TopicW6WWGeneralWPlantWEquipment

CourseWLBW6.7WWCoolingWWaterWSupplyWandWTreatment

VDZWOnlineWCourses // Cement
Imprint

German Cement Works Association

Research Institute of the Cement Industry
P.O. box 30 10 63, 40410 Duesseldorf, Germany
Tannenstrasse 2, 40476 Duesseldorf, Germany
Phone: +49 211 45 781
Fax: +49 211 45 78296
info@vdz-online.de
www.vdz-online.de

info@elearning-vdz.de
www.elearning-vdz.de/en

Issued: 14th December 2015

Contents
1 Introduction....................................................................................................... 1
2 Construction and Operating Principle ........................................................... 1
2.1 Fresh Water Cooling ........................................................................................... 2
2.2 Dry Cooling Towers............................................................................................ 4
2.3 Wet Cooling Towers ........................................................................................... 6
2.4 Water Quality...................................................................................................... 9
2.4.1 Water Properties.................................................................................................. 9
2.4.2 Water Treatment Methods................................................................................... 10
2.4.3 Water Analysis.................................................................................................... 12
2.5 Selection of System Technology ........................................................................ 12

3 Health and Safety Practices ............................................................................. 13

4 Operation and Quality ..................................................................................... 13

5 Wear and Corrosion ......................................................................................... 13 i

6 Maintenance and Inspection............................................................................ 14

7 Environmental Protection ................................................................................ 14

8 Questions on Course LB 6.7 Cooling Water Supply................................... 14

Solutions............................................................................................................................... 16
Glossary ............................................................................................................................... 17

Index..................................................................................................................................... 18

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1 Introduction

The cooling of process systems takes up a great deal of space in a cement works and is
also associated with high energy expenditure. The large number of different applications
means that there is a range of different solutions for cooling process systems. A coolant is
required in all processes involving generation of heat.
For some industrial applications direct air cooling is the most effective method of cooling.
Ambient air is hardly corrosive, costs nothing, is always readily available everywhere, is
environmentally friendly and does not require treatment or disposal.
Direct air cooling is used when the heat carriers can be reached directly by the air, for
example when cooling electric motors using fan blades, or when ventilating/cooling build-
ings by selective air routing as well as when cooling kiln shells with cooling fans.
Direct air cooling is the simplest cooling method. However it is not always possible to
implement from a technical perspective and in some cases is associated with higher in-
vestment or operating costs. 1
Compared with direct air cooling, water cooling is a more effective cooling option in the
majority of applications as in most cases it is only possible to cool complex machine and
system components using liquid cooling, primarily with water. Water is especially suitable
for cooling. In most cases, water is easily available and is characterised by a high heat-
absorbtion capacity and almost unchanging substance properties over a wide temperature
range. In some cases, a number of technically different systems and operating principles
are used for the different stages of production.
A large amount of cooling water is also used to condition the kiln exhaust gases in the
conditioning tower in a cement works with kilns.
The supply of cooling water in a cement works is therefore always one of the essential
subsidiary systems. Uninterrupted production can only be ensured by trouble-free oper-
ation of the cooler and cooling systems as well as uninterrupted supply of the required
amounts of water. This also includes, where necessary, the measures and systems required
for recooling the heated cooling water.
This course describes the measures and options for supplying cooling water in a cement
works.

Course Summary

2 Construction and Operating Principle

The cooling process involves the removal of thermal energy from a heat carrier, thereby
cooling it. Thermal energy is taken up by the coolant and taken away by movement.
All cooling processes ultimately release their heat into the atmosphere so the process is
generally known by the name of the primary coolant, i.e. air cooling or water cooling.

In water cooling a distinction can be made between fresh water cooling and recirculation
cooling using cooling towers.
 In fresh water cooling the cooling water is removed from a body of water and fed
directly back to it.
 If fresh water cooling is not possible or is not permitted, the cooling water required
must be recooled in wet or dry cooling towers using a flow of air provided by a fan
or natural draught (for example power station cooling towers). Smaller units are also
known as wet air or dry air coolers (Fig. 2.0-1).

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 2 Construction and Operating Principle

Figure 2.0-1: Operating Principle of Dry and Wet Air Coolers. (Source: GEA Energy Technology
GmbH)

2
The primary coolant for cooling the equipment is again water. The heated water is then
fed to a cooler where it is recooled using air. Different types of systems are available for
recooling and these different cooling methods place different requirements on the cooling
water flow used.
With dry coolers the heat is transferred by convection via cooling surfaces. This method
has greater resistance to heat transmission and a lower temperature gradient than the wet
method. In wet coolers heat is transferred by evaporation of water. Approximately 1 % to
3 % of the cooling water flow is lost and must be replaced by fresh water.

2.1 Fresh Water Cooling

Principle
In fresh water cooling (Fig. 2.1-1) the cooling water is removed from a river or reservoir
and cleaned. The cooling water from the return flow is fed back at a higher temperature.

evaporation by
heating

plant cooling

water treatment

body of water

Figure 2.1-1: Fresh Water Cooling .

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 2.1 Fresh Water Cooling

The heated water rises to the surface and is cooled by thermal radiation and evaporation,
the thermal energy being released slowly into the air. Mist is formed when cold air is
located above warm water and this phenomenon is more pronounced at the cooling water
inlet points.

Fresh Water Cooling With No Cooling Circuit

In a cement works with kilns, especially in older systems, it is normal to cool the equip-
ment in process systems without using a circuit (Fig. 2.1-2). In this instance, the water
taken from the body of water is treated so that it can be used directly in the works. From a
technical point of view, this application is the simplest type of water cooling. The energy
is dissipated directly with no further transmission losses. Drawbacks include the need to
treat all the water continuously and the high maintenance costs owing to the corrosive-
ness/abrasiveness of the water (which usually contains lime and is very hard water).

evaporation evaporation
by heating
3

plant cooling

conditioning
water treatment
tower

body of water

Figure 2.1-2: Fresh Water Cooling With Open Circuit .

If necessary, the heated cooling water is used in a second step for conditioning in the
conditioning tower. When water is used in a conditioning tower it is not generally fed
back to the body of water. Excess water is only diverted if the amount of cooling water
used is too low.

Advantages Disadvantages

technically simple solution high maintenance costs for rotary cooler units
high thermal efficiency and low electrical depending on water quality
energy consumption high cost of achieving water quality
low investment costs it must be possible to empty water from the
coupled use possible pipe system as a protection against freezing
use is made of the technical systems required different cooling water temperatures during
anyway to obtain the water for the direct/interconnected operation
conditioning tower

Table 2.1-1: Advantages and disadvantages of fresh water cooling with no cooling circuit.

Fresh Water Cooling with Closed Cooling Circuit

If the water required for the conditioning tower process cannot be used directly often due
to a complex water piping system that cannot be emptied as a protection against freezing,
or for example due to regulations in water protection areas then a heat exchanger (Fig.

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 2 Construction and Operating Principle

2.1-3) can be inserted. This separates the cooling circuits. The primary fresh water circuit
extends as far as the heat exchanger, the water in the secondary cooling circuit is cooled
by the heat exchanger and the water is fed back into the circuit.
The secondary cooling circuit is operated as a closed system with water that has been
treated so it will not freeze. As there is no significant water leakage loss, mains-quality
water is used to fill the system.

evaporation by heating plant cooling

heat exchanger

water treatment
4

body of water

Figure 2.1-3: Fresh Water Cooling in Closed Cooling Circuit Without Removal of Water for Conditioning
Tower .

Advantages Disadvantages

low technical costs and low electrical energy attention must be paid to water quality if there
consumption are serious leaks
low maintenance costs higher technical costs compared to the open
high thermal efficiency circuit
low operating costs due to better water quality cooling water pipe system and conditioning
water system must be separate

Table 2.1-2: Advantages and disadvantages of fresh water cooling with closed cooling circuit.

2.2 Dry Cooling Towers

In dry air coolers (Fig. 2.2-1 and Fig. 2.2-2) ambient air is guided through a finned tube
heat exchanger with the aid of fans to cool a coolant. The heated cooling water is cooled
in the tube bundles and fed back to the primary cooler or heat source by pumps.

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 2.2 Dry Cooling Towers

Figure 2.2-1: Dry Air Cooler. (Source: Kelvion (formerly GEA Heat Exchangers GmbH))

1 axial fan
5
2 finned tube heat exchanger

3 fan control

4 product temperature control

5 closed circuit

6 heat source

Table 2.2-1: Key to Fig. 2.2-1.

fan
finned tube bundle fan ring
heating coils air box
louvres

pulley

drive belt

electric motor
support structure

Figure 2.2-2: Finned Tube Heat Exchanger. (Source: Kelvion (formerly GEA Heat Exchangers GmbH))

The plants operate in a closed water circuit and have the appropriate requirements for
water quality and water treatment to achieve frost-proof operation of the plants.
The fans required to convey the cooling air normally have variable speed drives. A low
speed when operating overnight or in winter reduces operating costs and leads to reduced
noise emissions.
Narrow finned tube bundles (Fig. 2.2-3) require high-quality water treatment to avoid
blockages and calcification inside the pipes. Mains water containing an appropriate an-
tifreeze additive is used in the closed circuit.
Because of the fins the air must be cleaned at the air-intake end of all impurities that could
prevent continued passage of air. Leaves, feathers and even deposits of corrosive cement
dust can considerably impair efficiency.

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 2 Construction and Operating Principle

bracket
ventilation / tube sheet
emptying (fixed end)
cover plate

chamber
chamber seal (inlet)
(inlet)

guide bolts

cover plate

side wall

suspension lug tube sheet

(floating end)
finned tubes

Figure 2.2-3: Narrow Finned Tube Bundle. (Source: Kelvion (formerly GEA Heat Exchangers GmbH))
6
In addition to the water circuit, the industrial applications of this plant also include expen-
diture on air circulation, fans, electric drives and energy consumption. The cost for main-
tenance of the water circuit is considered to be low. Unless there are leaks, the amount of
leakage water lost is negligible provided that the temperatures in the water circuit do not
exceed the water vapour temperature. The feed pumps in the system are generally also not
designed for this.
At this point in the online course you could watch an animation on the operating principle
of a dry air cooler.

Advantages Disadvantages

practically no environmental impact low thermal efficiency

no water losses high investment costs
simple pump installation technically more complex than fresh water
cooling
3.5 times the amount of air compared to wet
air coolers
high electric energy consumption
danger of freezing in the closed circuit

Table 2.2-2: Advantages and disadvantages of dry air cooling.

2.3 Wet Cooling Towers

The wet cooling circuit operates with a (semi-)open circuit, similar to the open circuit in
fresh water cooling (Fig. 2.3-1).

At this point in the online course you could watch an animation of the operating principle
of a wet air cooler.
In this instance the heated process water is transferred into an open circuit for recooling.
The water to be cooled from the cooling process is pumped to a distribution device in the
lower third of the cooling tower. It is then either atomized by nozzles or dispersed from the
overflow channel over internal fittings and broken up into thin layers and flows against the

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 2.3 Wet Cooling Towers

stream of air. The internal fittings sometimes include membrane elements made of woven
plastic fabric or plastic sponge with a high surface area for effective heat transfer.
The air enters the cooler housing laterally at the bottom of the housing. The requisite air
flow is ensured by the air distribution baffles located above the water distribution system,
assisted by the fan drive.
The electric drive of the fan is controlled by the temperature measurement at the cooler
outlet. During winter and partial load operation, the fan can be switched off or operated at
a lower speed.

Figure 2.3-1: Cooler Unit of a Wet Cooler Plant .

The frost protection unit of a wet cooler system generally includes a cold water tank (Fig.
2.3-2), which is installed beneath the cooler unit (Fig. 2.3-1) and into which the water
from the cooler flows by gravity. The cold water is fed to the plant by pumps. If there is
sufficient system pressure the water can be fed directly to the wet cooler from the return
flow.
In most installations, however, it is necessary to incorporate another pump station to ensure
sufficient atomization pressure for the wet cooler. The heated water from the cooling
process is sometimes also fed to a second warm water tank.
The tank system and pump station must be frost-proof as the water in the open circuit
cannot be treated with anti-freeze agents.
In the wet method, approximately 1 to 3 % of the input cooling water is evaporated. The
water storage tank must be de-sludged regularly in order to observe the permissible salt

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 2 Construction and Operating Principle

Figure 2.3-2: Cold Water Tank System with Pumps .

content. The water sludge must be removed and this leads to additional water losses. This
lost water must be replaced continuously by water of appropriate quality. The replacement
water must be supplied either directly as water of mains water quality or as water of quarry
water quality using the necessary treatment and water treatment agents (Fig. 2.3-3).

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 2.4 Water Quality

Figure 2.3-3: Water Treatment .

Advantages Disadvantages

greater thermal efficiency high investment costs

technical input similar to that of dry air high water losses
coolers water treatment may be expensive
lower electricity consumption technical input for the pump station
system can be drained wet air cooler operation sometimes not
no frost protection possible when there is frost

Table 2.3-1: Advantages and disadvantages of wet cooling.

2.4 Water Quality

It is not generally necessary to pre-treat the filling water for the closed cold water network,
apart from possible oxygen fixation with hydrazine or sodium sulfite.
In contrast, the treatment of the supply water (feed water) is of great importance for cooling
systems to prevent corrosion and deposition in the cooling water network.
The quality of the water for use in cooling systems is determined by its chemical and
physical properties. The properties determine the waters usability in commercial systems
or the treatment methods required to achieve usability.

Hydrazine
Hydrazine is a colourless nitrogen compound. In addition to use for oxygen fixation,
hydrazine is also used as rocket fuel. Hydrazine is suitable for storage but great care
should be taken when handling it.

2.4.1 Water Properties

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 2 Construction and Operating Principle

Hardness
All the dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium cause water hardness. They may be
present as carbonates, sulfates, chlorides or nitrates. The compounds of carbonates are
called carbonate hardness (CH). The general term for the other compounds is non-carbonate
hardness (NCH). Addition of the two types generally gives the total hardness (TH). A
distinction can also be made between calcium hardness (CaH) and magnesium hardness
(MgH), the sum of which also gives the TH.

Salt Content
Apart from the alkaline earth metals that form the hardness, alkali salts (Na and K) are
also almost always present in water. The total salt content of water can be calculated by
analysis or established from evaporation residues.

pH
10 The pH indicates whether water is acidic, neutral or alkaline:
 pH < 7 acidic
 pH = 7 neutral
 pH > 7 alkaline

Alkalinity
Alkalinity is understood to mean the content of sodium carbonate (soda), calcium carbon-
ate or hydroxides as well as of ammonia, hydrazine and hydrogen carbonates.

2.4.2 Water Treatment Methods

Anion

Purification
In order to remove any suspended material and sediment, water can be passed through sed-
imentation tanks where it is cleaned during suitable residence times or else is cleaned by
passing through appropriate gravel layers in gravel bed filter systems. However, very fine
suspended material cannot be removed by this method without using chemical additives.
Iron or aluminium salts are added as precipitating agents to flush out the material.

Filtration
Coarse materials can be removed by gravel or burnt dolomite rock. This material is also
used for de-acidification and removal of iron and manganese in addition to filtration.

De-acidification
In water, de-acidification primarily involves the removal of corrosive carbonic acids until
the lime-carbonic acid balance is reached. The following methods are used for this:
 aeration: trickling water via cascades against a counter-current of air
 filtration over crushed marble (CaCO3)
 filtration over burnt dolomite rock (CaCO3 MgO)
 de-acidification using lime (Ca(OH)2)

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 2.4 Water Quality

 de-acidificiation using soda (Na 2CO3)

 de-acidification using sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

Removal of iron and manganese

Aeration converts iron hydrogen carbonate or iron sulfate into iron(III) hydroxide that
is sparingly soluble in water. The sulfuric acid released in this process is converted if
there is sufficient carbonate hardness , while NaOH or Ca(OH)2 must be added if there
is not. Manganese is converted into manganese dioxide by the aeration. The compounds
converted into the sparingly soluble forms of iron or manganese can then be removed by
filtration through gravel or burnt dolomite rock.

Decarbonization and Softening by Precipitation

Direct addition of chemicals to water makes it possible to precipitate carbonic acid, car-
bonate hardness and non-carbonate hardness. Different agents can be used for precipita-
tion. The lime precipitation method, the lime-soda method, the caustic soda method and 11
the soda-phosphate method were commonly used. These methods have now been largely
replaced by the ion exchange method; only the lime precipitation method is still used with
high carbonate hardness and high outputs.

Ion Exchange Method

Ion exchangers are substances that can exchange the ions they contain with other ions
present in the water. Cation exchangers contain weak or strong acid groups, whilst anion
exchangers contain weak or strong alkaline groups. Cation or anion exchange is carried
out in suitably equipped filters. Once exhausted, the exchanger mass must be replenished
with the appropriate chemical solution.
The following methods are possible:
 softening by neutral exchange (Na exchange)
 decarbonization (H exchange)
 decationization (H exchange)
 anion exchange (OH exchange)
 softening and decarbonization (partial demineralization)
 demineralization (full demineralization) and degritting

Degassing
Mechanical or chemical degassing systems and combinations of the two are used to expel
gases (O2 and CO2) dissolved in water. In thermal degassing the water to be degassed
is brought to boiling point by supplying heat, causing O2 and CO2 to be expelled and
released into the atmosphere.
Hydrazine is generally used in chemical degassing to fix O2.

Demineralization
A certain amount of demineralized water, which depends on the carbonate hardness and
total salt content in the supply and recycled water, is required to restrict the concentration
of the recycled water as a result of evaporation. The flow of mineralized water can be fixed
or dispensed precisely using automatically controlled demineralization equipment.

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 2 Construction and Operating Principle

Algae Treatment
Algae growth or slime formation is often observed in cooling towers where the surface of
the water is exposed to sunlight or the incoming air is polluted, and must be eliminated
using chemical agents (biocides).

2.4.3 Water Analysis

An analysis of the water must be carried out in order to assess and select the most appro-
priate method of treatment.
The complete configuration of a water treatment system cannot be worked out just from
the chemical and physical characteristics of the water.
At wall temperatures up to 60 C the recycled water in cooling water circuits made of
steel pipes operating under varying conditions should have the main analysis values given
in Tab. 2.4-1.
12
Property Value

pH 7 to 8.5

sum of alkaline earths (formerly total hardness) < 10.7 mol/m3

corresponding to 60 dH

acid capacity up to pH 4.3 (SK 4.3) (formerly < 6.4 mol/m3 (formerly corresponding to 18 dH)
carbonate hardness)

total salt content (TSC) < 2500 mg/l to > 2000 mg/l corresponding to
conductivity of approximately 240 V/cm

iron (Fe) < 0.005 mol/m3 = 0.3 mg/l

manganese (Mn) < 0.002 mol/m3 = 0.1 mg/l

chloride (Cl) < 8 mol/m3 = 284 mg/l

sulfate (SO4) < 3 mol/m3 = 288 mg/l

total bacterial count < 100,000 bacteria/cm3

Table 2.4-1: Analysis Values of Recycled Water in Cooling Water Circuits Operating under Varying
Conditions.

2.5 Selection of System Technology

The technical design of the treatment system can be accomplished wih the aid of the com-
parative values. The configuration of the complex technology and the associated operating
costs of the systems as well as the interaction of the individual treatment stages require
input from specialist companies. These companies can make the operation of systems of
this type considerably more cost-effective as a result of tailored advice and maintenance
knowledge.
Each treatment system is adapted to the actual water quality and the chosen cooler tech-
nology. The selection of the cooling method is often examined for cost-effectiveness on
the basis of the costs of the treatment system. This is particularly true when comparing
wet and dry cooling methods.

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3 Health and Safety Practices
As usual, the safety guidelines must be observed and special attention must also be paid
to the plant manufacturers EU attestation of conformity.
Plants in which hazardous substances (anti-freeze agents, water treatment chemicals, etc.)
are involved must be monitored particularly carefully. The information contained in the
EU safety data sheets must be disclosed. Operating instructions for work that involves
handling hazardous substances must be compiled and distributed in accordance with haz-
ardous substance regulations. The infiltration of these substances into ground and surface
water must be prevented. Instructions must be provided on how to proceed in the case of
an accident.
In this instance attention should be paid, amongst other things, to the quality of the cooling
water with regard to maintaining a safe bacterial count, i.e. the number of E. coli bac-
teria. Regular checks of water circuits that are not regularly replaced or replenished are
absolutely essential.

13
4 Operation and Quality
As described, trouble-free operation of the system is an important factor for reliable pro- Consequences of
duction in a cement works. Malfunctions in the cooling water systems may lead to exces- Breakdown

sive bearing temperatures in rotary kiln plants or cement grinding plants. This results in
an immediate suspension of production or serious damage requiring repair.
The operation of cooling systems always requires additional energy. The selection of the Energy
cooling method on the one hand and the greatest possible energy efficiency of the selected
method on the other are crucial for energy consumption.
A considerable amount of energy can sometimes be saved by using variable-speed drives
or by switching redundant drives on and off on the basis of temperature differences, par-
ticularly during summer/winter operation or day/night operation.
The cooling water system has an indirect effect on product quality during interruptions Quality
to production caused by damage to or malfunctions of the cooling systems. The cooling
system directly affects the setting behaviour of cements. Owing to the composition of the
sulfate agent, cement applications require the greatest possible dehydration of the gypsum
components during grinding in the mill. A high mill temperature is crucial for dehydration,
but the high temperature should not thermally overload the trunnion bearing of the tube
mills. A cooling water temperature that can be adjusted precisely, and sometimes even
different cooling systems, are decisive for quality.

5 Wear and Corrosion

The technology of the cooling water plants and cooling water treatment systems is highly
susceptible to corrosion and wear. Apart from the points mentioned in the other courses
(e.g. Cavitation, p. ?? in course LB 1.2 Water Drainage Systems), the following
points should be noted:
 Owing to the chemical reactions in cooling water systems, the development of the
electro-chemical potential is important in order to prevent permanent damage to
pipelines, tube bundle coolers and threaded connections. Based on the ring main prin-
ciple, only one metal, or only metals with similar electrochemical potentials, should,
as far as possible, be used.

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 8 Questions on Course LB 6.7 Cooling Water Supply

 Water quality is important (but has already been sufficiently described) for preventing
long-term damage or cost-intensive maintenance and servicing work.
 Frost protection of the plants prevents undesirable leaks and extensive interruption to
operation.

6 Maintenance and Inspection

Regular checking of the water quality and the operation of the water treatment plant is of
primary importance. Cleanliness of the heat exchanger unit is a basic operational require-
ment. Regular cleaning should be carried out, and in open cooling systems the screens in
and before the plants should also be checked regularly.
Back Flushing Gravel bed filter systems are back-flushed at set intervals. Water from other sources
should be used during these periods. When gravel bed filters are being back-flushed the
compressed air and water flow and swirl through the gravel bed in the reverse direction.
The suspended material and residues that have been picked up are taken off via a bypass
14 to the waste water discharge.

7 Environmental Protection
Emissions The direct emissions from cooling systems are primarily steam and mist, caused by in-
creased atmospheric moisture. Large amounts of condensed cooling water can extend the
duration of the mist. However, the higher level of atmospheric moisture generally has a
positive effect on the local microclimate.
Measures An important environmental protection measure is to limit the temperature of the bodies
of water or streams. The temperature of the body of water may increase as a result of the
introduction of large volumes of cooling water.
With regard to environmental protection, the method exhibiting the greatest thermal ef-
ficiency should also be selected from the technically feasible methods of cooling. In this
regard, economic considerations are also of importance in addition to the ecological as-
pects.

8 Questions on Course LB 6.7 Cooling Water

Supply
You can test your knowledge by answering the following questions.

Question 8.0 A:
1.: What is understood by fresh water cooling?
2.: What are the advantages of fresh water cooling over the use of a cooling tower?
3.: What are the disadvantages of fresh water cooling compared to use of a cooling
tower?
4.: What is the major advantage of closed cooling circuits during winter operation?
5.: Which components in closed cooling systems with dry air coolers are particularly
sensitive?
6.: Which measures are necessary for continuous operation of dry cooling towers?
7.: Which energy optimization measures are generally used in finned tube coolers?

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 8.: What are the disadvantages of dry air cooler systems compared to wet cooler sys-
tems?
9.: What are the advantages of dry air cooler systems compared to wet cooler systems?
10.: Which frost protection measures are used in wet cooler systems?
11.: Which properties of water affect its use as cooling water?
12.: Which methods for treating cooling water are applied or can be applied?
13.: Do you know the water analysis data for your cooling water and which treatment
methods are required for the water?
Solution see p.16

15

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 8 Questions on Course LB 6.7 Cooling Water Supply

Solutions
Solutions to 8.0 A:
1.: Cooling using water from a body of water or storage reservoirs
2.: Technically simple solution Low investment costs
3.: Maintenance costs Extensive water treatment
4.: Antifreeze agents can be used
5.: The tube bundles
6.: The cooling water must be of a high quality. The cooling fins must be kept clean.
7.: Use of variable-speed drives
8.: Larger size
9.: No cooling mist and therefore no loss of cooling water
10.: Increased conveying pressure. Frost-resistant installation of pumps and storage
tanks.
11.: Hardness, salt content, pH, alkalinity
16 12.: Purification, filtration, de-acidification, decarbonization, removal of iron, removal
of manganese, ion exchange methods, degassing, demineralization, algae treat-
ment
13.:
Question see p. 14

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Glossary
Anion
anion a negatively charged ion
cation
cation a positively charged ion
convection
convection or convective heat transfer is the transfer of heat from one place to another by the movement of fluids
corrosion
Corrosion is generally the reaction between a material and its environment that causes a measurable change in
the material and may impair the function of a component or system. Corrosion affects metals, but the term is
also used in other fields. Examples include rust and pitting.
hydrazine
Chemcial that is used for oxygen fixation in closed cooling circuits.
Ion
ion a particle (atom or molecule) with a net electric charge
sodium sulfite
sodium salt of sulphurous acids 17
to condition
to condition bring (something) into the desired state for use e.g. reducing the exhaust gas temperature by an
injection of water or water vapor

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 Index

A
Anion 10, 11

C
cation 11
convection 2
corrosion 1

H
hydrazine 9

I
Ion 11

S
sodium sulfite 9
18
T
to condition 1

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