3-34

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Your last answer was incorrect
Some people believe that gaining wealth is due to luck. However, research from many
institutions worldwide indicates a strong correlation between gaining wealth and high
educational levels. Thus research supports the view that gaining wealth is largely the
result of making informed career and business choices.
The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the
argument ______________

presumes, without providing justification that only highly educated people make
informed career and business choices.

overlooks the possibility that people who make informed career and business choices
may nonetheless belong to a poor family.

presumes, without providing justification, that informed career and business choices are
available to everyone.

overlooks the possibility that the same thing may causally contribute both to education
and to gaining wealth.

does not acknowledge that some people who fail to make informed career and business
choices have gained wealth.
HIDE EXPLANATION
The argument contains a causal conclusion that asserts that good health is primarily caused
by informed career and business choices (education) the conclusion is that research supports
the view that gaining wealth is largely the result of making informed career and business
choices. The author makes an error in assuming that the correlation mentioned in the second
premise supports a causal conclusion.

1. Does the argument presume that to make an informed lifestyle choice a person must be
highly educated? The author certainly believes that high educational levels lead to informed
career and business choices, but the answer suggests that the author thinks that the highly
educated are the only people able to make an informed career and business choices. The
wording is too strong and this answer is incorrect.
2. The author specifically notes that gaining wealth is largely the result of making informed
career and business choices. There is no mention of poor family background, nor is needed
 because the argument focuses on a correlation between gaining wealth and education. Thus,
overlooking the possibility mentioned in this answer choice is not an error.
3. The author does not make the presumption that informed career and business choices are
available to everyone, just that making good choices generally results in gaining wealth.
4. Correct. Note that one of the errors is assuming that no third element caused
both the stated cause and the stated effect. This answer choice indicates that a
third element could cause both the conditions described in the argument. Note
that, if you know an error of causality occurred in the stimulus, search for the
answer choice that uses the words cause or effect. This answer uses the word
causally.
5. The author specifically says that the effect is largely the result of the cause, and that
statement indirectly allows other causes to lead to the effect, even if one does not make an
informed career and business choices.
The correct answer is D

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Verbal

Sentence Correction

Modifiers / Logical Predication

V04-04
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Your last answer was incorrect
Many conservative voters who had previously supported the candidate changed their
minds when they learned that, in addition to his strong stance against sexual offenders,
he is a lifelong collector of pornographic books and art.

in addition to

in spite of

as a consequence of

in opposition to

concurrently with
 HIDE EXPLANATION
The fact that voters changed their minds about the candidate in question indicates that they
find something objectionable about him. The voters reactions indicate that the underlined
word should contrast the candidates strong stance against sexual offendersand the fact that
he is a lifelong collector of pornographic books and art .
1. In addition to indicates a continuation of an idea, not the contrast called for by the logic of
the sentence.
2. The idiomatic phrase in spite of correctly identifies the contrast perceived by voters between
a situation the candidate opposes and a lifelong hobby.
3. The sentence does not suggest that the candidates collection is a consequence of his
opposition to sexual offenders.
4. The phrase in opposition to expresses contrast, but does not conform to the logic of the
sentence.
5. Concurrently with does not express the contrast required by the sentence.
The correct answer is B

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Verbal

Sentence Correction

Rhetorical Construction

V05-14
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Your last answer was incorrect
In surprising medical news, scientists investigating long-term effects of stroke are
reporting that injury to a specific part of the brain, located behind the ear, can instantly
and permanently break a smoking habit.

brain, located behind the ear, can instantly and permanently break a smoking habit

brain located behind the ear can instantly and permanently break a smoking habit

brain, located behind the ear, can instantly and permanently break the habit of smoking
brain located behind the ear, can instantly and permanently break a smoking habit

brain, the one located behind the ear, can instantly and permanently break the habit of
smoking
HIDE EXPLANATION
The original sentence is correct as written. Commas are used correctly to separate the
parenthetical expression located behind the ear from the rest of the sentence.
1. The phrase located behind the ear is correctly separated from the rest of the sentence by
commas.
2. The lack of commas in this option turns the sentence into a run-on.
3. Though commas are used correctly here, the phrase the habit of smoking is wordy.
4. A comma is needed after the word brain to make the sentence grammatically correct.
5. The phrases the one located by behind the ear and the habit of smoking are both
unnecessarily wordy.
The correct answer is A

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Verbal

Critical Reasoning

Assumption

V05-39
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Your last answer was incorrect
A citizens group in State X is pushing legislation to have mobile phone use banned
during driving. Leaders of the group are concerned that talking and text messaging
while operating a motor vehicle has led to many injuries and to damage of state
property.
EACH of the following is a piece of evidence the group could use in support of its
position EXCEPT

statistics on how many licensed drivers own mobile phones

police accident reports stating that mobile phone use was a cause of a collision

scientific studies stating the effect of divided attention on motor vehicle safety
pamphlets from other citizens groups urging drivers to turn off mobile phones in traffic

testimonials from drivers who have been injured in accidents involving mobile phone
use
HIDE EXPLANATION
Situation: A citizens group wants to legally ban mobile phone use while driving because it is
dangerous.
Reasoning: Which is not a piece of evidence that would be useful to the group? The
citizens groups claim is that mobile phone use has led to many injuries and that it has
damaged state property. Any evidence that directly supports this claim would be useful. To
answer this question, examine each potential piece of evidence and determine its usefulness.
1. This information would be useful in speculating how many drivers are likely to be injured if
mobile phone use is not banned.
2. Police accident reports would directly confirm that mobile phone use has resulted and is
likely to continue to result in accidents.
3. This information provides insight into how mobile phone use can cause motor vehicle
accidents.
4. This piece of evidence is not likely to support the cause of the citizens group because, first,
it does not provide evidence to support the groups claim and, second, because it does not
directly address the issues that are the target of legislation.
5. Testimonials would provide valuable insight into how mobile phones can cause motor vehicle
accidents.
The correct answer is D

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Verbal whenevr parallel example is given always see it has exact wording
and matches contest perfectly else choos it as wrong

Critical Reasoning

Assumption

V05-39
ReviewedBookmark
Your last answer was incorrect
A citizens group in State X is pushing legislation to have mobile phone use banned
during driving. Leaders of the group are concerned that talking and text messaging
while operating a motor vehicle has led to many injuries and to damage of state
property.
EACH of the following is a piece of evidence the group could use in support of its
position EXCEPT

statistics on how many licensed drivers own mobile phones

police accident reports stating that mobile phone use was a cause of a collision

scientific studies stating the effect of divided attention on motor vehicle safety

pamphlets from other citizens groups urging drivers to turn off mobile phones in traffic

testimonials from drivers who have been injured in accidents involving mobile phone
use
HIDE EXPLANATION
Situation: A citizens group wants to legally ban mobile phone use while driving because it is
dangerous.
Reasoning: Which is not a piece of evidence that would be useful to the group? The
citizens groups claim is that mobile phone use has led to many injuries and that it has
damaged state property. Any evidence that directly supports this claim would be useful. To
answer this question, examine each potential piece of evidence and determine its usefulness.
1. This information would be useful in speculating how many drivers are likely to be injured if
mobile phone use is not banned.
2. Police accident reports would directly confirm that mobile phone use has resulted and is
likely to continue to result in accidents.
3. This information provides insight into how mobile phone use can cause motor vehicle
accidents.
4. This piece of evidence is not likely to support the cause of the citizens group because, first,
it does not provide evidence to support the groups claim and, second, because it does not
directly address the issues that are the target of legislation.
5. Testimonials would provide valuable insight into how mobile phones can cause motor vehicle
accidents.
The correct answer is D

Discussed at GMAT Club forum

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26 of 41
Verbal

Critical Reasoning

Assumption

V04-05
ReviewedBookmark
Your last answer was incorrect
Emotional stress is a well known cause of certain serious health problems, including
high blood pressure and cardiac complications. Now, an additional concern can be
added to the list of maladies caused by emotional stress. A recent study surveyed both
people who have high levels of emotional stress and people who dont, and found that
people with high emotional stress levels are significantly more obese and nervous than
people with lower levels of emotional stress.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument rests?

Obesity and nervousness can lead to serious health problems.

Obesity and nervousness do not make individuals less capable to handle emotionally
stressful situations.

Equivalent numbers of people with high and low levels of emotional stress were
surveyed for the study.

Emotionally stressed out people are aware of the various health problems attributed to
emotional stress, including high blood pressure and cardiac complications.

Emotionally stressed out people who had encountered an emotionally stressful situation
immediately before responding to the survey were more obese and nervous than the
people form same group who had not encountered any emotionally stressful situation
for a few days.
HIDE EXPLANATION
Situation:The argument shows a causal relationship between the premises and the
conclusion. The conclusion states that emotional stress causes people to become obese and
 nervous. The assumption in this causal argument should support the causal direction of the
conclusion. i.e. the assumption must prove that A causes B or Emotional stress causes
obesity and nervousness.
The assumptions in a causal arguments are often of two types: i) Assumptions that support
the causality of the argument either by eliminating an alternate cause of the conclusion OR
ii) by demonstrating that the conclusion, if it exists, is in proper direction. In other words A is
caused by B and not B has caused A. Any option which does not tell us anything about the
causal link between Emotional eating and, obesity and nervousness can be safely eliminated.
1. The stimulus does not discuss the seriousness of health problems, so, this choice becomes
irrelevant. Moreover, there is no link to the causal relationship.
2. Correct: This answer choice rules out an opposite direction for the causality, making our
conclusion valid, thus, the correct choice.
3. The number of respondents does not say anything about the causal link between emotional
eating and, obesity and nervousness. No link to causal relationship.
4. Again the awareness of people on problems related to emotional stress is irrelevant. No link
to causal relationship.
5. This choice is incorrect for two reasons. First, the argument never compares some emotional
eater to other emotional eaters. Second, the argument is not based on immediate impact of
emotional stress in making people obese and nervous.
The correct answer is B

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Verbal

Critical Reasoning

Assumption

V04-05
ReviewedBookmark
Your last answer was incorrect
Emotional stress is a well known cause of certain serious health problems, including
high blood pressure and cardiac complications. Now, an additional concern can be
added to the list of maladies caused by emotional stress. A recent study surveyed both
people who have high levels of emotional stress and people who dont, and found that
people with high emotional stress levels are significantly more obese and nervous than
people with lower levels of emotional stress.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument rests?

Obesity and nervousness can lead to serious health problems.

Obesity and nervousness do not make individuals less capable to handle emotionally
stressful situations.

Equivalent numbers of people with high and low levels of emotional stress were
surveyed for the study.

Emotionally stressed out people are aware of the various health problems attributed to
emotional stress, including high blood pressure and cardiac complications.

Emotionally stressed out people who had encountered an emotionally stressful situation
immediately before responding to the survey were more obese and nervous than the
people form same group who had not encountered any emotionally stressful situation
for a few days.
HIDE EXPLANATION
Situation:The argument shows a causal relationship between the premises and the
conclusion. The conclusion states that emotional stress causes people to become obese and
nervous. The assumption in this causal argument should support the causal direction of the
conclusion. i.e. the assumption must prove that A causes B or Emotional stress causes
obesity and nervousness.
The assumptions in a causal arguments are often of two types: i) Assumptions that support
the causality of the argument either by eliminating an alternate cause of the conclusion OR
ii) by demonstrating that the conclusion, if it exists, is in proper direction. In other words A is
caused by B and not B has caused A. Any option which does not tell us anything about the
causal link between Emotional eating and, obesity and nervousness can be safely eliminated.
1. The stimulus does not discuss the seriousness of health problems, so, this choice becomes
irrelevant. Moreover, there is no link to the causal relationship.
2. Correct: This answer choice rules out an opposite direction for the causality, making our
conclusion valid, thus, the correct choice.
3. The number of respondents does not say anything about the causal link between emotional
eating and, obesity and nervousness. No link to causal relationship.
4. Again the awareness of people on problems related to emotional stress is irrelevant. No link
to causal relationship.
5. This choice is incorrect for two reasons. First, the argument never compares some emotional
eater to other emotional eaters. Second, the argument is not based on immediate impact of
emotional stress in making people obese and nervous.
The correct answer is B

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Verbal

Critical Reasoning
 Assumption

V07-13
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Your last answer was incorrect
A theory is either true or false. Galileos observations of Jupiters satellites showed that
the Ptolemaic theory of the motion of celestial bodies is false. Therefore, since the
Copernican theory of planetary motion is inconsistent with the Ptolemaic
account,Galileos observations of Jupiters satellites proved the truth of the Copernican
theory.The argument above is open to the objection that it makes the questionable
assumption that

Whoever first observed something inconsistent with the truth of the Ptolemaic theory
should be credited with having proved that theory false

There are some possible observations that would be inconsistent with the account given
by the Copernican theory but consistent with the account given by the Ptolemaic theory

The Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be based on
exactly the same evidence

Numerous counterexamples were necessary in order to show the Ptolemaic theory to be

false

The Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be false
HIDE EXPLANATION
Conclusion: Galileos observations of Jupiters satellites proved the truth of the Copernican
theory.
Basis: 1) A theory is either true or false. Ptolemaic theory is shown to be false. 2)
Copernican theory of planetary motion is inconsistent with the Ptolemaic account.
Thus, the argument concludes that Copernican theory is true because it is inconsistent with
Ptolemaic theory which is false.

Its possible that though Copernican theory is inconsistent with Ptolemaic theory, it is also
false. However, the conclusion states that Copernican theory is true and thus the in-built
assumption of the argument is that if two theories are inconsistent with each other, both of
them cannot be false.

A. whoever first observed something inconsistent with the truth of the Ptolemaic theory
should be credited with having proved that theory is false
 This statement discusses who should be given the credit to prove that Ptolemaic theory is
false. We are given Ptolemaic is false. Who should be given credit is not the focus of the
argument. Thus, this choice is incorrect.

B. there are some possible observations that would be inconsistent with the account given by
the Copernican theory but consistent with the account given by the Ptolemaic theory
This statements talks about the observations that would be inconsistent with Copernican
theory but consistent with Ptolemaic theory. However, we are only concerned with Galileos
observations in this argument, not other observations. Thus, this choice is an irrelevant and
incorrect choice.

C. the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be based on
exactly the same evidence
This statement is about the basis of both the theories; however, whether or not these
theories are based on the same evidence, the conclusion of the argument is unaffected. In
the argument, we are concerned about the impact of one set of observations on the truth of
these theories; we dont know the original basis of any of these theories. Therefore, basis of
the theories is not relevant to the argument. Thus, this is an incorrect choice.

D. numerous counterexamples were necessary in order to show the Ptolemaic theory to be

false
We know from the passage that Galileos observations showed that the Ptolemaic theory is
false This option tells us that it required numerous counter examples to show this result;
however, our task is to look for the assumption that the argument makes while drawing the
conclusion about the truthness of Copernican theory. Thus, this choice is incorrect.

E. the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent, cannot both be false
This option identifies with our pre-thinking. The argument fails to consider that despite being
inconsistent, both the theories can be false. This choice states the built-in assumption of the
argument.

If we negate this option we get: the Ptolemaic and Copernican theories, being inconsistent,
can both be false

It shows that Copernican can be false, even if it is inconsistent with Ptolemaic theory. As we
can see this breaks down the conclusion, this is the correct choice.

Ans is E.

The correct answer is E

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Verbal

Critical Reasoning
 Conclusion / Inference

V03-28
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Your last answer was incorrect
Which of the following best completes the passage?
Hydraulic rescue tools, colloquially known as Jaws of Life, are used by emergency
response personnel to remove crash victims from damaged vehicles. Hydraulic tools
have often completely replaced traditional tools, such as crowbars and circular saws,
which could cause additional structural damage or create sparks. Emergency response
workers prefer hydraulic tools, not only because they are less frightening to crash
victims, but also because

One hydraulic rescue tool can perform the functions of both a crowbar and a circular
saw.

Hydraulic tools are quieter and do not cause crash victims to panic.

Hydraulic tools are unlikely to complicate an already dangerous situation in the way that
more traditional tools often did.

Hydraulic tools are able to quickly and efficiently repair structural damage to vehicles
involved in collisions.

Emergency response workers have greater leverage when using hydraulic tools than
when using traditional tools, such as crowbars and circular saws.
HIDE EXPLANATION
Situation:Emergency response personnel prefer hydraulic rescue tools to traditional tools
because they do not cause additional dangers in a rescue situation.
Reasoning: Which answer choice best completes the sentence? The passage compares
hydraulic rescue tools, commonly known as Jaws of Life, to traditional tools, such as
crowbars and circular saws. According to the passage, traditional tools are likely to cause
additional structural damage or to create sparks, both of which would sufficiently increase
the level of danger in a rescue situation. Hydraulic tools are preferred because they do not
introduce new dangers.
1. This is not stated in the passage.
2. This phrase repeats the first half of the sentence.
3. This option correctly identifies the clearest advantage of hydraulic tools over traditional
tools: hydraulic tools do not themselves add danger to a rescue situation.
4. Though traditional tools may cause structural damage, the passage does not discuss
whether hydraulic tools are used to repairsuch damage.
 5. The passage does not discuss which tools give rescue workers greater leverage.
The correct answer is C

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Verbal

Critical Reasoning

Strengthen

V07-08
ReviewedBookmark
Your last answer was incorrect
Twenty years ago, Bangladesh put in place regulations requiring operators of surface
mines to pay for the reclamation of mined-out land. Since then, reclamation technology
has not improved. Yet, the average reclamation cost for a surface coal mine being
reclaimed today is only four takas per ton of coal that the mine produced, less than half
what it cost to reclaim surface mines in the years immediately after the regulations took
effect. Which of the following, if true, most helps to account for the drop in reclamation
costs described?

Even after Bangladesh began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation
costs, coal mines in Bangladesh continued to be less expensive to operate than coal
mines in almost any other country.

In the twenty years since the regulations took effect, the use of coal as a fuel has
declined from the level it was at in the previous twenty years.

Mine operators have generally ceased surface mining in the mountainous areas of
Bangladesh because reclamation costs per ton of coal produced are particularly high for
mines in such areas.

Even after Bangladesh began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation
costs, surface mines continued to produce coal at a lower total cost than underground
mines.
 As compared to twenty years ago, a greater percentage of the coal mined in
Bangladesh today comes from surface mines.
HIDE EXPLANATION
20 years ago a regulation started, tech not improved since then, and cost is halved.

A. Even after Bangladesh began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation costs,
coal mines in Bangladesh continued to be less expensive to operate than coal mines in
almost any other country. Talks about cost of coal mines, not reclamation of coal mines;
irrelevant.
B. In the twenty years since the regulations took effect, the use of coal as a fuel has declined
from the level it was at in the previous twenty years. Talks about use of coal. Irrelevant.
C. Mine operators have generally ceased surface mining in the mountainous areas of
Bangladesh because reclamation costs per ton of coal produced are particularly high for
mines in such areas.
This explains the drop in average cost. The reason is high cost area do not get to be used
any more.
Even after Bangladesh began requiring surface mine operators to pay reclamation costs,
surface mines continued to produce coal at a lower total cost than underground mines. Talks
about coal costs. Irrelevant.
As compared to twenty years ago, a greater percentage of the coal mined in Bangladesh
today comes from surface mines. Does not explain why the reclamation cost would decrease
when more surface mines are used.
The correct answer is C

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Verbal

Sentence Correction

Modifiers / Logical Predication

V01-15
ReviewedBookmark
Your last answer was incorrect
Before its bankruptcy in 2008, Goldman Sachs Inc. financed Crystal Technologies, a
tech company, as a venture capital investment and they would withdrew all their
funding only after a long and comprehensive analysis of the bankrupt tech companys
account books.
Before its bankruptcy in 2008, Goldman Sachs Inc. financed Crystal Technologies, a
tech company, as a venture capital investment and they would withdraw all its funding

Before its bankruptcy in 2008, Goldman Sachs Inc. had financed Crystal Technologies, a
tech company, as a venture capital investment and withdrew all its funding

Before its bankruptcy in 2008, Crystal Technologies, a tech company, had been
financed by Goldman Sachs Inc. as a venture capital investment and the investor
withdrew all its funding

Before its bankruptcy in 2008, Crystal Technologies, a tech company, was financed as a
venture capital investment by Goldman Sachs Inc., which withdrew all its funding

Before its bankruptcy in 2008, Crystal Technologies, a tech company, was a venture
capital investment of Goldman Sachs Inc. , who withdrew all its funding
HIDE EXPLANATION
The original sentence begins with a modifier ("Before its bankruptcy ") that clearly describes
Crystal Technologies, though the subject of the main clause is Goldman Sachs. Moreover, the
verb "financed" is in the simple past when it would be better in the past perfect (two past
actions, one of which was earlier) or simple past. Finally, "they" has no grammatical
antecedent and "would" is not a proper tense here (the simple past is required).
1. This choice is incorrect as as explained above.
2. Goldman Sachs should not be the recipient of the modifier "Before its bankruptcy.
3. Even though the sentence is grammatically correct, the use of "before"and the past perfect
together in a sentence is redundant. In the absence of answer choice D, (C) would have
been the best choice.
4. Correct. This correctly places Crystal Technologies as the recipient of the opening modifier.
The simple past is correctly used as the sense of one action happening before another in the
past can be sufficiently expressed by the use of the word before.The relative
pronounwhichcorrectly modifies Goldman Sachs Inc
5. The use of who for a company is inappropriate. This choice also slightly modifies the
meaning of the sentence by changing Crystal Technologies as a venture capital investment
to Crystal Technologies was a venture capital investment.
The correct answer is D

Discussed at GMAT Club forum

 Mark as a guess
Make a Note Hide Explanation Question Stats

Feedback

NEXTPREVIOUSCLOSE REVIEW

Quote
In A, they (plural) cannot serve to refer to Goldman Sachs (singular).
Eliminate A.

B and C: financed...AND...withdrew all its funding

Here, and incorrectly serves to connect CONTRASTING concepts ( financed, withdrew all its funding).
Eliminate B and C.

In E, who cannot serve to refer to a non-person (Goldman Sachs).

Eliminate E.

The correct answer is D.

When an introductory modifier includes a pronoun without an antecedent, the referent should be the
SUBJECT OF THE FOLLOWING CLAUSE.
Consider the following examples from the OG12:

SC7: As ITS sales of computer products have surpassed those of measuring instruments, THE
COMPANY...
SC28: Building on civilizations that preceded THEM in coastal Peru, THE MOCHICA...
SC31: Even though many of HER colleagues were convinced that genes were relatively simple and static,
BARBARA MCCLINTOCK...

In each case, the introductory modifier includes a pronoun without an antecedent.

In each case, the referent is the subject of the following clause.

Quote:
(B) Before ITS bankruptcy in 2008, GOLDMAN SACHS, INC. had financed Crystal Technologies, a tech
company, as a venture capital investment and withdrew all its funding

in above option what is the referent of "its"

In B, the referent for its (an introductory pronoun without an antecedent) is Goldman Sachs, Inc. (the
subject of the following clause), implying that GOLDMAN SACHS, INC. suffered a bankruptcy.
_________________
Mitch Hunt
GMAT Private Tutor
GMATGuruNY@gmail.com
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Verbal

Critical Reasoning

Assumption

V10-11
ReviewedBookmark
Your last answer was incorrect
The currency of Country A has been strengthening against other worldwide currencies
for the past year, and economists have observed that the worldwide demand for
products manufactured in Country A has been rapidly growing. Thus, the economists
reason that Country As currency is strengthening because of classic supply and
demand factors.
Which of the following is an assumption made by the economists in reaching their
conclusion?

It is not difficult to ship products made in Country A to other countries

Country A has lower manufacturing costs than other markets

The demand for products manufactured in Country A will continue to increase

Country A has a regulatory system that ensures its manufactured products meet high
quality standards

Manufacturing companies in Country A receive payment in Country As local currency

HIDE EXPLANATION
(A) The difficulty of shipping products from Country A to other countries is irrelevant.
 (B) This is not an assumption made the economists.

(C) The passage does not state that the current economic conditions will continue.

(D) The regulatory system of Country A is irrelevant.

(E) Correct. If manufacturers in Country A require payment in local currency, then demand
for that currency from foreign buyers must increase. This helps to logically support the
economists conclusion.
The correct answer is E

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Verbal

Sentence Correction

Verb Tense / Form

V01-12
ReviewedBookmark
Your last answer was incorrect
Controversial mortgage laws passed last year state that, if at any point during the
maturation period of the loan the person in whose name it is taken is not able to meet
the payments, that persons spouse will have responsibilities that include paying the
balance.

will have responsibilities that include

will be responsible to pay

is responsible to pay

will be responsible for paying

is responsible for paying

HIDE EXPLANATION
 This sentence is confusing because it contains many prepositional phrases nestled within
each other. At the core, however, the sentence is testing the ability to recognize the
conditional tense created by the word if that begins the series of phrases after the comma;
this if causes the underlined portion to need future tense in order to agree. The sentence
also tests the correct use of the idiomatic verb to be responsible for.
1. This phrase is wordy and unnecessary.
2. The preposition for should be used with the ing form of the verb to pay
3. If in the first phrase after the comma creates a conditional tense that requires a future-tense
form in the underlined portion.
4. This option correctly uses the preposition for and the ing form of the verb to pay, as well as
the future tense signaled by the conditional word if.
5. The word if in the sentence signals a conditional tense that requires a future-tense form in
the underlined portion.
The correct answer is D

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Verbal

Critical Reasoning

Argument Structure

V01-21
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Your last answer was incorrect
As part of continuing efforts to control illegal immigration, the US government should
institute a system of internal passports similar to those in European nations. Drivers
licenses currently serve a kind of internal-passport function, but this system is severely
limited because all states do not require the same documentation before issuing photo
ID. Illegal workers can get a drivers license in one state with lax regulations and use it
as identification in another state with stricter regulations but better-paying jobs.
Internal passports will keep illegal workers from slipping through the cracks by
standardizing forms of photo ID.
Which of the following is most similar to the passage above in logical structure?

National standardized college entrance exams replace exams written independently by

test administration services affiliated with groups of universities.

A national association of doctors approves standards for diagnosis and treatment of

childhood development disorders, and these standards are used in private clinics across
the country.
Resale values of used cars are discussed, standardized, and published in an industry
manual also available to independent buyers and sellers.

The distance between rails of train tracks is standardized across the country, allowing
trains built by any manufacturer to travel along any rail line.

Employment applications and hiring processes for a national restaurant chain are
standardized in order to ensure uniform quality among employees.
HIDE EXPLANATION
Situation: A proposal is made to introduce a system of internal passports to the United
States to prevent illegal workers from falsifying identity records.
Reasoning: Which is most like the passage in logical structure? The first sentence
introduces the idea of an internal passport system in the US, and the second states the
reason that the current system of using drivers licenses as photo ID: not all states require
the same documentation. The author of the passage worries that illegal workers will use
photo IDs gained by taking advantage of lax documentation rules in one state to gain
employment in other states. The overall logical structure of the passage has to do with
standardizing regulations in order to make sure those given access to certain resources,
whether jobs or college admission, are properly certified.
1. College entrance exams that are both national and standardized will unify a certification
process in the same way that a system of internal passports would. In the passage, workers
can gain employment with ID received in another state, and in this answer choice students
can gain admission to a college with scores administered by another university.
2. A standardized list for diagnosis and treatment will not permit the transfer of credentials
described in the passage.
3. Even though an industry manual will make it easy for buyers to find the costs and resale
values of used cars, this option does not use the word standardized in the same way as the
passage.
4. This will actually make movement across boundary lines easier, not more difficult, as is the
goal of the argument in the passage.
5. Employment is a topic discussed in the passage, but uniform standards in a national chain
will make it simpler for employees to change jobs, not more difficult.
The correct answer is A