CE PROJECT I: Jiezl, Clairole & Erving

PULVERIZED USED CERAMIC TILES AS AN ADDITIVE IN CEMENT MORTAR FOR PLASTERING

I. Introduction

Background of the Study (Why? Context)

In current time the environment is severely polluted by various wastes and toxics which create a danger
for all living beings. When people ask the researchers, how to start helping our environment? One of
the first things the researchers always suggest is to reduce wastes they produce ends up polluting the
environment like___

The researchers say this because it is one way to go green that is easy to do, healthier for you, better for
the planet, and puts money in your wallet. Its a triumph for everyone.

But first, whats with___? Properties of Ceramic Tiles However, Problems related to According to

Waste disposal remains a challenge for many municipalities in the Philippines.

Cement Mortar for Plastering

Sustainable building materials creation is based on the positive life cycle assessment concept. New
construction materials are designed to meet the sustainable development policy in aspect of whole life
cycle of the products in a broader aspect, including efficient natural resources usage. It is a prerequisite
for energy efficiency increasing, which in turn leads to decreasing industrial environmental impacts.
1433083323659555 maybe
1) Nowadays, material recycling is a growing trend in the development of building materials and further
usage of secondary raw materials for production of new building materials. We also have noted the
transition from the application of non-renewable sources of raw materials to renewable raw materials.
Renewable raw materials include organic sources of raw materials which are based on plant fibres
(hemp hurds, sisal, coir, wood pulp) and recycled materials such as waste paper. This material is used to
contribute to environmental protection and to save non-renewable resources of raw materials.

Large quantities of waste are being generated worldwide. Agriculture and construction are just two
examples of the many sources of waste. This accumulation of waste leads to serious environmental
concerns [1]. Use of waste as reinforcement in cement composites has enormous potential in the field
of recycled materials for building construction.

Used ceramic tiles is an example of a valuable material that can be recycled. One of the types of building
products based on the use of cellulosic material is mortar. Mortars, including rendering mortar and
plastering mortar, are used for ages and play an important role in shaping the surface structures.
Mortars are used to cover the wall and ceiling surfaces. These finish materials are used as a design
element or as protection of masonry against weather influence and mechanical loads. Rendering and
plastering mortar must comply with the standards and requirements [5].

The aim of this review is to compile the available literature data on the use of cellulosic fibres, mainly
fibres from the recycled paper. It can be used as a guideline for our upcoming research of utilization of
cellulosic fibres derived from recycled paper into mortar/plaster.

In the recent years, much more attention has been paid to sustainable, green and environmental
friendly materials for various applications [13].

2)

3) Philippines has a problem with solid waste. It is evident in the construction industry that
debris from wastage coming from all sorts of engineering materials is a major problem that we
need to address. These wastes bring about environment issues that lead to the economic
growth of our country. The research aims to provide a solution to problems on waste generation
cause by ceramic tiles production and usage in construction. A certain tile manufacturing
company in the Philippines allegedly breaks approximately 0.01% of their ceramic tiles upon
delivery.
As for the tiles wastes in construction, there are two types of materials in construction that are
subject to estimation. These are the countable and measurable. Ceramic tiles are part of the
measurable types of materials. According to Philippine laws, statutes and codes RA 1984 d, the
contractors should not waste more than 10% of the volume.
In the journal solid waste segregation and recycling in MetroManila: Household attitudes and
behavior by Ma Eugenia C. Bennagen, Georgina Nepumuceno and Ramil Covar, they
categorized ceramic tiles as inert materials along with rocks, bricks, o stones, cinder etc. Their
journal shows how much of the waste is recovered, burned, reused and disposed. Only 10
percent of the inert materials are reused (as fill) and 90 percent of it is disposed.
In the past, researches had been conducted in order to come up with economical solutions in
construction, due to constant increase of prices of materials used. We can solve this problem by
using cheap materials as a substitute for the standard materials used in construction
Based from literatures, crushed ceramic waste can be used as a substitute for coarse
aggregates in concrete. The researchers conducted this similar study on the ceramic tiles waste
in the country. The ceramic tiles differ by region since the soils being used to make tiles in one
place differs from the other place. In order to examine the effectiveness of the substitution of
ceramic tiles in coarse aggregates, testing of concrete specimens using universal testing
machine was made.
4) Sustainable development is nowadays the main topic around the world in all areas of human
activity. One of areas that consume large quantities of natural resources is civil engineering. For
example, the yearly consumption of aggregates in Taking into consideration this fact, the
search for alternate mortar and concrete components, preferably made from recycled and waste
materials, becomes crucial. Still, the basic condition for the implementation of such innovative
approaches is the assurance that it will not result in any significant reduction in the quality of the
structures and elements built with these products. The use of ceramic waste in cement
composite manufacturing fits very well into sustainable development strategy. There are some
publications addressing the potential of different types of ceramic waste as active additives to
Portland cement-based materials [2-4], most of them dealing with their influence on the
properties of mortars and concretes when used in replacement of natural aggregates [5-8].
Medina et al. examined the properties of concretes that incorporate 4/12.5-mm crushed sanitary
ceramic in partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate [9]. Results of their studies revealed
that incorporation of sanitary ceramic aggregates up to 25% improves compressive and tensile
splitting strengths. Authors also demonstrated that the ceramic particles do not interfere with
cement hydration. Moreover internal transition zone between cement paste and recycled
ceramic aggregate is more compact and less porous in comparison with that found at the
surface of natural aggregates, which may improve the resistance to aggressive agents.
Furthermore, Medina et al. studied the permeability of O2 and CO2 in concretes where
aggregates were replaced by 20 and 25% of 4/12.5 mm crushed ceramic waste particles [10].
The results indicated that gas permeation in both the reference and modified concretes
proceeds at comparable level,regardless of the ceramic filler content. The depth of penetration
of water under pressure also did not change within the investigated range of natural aggregate
substitution and in relation to reference concrete. However, the volume of capillary pores in
concrete was found to rise, causing increased sorptivity [11].
Halicka et al. also carried out research on the concrete incorporating ceramic waste [12, 13].
They replaced the natural aggregates (coarse only?) with crushed ceramic aggregates prepared
from postproduction sanitary ceramic waste supplied by a Polish manufacturer. The ceramic
aggregate used in that study had a 0/8 mm grading. The density values were similar to those of
natural aggregate (2.64 and 2.36 respectively), while the absorption was found to be slightly
higher (1.53%). Author reveled that concrete with sanitary ceramic aggregate would have initial
cohesion. Consistency of designed mixtures examined by slump cone test were significantly
different. Halicka et al. observed that slump of modified mix was more than four times lower in
comparison with traditional concrete with natural aggregates, which are characterized by
smaller water absorption [13]. The abrasion resistance, determined by direct measurements of
specimen height changes, was greater in case of ceramic waste concrete. The same trend was
observed for compressive strength, tensile splitting strength and resistance to high temperature.
7) The world progresses alongside civilization, culture and technology; innovation is a must. As part of
human nature, man continues to make life 'easier' through inventions, discoveries and innovations
hence, the assurance of the best possible service and materials available for the daily lives of man. As an
attempt to 'innovate', the researchers have decided to commit ourselves to a research that will do just
that. An experiment revolving around a common building tool used in almost every infrastructure
around the world:

Problem Statement (gap? Missing? Inefficient?)

7)
How will ceramic tiles used as an additive affect the plaster's compressive strength? Would the
ratio of sand to ceramic tiles affect it?
o 40% Ceramic Tiles while 60% Sand

o 50% Ceramic Tiles while 50% Sand

o 60% Ceramic Tiles while 40% Sand

Will a common cement plaster be better than the cement plaster with ceramic tiles as an
additive in terms of compressive strength?

Objectives of the Study (what are you going to do? To + Verb)

General Objective: Objectives: analyze-to breakdown, compare, contrast; synthesize-categorize,
rearrange, review, design; , evaluate-appraise, conclude, justify, critique, criticize
Specific Objectives: Knowledge Comprehension Application
Operative words: To name, list, identify, illustrate, define, describe, match
To convert, distinguish, estimate, explain, summarize, rewrite
To complete, apply, construct, operate, predict, produce

5) The primary aim of this research was to produce cement mortar and concrete using
PWC as additive to cement at different proportions and investigate its effect on thefresh and hardened
properties of cement mortar and concrete. The study is guided by the following research issues:
Effect of PWC on the fresh properties of mortar and concrete: The fresh property investigated was
workability. Flow test and slump test were carried out on mortar and concrete samples respectively.
Mortar and concrete samples were prepared with and without PWC additive.
Effect of PWC on hardened properties of mortar and concrete: Mortar and concrete samples were
allowed to harden and cure for different test ages. The investigations performed on hardened mortar
and concrete samples were classified under strength and durability tests. Procedure followed for each
test performed is described in Chapter Three. Tests results were analyzed and conclusions were drawn
on the effect of PWC on hardened properties of mortar and concrete.
Extent to which PWC affects the hydration behaviour of cement: The hydration behaviour of cement
as a result of the presence of PWC was studied through differential thermal analysis (DTA) and
thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
The optimum dosages for use of the product in cementitious systems:
Results from the various tests were analyzed, and conclusions were drawn on the optimum dosages for
use of the product in cementitious systems.
6) Theobjective of this research is to study the effect of using concrete
admixtures to improve concrete properties both in its fresh and hardened
stages in the extremely hot and dry weather of the Sudan.
This can be achieved through experimental work on:
1. Improvement of workability.
2. Increasing of strength.
3. Reducing cement content, hence cost saving
8) The research conducted has the objective:
The study aimed to provide an alternative additive for concrete mix using burning
residuals.
Specifically, the study aimed to meet the following objectives:
To differentiate the compressive strength between concrete with burning residuals
and normal concrete.
To determine the most economical mix proportion of cement and burning residuals.
To determine the optimum mixture of cement and burning residuals.
To quantify the costs of using burning residuals as an additive to concrete on
structural estimates.
Significance of the Study (why are you doing this?)

8) The study aimed to provide information about the use of burning residuals for
additive on concrete. It serves as an innovation for producing concretes that will be used on
structure with new properties. The study serves as a source of knowledge or reference for
those students who wish to pursue or improve the study about the use of burning residuals as
an additive for the concrete. The study aims to inform the society about the beneficial effects
of using burning residual in concrete. This includes the knowledge on how to minimize the
Scope and Limitation of the Study

5) The study did investigate cement mortar and concrete properties by considering their
fresh mixture characteristics, engineering properties, and durability. The main focus was
to determine PWCs influence on mortar and concrete properties, the optimal dosages
and whether it is suitable for use in concrete. Properties investigated are workability,
compressive strength, flexural strength, oxygen permeability, sorptivity, resistance to
sulphate attack, resistance to alkali silica reaction, and carbonation. Thermal analysis
was conducted on paste samples to study their hydration behaviour. Report
(PowerCem, 2007) showed that PowerCem is generally used together with cement in
dosages ranging from 0.18 kg to 5 kg per m3 of concrete. In a study by Lucas and Seth
(2007), percentage proportions of up to 2.5 % and 5 % PowerCem were used to replace
cement. It was observed that the concrete mixture with 2.5 %
7) The study was formulated to determine if using mussel shells as an additive to hollow blocks would
either make the hollow block stronger or weaker. The research would have four set-ups; one
commercial hollow block and three with mussel shells as an additive but with different amounts of
mussel shells and sand; 40-60, 50-50 and 60-40 respectively.

The limitation of the study is that the researchers will not conduct the experiment inside the school, but
rather outside of its premises hence, the hollow block would be homemade. The study cannot be
successful without seeking professional help due to the fact that compressive strength needs to be
determined through thorough laboratory analysis. The study will be tested at the University of the
Philippines' Institute of Civil Engineering. Additionally, the research is only limited in determining the
compressive strength of the hollow blocks, making the conclusions and interpretations of this
experiment solely based on the PSI. Any form of building shall not be used either.

8) The study focused on the use of burning residuals as an additive for concrete mix.
The main residual referred in this study is limited to fly ash only. The sample additive should
pass the specification stated in ASTM C618-05 Standard Specification for Fly Ash and Raw
or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for use as a Mineral Admixture on Portland Cement Concrete.
In the experiment the concrete samples went through compressive strength test using the
Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The type of cement used was Type-I Portland Cement
also known as general purpose cement and the experiment followed the standard procedures
of the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM).
The design mix was used as a substitute on load bearing walls made of concrete
hollow blocks. Estimations for the costs of load bearing walls were made including concrete
hollow blocks, plasters, and fills. Horizontal and vertical steel reinforcements as well as labor
costs were excluded upon estimation.
II. Literature Review
2) II. MORTAR AND ITS CHARACTERIZATIONS
Mortar is a construction material prepared mixing small aggregates, inorganic binder,
appropriate additives and admixtures. Resulting granular mixture is stirred with water to the
desired consistency [6].
The properties and characteristics of the mortars mainly depend on the nature of the binder
component such as lime, gypsum, cement. That is the reason why its evolution has been
closely related to the development of artificial cementitious materials [7].
A. History of mortars
Roman architecture lime was used as stucco and it was airy binder. By the 18th century,
hydraulic binders began to partially replace lime. These new materials hardened more quickly
and developed higher mechanical strengths. In the 19th century, the invention of Portland
cement (in 1824 by a British mason named Joseph Aspdin) revolutionized the world of building
materials, completely displacing the use of lime in all types of civil and military constructions.
Portland cement is a commodity and primary building product in the world and it soon became
the cement of choice for exterior plaster due to its strength and durability [5], [7].
The use of fibres as reinforcement is as old as human civilization. Traces of natural fibres such
as flax, cotton, silk, wool and plant fibres have been located in the constructions of ancient
civilizations all over the globe. For example, the recorded usage of flax can be dated back to
5000 BC; it is considered the oldest natural fibre [8].
B. General information and composition of mortar
Mortar can be prepared:
from starting materials at construction site;
by a factory as a dry mortar mix which is stirred only with water;
from all starting materials including water in the central production. It is in the form of a wet
mortar mixture which is transported to another place of use.
Mechanical mixing is usually done in a concrete mixer. A small amount of mixing water is placed
in the mixer followed by sand, cement and then lime or another binder. More water is then
slowly added to create a thick creamy mortar. Each batch should be thoroughly mixed for three
minutes to ensure that a uniform consistency is obtained. Hand mixing should be done in a
clean wheelbarrow or on a mixing board to avoid contamination. The raw materials should be
combined and mixed until a uniform colour is achieved. Water is then slowly added with the
continuous turning of the mix until a thick creamy mortar is obtained [9].
According to the usage, mortars are distinguished especially as masonry mortar, rendering and
plastering mortar. Moreover, mortars are used for laying floor tiles and wall tiles, for grouting
and the production of ceramic parts. The important thing is using this mortar such as the contact
mortar, grouts and renovation plaster for the surface treatment of building structures [6].
Mortar is defined as a paste obtained by adding water to a mixture of fine aggregates and
binding material, e.g. clay, gypsum, lime or cement or a combination of more than one of them.
The material so formed is capable of setting and hardening.
The materials for mortar are as follows:
binder most commonly, mortar is based on the cement and lime. For the preparation of
mortars both these binders can be used alone or in combination. Today the use of mix hydraulic
binder based on Portland cement clinker (Portland cement CEM I, Portland slag cement CEM
II/A, B-S and special cements) is more frequent. For the reconstruction of architectural
monuments lime and gypsum or their combination are used.
filler sand is the natural fine aggregate component of the mortar. Various types of sand
ranging from coarse or sharp sand to fine sand are used depending on the binding environment
or use. Sand used for mortar should be free from impurities that will impair its functionality.
Inorganic aggregates based on wastes (granulated blast slag, fly ash) and plant fibres are used
in mortar, too.
water for the mortar production it has to be harmless.
additives such as plasticizing additives are added in a small amount from the amount of the
binder before stirring or during mixing the mortar in order to modify the properties of mortars.
admixtures - fine inorganic materials used to improve the properties of the mortar or to
achieve special properties. Pigments (inorganic or organic) added to colour the mortar should
not exceed 10 % of the weight of cement in the mix and should be thoroughly mixed with the
other materials prior to the addition of water [6], [9].
C. Types of mortars
Types of mortars have been defined by J. Vborn [6]. Industrially produced mortars are
classified according to the standards:
STN EN 9982. Specification for mortar for masonry. Part 2: Masonry mortar [10].
STN EN 9981. Specification for mortar for masonry. Part 1: Rendering and plastering mortar
[11].
Standard STN EN 998-2 applies to masonry mortar designated for storing, jointing and grouting
on masonry walls, pillars and partitions, loaded and unloaded masonry structure, face and
plastered masonry. Standard STN EN 998-2 classifies masonry mortar:
according to conception:
o designed masonry mortar,
o prescribed masonry mortar;
according to the mode of manufacture:
o factory-made masonry mortar,
o semi-finished masonry mortar,
o site-made masonry mortar;
according to the properties and/or use of:
o general purpose masonry mortar (G),
o lightweight masonry mortar (L),
o masonry mortar for thin joints (T) [10].
Requirements for the internal and external mortar are given in the standard STN EN 998-1.
Rendering and plastering mortars are divided to the types of rendering or plastering mortar:
according to conception:
o designed rendering or plastering mortar,
o prescribed rendering or plastering mortar;
according to the mode of manufacture:
o factory-made rendering or plastering mortar,
o semi-finished rendering or plastering mortar,
o site-made rendering or plastering mortar;
according to the properties and/or use of:
o general purpose rendering or plastering mortar (GP),
o lightweight rendering and plastering mortar (LW),
o coloured rendering or plastering mortar (CR),
o one-coat rendering mortar for external use (OC),
o thermal insulating mortar (T),
o renovation mortar (R) [11].
Clay mortar is made of a binder and fillers, wherein the function of binder is fulfilled only by clay
and the function of fillers is performed by sand in different fractions. Mortar does not contain any
hydraulic binder. To prevent the emergence of undesirable shrinkage cracks, fibrous fillers such
as animal hair, shives, hemp hurds and other plant and wood fibres are added to the clay
mortar.
Thin film plasters are also referred to as modern plaster for final surface treatment of facades.
Thin film plasters are distinct from classical plasters which are applied at a thickness of only a
few millimetres. According to the type of binder used, they are split into mineral (lime-cement),
acrylic, silicone and silicate thin film plasters.
Renovation plasters are intended for surface treatment of wet and salinization masonry. This
plaster is also used for additional waterproofing of buildings that do not have functional
waterproofing which forms a finish of salinization masonry.
Thermal insulation mortar prevents the formation of thermal bridges in the mortar joints between
bricks and increases the thermal resistance of masonry. Thermal plaster can be used in
particular to a temperature less exposed parts of buildings, for the insulation of doors, windows,
and staircases. Higher heat resistance of masonry can be achieved using thermal insulation
plaster on both sides of masonry.
Mortar for tiles is used in the laying of tiles and has also the function of a balancing layer.
Bonding mortar is used as a cementitious mortar for mounting parts or to fill the space between
parts (grouts) [6].
D. Plaster base installation
For plastering, there must be a continuous surface to which the plaster can be applied and to
which it will clingthe plaster base. A continuous concrete or masonry surface may serve as a
base without further treatment.
Two-coat plaster work consists of a single base coat (4-5 mm) and a finish coat (to 20 mm).
Three-coat plaster work consists of two base coats (the scratch coat and the brown coat) and a
finish coat (2-2.5 mm). Finish coat proportions vary according to whether the surface is to be
finished with a trowel or with a float. The trowel ensures a smooth finish; the float produces a
textured finish.
Plastering requires the use of a number of tools, some specialized, including trowels, hawk,
float, straight and feather edges, darby, scarifier, and plastering machines. Fig. 1 presents some
examples of tools for plastering.
Interior plaster can be finished by troweling, floating, or spraying. Troweling makes a smooth
finish; floating or spraying makes a finish of a desired surface texture.
Fig. 1. Examples of tools for plastering.
Some special interior-finish textures are obtained by methods other than or in addition to
floating. A few of these are listed below:
stippled - after the finish coat has been applied, additional plaster is daubed over the surface
with a stippling brush or roller.
sponge - by pressing a sponge against the surface of the finish coat, you get a very soft,
irregular texture.
dash - the dash texture is obtained by throwing plaster onto the surface from a brush. It
produces a fairly coarse finish that can be modified by brushing the plaster with water before it
sets.
travertine - the plaster is jabbed at random with a whisk broom, wire brush, or other tool that
will form a dimpled surface. As the plaster begins to set, it is troweled intermittently to form a
pattern of rough and smooth areas.
peggle - a rough finish, called peggle, is obtained by throwing small pebbles or crushed stone
against a newly plastered surface. If necessary, a trowel is used to press the stones lightly into
the plaster [12].

III. Methodology
1) Good Method but for waste paper *maybe
3) This study limits the number of specimens to four for each category. According to ASTM
C192 4.5, usually three or more specimens are being molded for each test age. We will make
four specimens per test age. We have three test ages, namely the 7th day, the 14th day and the
28th day. To elaborate, we will make twelve concrete specimens for the batch containing 0% of
the ceramic tiles wastes, another twelve concrete specimens for the batch containing 50% of
the ceramic tiles wastes, another twelve concrete specimens for the batch containing 75% and
twelve concrete specimens for the batch containing 100% of the ceramic tiles wastes. The
researchers will substitute the coarse aggregates with ceramic tiles. The fine aggregates will not
be replaced. The percentage substitution is 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% for the coarse
aggregates with the ceramic waste. The maximum size of aggregates for ceramic and coarse
aggregates is 19 mm.
The target strength we used 15 MPa at 28 days. When the specimens were submerged for 7,
14 and 28 days, we used the Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to measure the compressive
strength of each of these specimens and then compare the control specimens with the
specimens that have ceramic tiles waste partially substituted for their coarse aggregates.
This is the summary of the steps taken. Using ASTM procedures on the mixing of concrete:
Step 1: We acquired ceramic tiles wastes and crushed them
Step 2: We deglazed the ceramic tiles with the use of a grinder.
Step 3: Pretesting (sieve analysis, moisture content, specific gravity, density)
Step 4: We acquired more ceramic tiles wastes and deglazed them and sieved them so that
they will not exceed a size of 19mm
Step 5: Mixing of the concrete using the design mixed computed by the group
Step 6: Compressive strength tests
7) Good Methodology
8) Good Methodology