressure tapping
FORMULA:
pps
v2
2 a
a - Density of air
v - Velocity of air
33
PROCEDURE:
1. Mount the cambered Airfoil with the required angle of attack.
2. Connect the pressure tapping tube bundle of the airfoil to the tube bundle of the multi tube
manometer as per the numbering.
3. Switch on the wind tunnel and set the required RPM.
4. Note the heights of the multitube manometer.
5. The readings are tabulated and the corresponding value of co-efficient of pressure (Cp) is
noted.
6. A graph is plotted between Cp and x/c (location of pressure tapping with respect to the
chord)
7. Repeat the experiment for different RPM or AOA
34
TABULATION:
TABLE-A
Pressure x (distance of pressure tapping from leading

s.no x/c
tapping edge)
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
3. FOR CONSTANT AOA:
TABLE 1
= ____
Tunnel
Free
pressure
stream
s.no RPM (or)
velocity
v
pressure
h13
1
2
3
4
5
35
TABLE 2
= ____
Tunnel
Free
pressure
stream
s.no RPM (or)
velocity
v
pressure
P13
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 3

Pressure

s.no x/c
tapping
RPM= RPM= RPM=
V V V
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
36
4. FOR CONSTANT RPM:
TABLE 1
RPM = ____
Tunnel
pressure
s.no AOA (or)
reference
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10 h11 h12 pressure
h13
1
2
3
4
5
TABLE 2
RPM = ____
Tunnel
pressure
s.no AOA (or)
pressure
P13
1
2
3
4
5
37
TABLE 3

Pressure

s.no x/c
tapping
= = =
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 10
11 11
12 12
RESULT:
Thus the pressure distribution over symmetric airfoil is calculated.
38
Exp. No. : 10
Date :
FLOW VISUALAIZATION STUDIES IN SUBSONIC FLOWS
AIM:
To find characteristics of the flow generated by given objects.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Airfoil (or) the plate buff bodies
THEORY:
The most common method of flow field visualization is through smoke. A significant advantage
of system is the fact that smoke can be started and stopped in fraction of a second. The problem
associated with this is the low quality photographic record rather than real time human visual
inspection.
39
PROCEDURE:
1. Cover the back side of test section with dark cloth.
2. Switch ON the light.
3. Keep the needle valve closed.
4. Fill the overhead bottle with diesel and check the level.
5. Fix the smoke distributor at the inlet of the test section.
6. Connect the base pipe of the distributor to the outlet of the smoke generator.
7. Connect the electrical supply of cartridge heater to the control panel.
8. Fix the require model is test section (or) orientation.
9. Initially open the needle value and allow the diesel to flow in the pipe.
10. Now switch ON the heater control unit.
11. After the initial heating, the smoke starts coming out of smoke distributor.
12. Switch ON the wind tunnel and make sure that the smoke flow is uniform and visible.
13. Observe the flow pattern at different orientation of models.
14. After the experiment is over close the needle valve.
15. Allow the wind tunnel to operate for some time to drive the smoke out of the test section.
CONCLUSION:
Thus the flow fields around the given model of different orientation were analyzed using smoke
flow visualization. The flow fields are sketched manually and in some occasions photographed for
future analyses.
40

Admm

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Judul Asli

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Admm

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

AE6411- AERODYNAMICS

1. FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE-METER

2. FLOW THROUGH VENTURI-METER

3. FLOW THROUGH PIPES- LAMINAR & TURBULENT FLOWS

5. DETERMINATION OF LIFT FOR THE GIVEN AIRFOIL SECTION

6. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER SMOOTH CIRCULAR CYLINDER

7. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER ROUGH CIRCULAR CYLINDER

8. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER SYMMETRIC AEROFOIL

9. PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION OVER CAMBERED AEROFOIL

10. FLOW VISUALIZATION STUDIES IN SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL- SMOKE TUNNEL

Internal plan dimensions of collecting tank,

Manometric readings Discharge

FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE-METER

Orifice-meter is a device used to measure the discharge of any liquid

Internal plan area of collecting tank (A),

6. The above procedure is repeated by gradually increasing the flow and

The graphs Qa Vs h, is drawn and taking h on X-axis.

The coefficient of discharge (Cd) for Orifice-meter is .

Internal plan dimensions of collecting tank,

Manometric readings Discharge

FLOW THROUGH VENTURI-METER

To determine the coefficient of discharge (Cd) for the given venturi-meter.

Venturi-meter is a device used to measure the discharge of any liquid flowing

Internal plan area of collecting tank,

The graphs Qa Vs h, is drawn and taking h on X-axis.

The coefficient of discharge (Cd) for Venturi-meter is .

Internal plan dimensions of collecting tank,

Manometric readings Loss of head Discharge Velocity Friction

FLOW THROUGH PIPES

To determine the friction factor (f) of the given pipe.

When liquid flows through a pipeline, it is subjected to frictional resistance. The

Cross sectional area of pipe,

Internal plan area of collecting tank,

6. The observations are tabulated and the friction factor calculated.

A graph h Vs v2 is drawn taking h on X-axis.

Friction factor of the given pipe, f = ..

CALIBARTION OF SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL

PLOT OF RPM Vs TEST SECTION VELOCITY IN A SUBSONIC WIND TUNNEL.

To plot RPM Vs Test section velocity in a subsonic wind tunnel.

Low speed subsonic wind tunnel

1. Switch on the wind tunnel.

2. Set the RPM as ____.

3. Measure the corresponding velocity.

4. Similarly for different RPMs note the corresponding velocities.

5. The readings are tabulated.

6. Plot a graph between RPM and test section velocity.

S.NO RPM TEST SECTION VELOCITY

DETERMINATION OF LIFT FOR THE GIVEN AIRFOIL SECTION

To measure the forces on a symmetric/Cambered airfoil at different angle of attack.

1. Subsonic wind tunnels

V - Free stream velocity

S - Surface area of the airfoil

2. The corresponding Lift and Drag force is noted.

Lift force Drag force Side force

Lift force Drag force Side force

Co-efficient of Co-efficient of Co-efficient of

Thus the , , on symmetrical airfoil at different angle of attack is determined

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION AROUND A SMOOTH CIRCULAR CYLINDER

To determine the pressure distribution over a circular cylinder

1. Smooth Cylindrical model with pressure tapping

2. Subsonic wind tunnel

P - Pressure from the pressure tapping

ps - Static pressure (or) reference pressure