Bar Bozkurt
To cite this article: Bar Bozkurt (2008) An Automatic Pitch Analysis Method for Turkish
Maqam Music, Journal of New Music Research, 37:1, 1-13
Download by: [Izmir Yuksek Teknologi Enstitusu] Date: 10 November 2016, At: 04:06
Journal of New Music Research
2008, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 113
Bars Bozkurt
_
Correspondence: Bars Bozkurt, Izmir Institute of Technology, Electrical and Electronics Engineering Dept. Gulbahce, Urla, Izmir/
Turkey. E-mail: barisbozkurt@iyte.edu.tr
ahenks2 and dozens of maqams employing a large data in the application part of this study. But the system
variety of intervals, musicians may dierently interpret can be successfully applied to other classes in a
certain degrees of some scales.3 Therefore, it is not at all straightforward way.
trivial to develop computerized methods that can perform To demonstrate the eectiveness of the method, we
automatic analysis and gather results from large data- present an application of the methods to recordings of
bases. The lack of such methods continues to hamper Tanburi Cemil Bey (18711916). There are various
research into the actual tuning of Turkish maqam music reasons for this choice. Firstly, Tanburi Cemil Bey is
and the development of a theory conforming to practice. the most commonly referred musician for the correctness
Furthermore, a literature study of maqam music and precision of his pitch intervals. Many talented
shows that music information retrieval (MIR) techniques musicians claim that his recordings are the most valuable
developed for maqam music is very much limited in source of information for maqam music (Tanrkorur,
number. The problems mentioned above stays at the 2004). He has mastered many instruments including
heart of many issues in MIR studies. tanbur, kemence, lute, tar, cello, violin, kanun, clarinet,
This study proposes a novel method for aligning pitch zurna and baglama. He is known as the creator of the
frequencies computed on various recordings in order to bowed tanbur (yayl tanbur) and was an indisputable
facilitate automatic analysis of large databases. The virtuoso of kemence and tanbur. Although he was
alignment is performed via matching the tonics of each mainly known as a performer he was an important
recording. To achieve this, a new tonic detection composer too. His compositions are still being played not
algorithm for maqam music is presented. only in Turkey but also in Iran, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon,
It should be noted that for direct alignment with tonic Egypt, Tunisia, Greece and the Balkans. For further
as reference, the recordings should be from the same class information the reader is referred to Cemil (1947).
of maqams that have the same note as tonic. In terms of In addition, the author thinks that Tanburi Cemil
their tonics, maqams can be classied into several broad Beys recordings, being among the rather old recordings
classes, those with the tonic note being: rast, dugah, of maqam music, represent the traditional pitch frequen-
segah, rak, yegah, acem asiran, huseyni asiran, gevest, cies taught through oral education without much
buselik, cargah4 (Karadeniz, 1965). The largest set is that inuence from the ocial ArelEzgiUzdilek (AEU)
of maqams with dugah as tonic, followed by rast and theory (Arel, 1930). It can be easily seen in recent
segah. From tables provided in Ceviko glu (2007), the instrumental methods that tables on fretting reect more
percentage of songs in the repertory of TRT (Turkish the dictates of the AEU tuning than the demands of
Radio Television Broadcasting) can roughly (by comput- actual practice. A similar predicament is also true for
ing percentage on the list provided for 72% of the whole formal education; the conservatories teach the AEU
repertory) be calculated as: 44.7% for maqams with system. However, mismatches between theory and actual
dugah tonic, 39.2% for maqams with rast tonic and practice are also acknowledged. Through the tests
11.8% for maqams with segah tonic. This means that, if performed on Tanburi Cemil Beys recordings for our
recordings from these three classes (maqams with tonic proposed methods, we show that theorypractice
as dugah, rast or segah) can be aligned and processed mismatches can be directly observed and scrutinized on
together, one could cover more than 90% of recordings. the average histograms automatically obtained.
To avoid confusion and save space, we have chosen Throughout the study, the YIN algorithm (de
recordings only from maqams with dugah tonic as test Cheveigne & Kawahara, 2002) is used for fundamental
frequency (f0) estimation together with some post-lters
designed specially for Turkish maqam music. These post-
2
Ahenk is synonymous with key transposition or diapason. Due lters are explained in Section 2. All recordings used are
to the fact that maqam music notes (perdes) are named by monophonic to avoid the complex multi-pitch estimation
reference to their relative positions, the same perde corresponds problem since it is not the main issue in our study. In
to dierent pitches on dierent sizes of instruments. The reader Section 3, we discuss f0 histogram computation. It is
is referred to Erguner (2007) and Appendix B of Yarman (2008) common practice to use Holdrian comma (Hc) as the
for detailed reviews on ahenks, ney ngerings, location of holes smallest intervallic unit in Turkish maqam music theory.
on neys with various lengths and the corresponding pitch To facilitate comparisons with other studies, we also use
frequencies produced. the Holdrian comma unit in most of our gures and
3
For example for fretted instruments there is a lack of standards
tables. Section 4 is dedicated to the presentation of our
and dening appropriate fret locations is an open topic of
proposed method for combining histograms of multiple
research. It is observed that the number of frets and their
locations vary regionally or due to personal choice. recordings and our tonic detection algorithm. Section 5
4
It should be noted that some names are used both for makams includes the discussions and conclusions. In addition, the
and notes(perdes), like: Hicaz, Buselik, Kurdi, Segah, Mahur, AEU system which is also explained in Yarman (2007) to
etc. For discriminating the two, maqam names are written with be equivalent to the Yekta-24 system in terms of intervals
the rst letter being capital. used is very briey explained in Appendix A. The audio
An automatic pitch analysis method for Turkish maqam music 3
material used is referred to at various steps in plots and estimates falling outside this range. It is observed that
discussions. We preferred to present the brief description such simple post-lters can correct an important portion
of the recording database used in Appendix B so as not of errors for some recordings. Two examples are
to interrupt the natural ow of the text. provided in the Figure 1.
These lters are actually very much needed for old
recordings like Tanburi Cemil Beys due to the high level
of background noise causing relatively high f0 estimation
2. F0 post-ltering for Turkish maqam music errors.
recordings
Fundamental frequency estimation methods are not free
of errors. Depending on the acoustic characteristics,
various methods have various error rates. It is common
3. Bin-width selection for f0 histogram analysis
practice to design post-ltering methods to correct some Use of histograms for analysis of pitch frequencies is a
of these errors. For some special cases as ours, post- common practice (Akkoc, 2002; Karaosmano glu &
lters may be designed considering the melodic char- Akkoc, 2003; Zeren, 2003; Karaosmanoglu, 2004). The
acteristics of a particular type of music. For Turkish bin-width selection problem, although very rarely men-
maqam music we have veried that the post-lters below tioned in the literature, appears to be a critical issue for
can be eectively used. computer based analysis of f0 histograms that may
Filters which impose continuity with the assumption include peak detection.
that the following are not likely in Turkish maqam music: A pitch histogram, Hf0[n], is a mapping that cor-
responds to the number of f0 values that fall into various
(1) low signal energy and short duration pitch chunks disjoint categories (known as bins):
with boundary intervals larger than a perfect fth;
(2) relatively short duration chunk at an integer multi- X
K
ple octave higher or lower in pitch compared to a Hf0 n mk ;
long duration previous or post chunk; k1
(3) melodic dynamic range being larger than four mk 1; fn f0 k < fn1 ;
octaves. mk 0; otherwise;
The rst two properties are implemented via conditional where (fn, fn 1) are boundary values dening the f0 range
code lines. The last one is realized as a lter by: for the nth bin.
computing the mean of frequencies measured for a The choice of the bin-width (fn 1 fn), the width of
recording, dening maximum and minimum possible each category, denes the resolution of the histogram. In
frequencies as two octaves higher and lower than the theoretical pitch scale studies, it is common practice to
mean for that specic recording and ltering out the use uniform sampling of the whole f0 range. Given the
Fig. 2. Histograms obtained with (a) 1/3 Hc grid and (b) 1/9 Hc grid.
specic maqam always ends at the tonic as the last note a is the reciprocal of the standard deviation. fk, f0 and Wb
(Akdo gu, 1989). We have implemented a simple algo- are discrete frequency values in Hc with 1/3 Hc
rithm to capture the last note and tested on various resolution.
recordings. This approach works quite well when the Assigning the tonic to 0 Hc, the intervals specify the
background noise is rather low. centre frequencies of the notes, fk, which correspond to
However in old recordings such as Tanburi Cemil the mean of each Gaussian distribution function. For
Beys recordings, the energy of background noise some- simplicity the weights, ak, of each distribution are
times exceeds the energy of the musical signal and the assigned to be equal and this value is set to the maximum
estimated frequencies become unreliable especially to- value of the histogram of a given recording for which the
wards the end. For this reason a more robust method is tonic will be found. The variances of each distribution
developed for tonic detection with the assumption that are also set to be equal and it is a user-dened value to set
the maqam of the recording is known (either from the tags the width of each Gaussian.
or track names since it is common practice to name tracks As an example, we present a histogram template for
with the maqam name: Hicaz taksim, for example). For maqam Hicaz from the intervals dened in the AEU
tonic detection in such adverse situations, maqam system in Figure 4.
histogram templates can be utilized as reference. Briey, We have chosen the AEU system intervals for
our algorithm detects the tonic of a given recording by template construction since it is the ocial/standar-
aligning its histogram with its maqam histogram template dized system despite its errors in representing the
which is initiated as a Gaussian mixture from theoretical practice. We leave the comparison to use of other
intervals specied in the AEU system and updated tunings for this specic application to future work. Only
recursively as multiple recordings are aligned. We present the initial histogram template is constructed theoreti-
the complete process ow (starting from wave les), the cally. The template is updated within a loop of
tonic detection algorithm and the histogram template optimization and all templates except the initial are
construction algorithm in Figure 3. obtained by averaging the real recordings pitch histo-
Given the intervals dened in the AEU system for a grams after alignment. The use of histogram averaging
specic maqam, a simple theoretical histogram template results in discarding relatively rare musical events and
in the Holdrian commas scale, H( f0), for the given construction of a representation of what is common as
maqam can be constructed as a mixture of Gaussian pitch intervals in a large database. This is convenient for
functions, Gk( f0), our target but causes a loss of ne details which may be
critical in characterizing a given maqam. Certain degrees
XK of certain maqams pitch scales vary in pitch depending
H f0 ak Gk f0 ; on the melodic line being ascended or descended. Such
"
k1
# variations are observed to be relatively small (within less
f0 fk 2 than 1.5 Hc range) and in average histograms these
Gk f0 exp 0:5 a ;
Wb =2 variations result in a widening of a peak width instead of
creating additional peaks. On the other hand, it is
where fk is the centre frequency of the Gaussian function preferable to lter out some of the details like small
dened by the kth degrees interval with respect to tonic. peaks due to temporary modulations to other maqams
Fig. 3. Tonic detection and histogram template construction algorithm (box indicated with dashed lines) and the overall analysis
process. All recordings should be in a given maqam which also species the intervals in the AEU system.
6 Bars Bozkurt
Fig. 6. Histogram matching examples for tonic detection. Maqams of the recordings are: (a) Huseyni, (b) Tahir Buselik, (c) Rast, (d)
Saba.
resulted in wrong tonic detection. In addition, these in maqam Ussak. For the last recording, the tonic is
recordings included solos from dierent instruments misdetected (Figure 7(a)) and the nth template is
(singing and tanbur interchanging solo sequences) which computed accumulatively for demonstration, the last
result in addition of f0-regions that intersect but not addition being the misdetected examples histogram.
match exactly in histograms. This typically causes In Figure 7(a), we observe that the tonic is located
changes in highest peak location and f0-data being close to the middle of the most frequent f0-range spanned
concentrated on a rather larger f0-range. For this reason, which is not very likely for single instrument playing.
we think that the algorithm is more reliable when applied This example is a singingtanbur duo where each
to solo recordings of a single instrument such as taksims instrument plays solo in turn. The tanburs tonic is the
(which is in fact a very common improvisational form of labelled peak and the singers tonic is the left-most peak
Turkish maqam music; taksims are also the main where a misdetected tonic is located at 0 Hc. In
material used in music theory research). We leave Figure 7(b), we present the accumulation of the new
comprehensive testing for various forms to our future histogram template from recording 1 to 6. The last
work. addition is performed with the example presented in
Once tonics are detected, histograms of all recordings Figure 7(b) and its contribution is plotted with dotted
are averaged to obtain a new histogram template (nth lines. It is clear that the general shape is not much
iteration). Fortunately, the contribution of rare tonic altered, the main change being a sharpening of the peak
detection errors in the template histogram update in the at 31 Hc since it is the largest peak in the added
loop is rather negligible. This is illustrated in Figure 7, an histogram. The template histogram can be used in
example where the algorithm is applied to six recordings theoretical studies on pitch scales perfectly.
8 Bars Bozkurt
Fig. 7. (a) Tonic misdetection example (Vol. 5, Track 14, Ussak) (correct tonic is labelled with a circle) and (b) the 2nd template
computed accumulatively where the last contribution in dots come from the histogram in (a).
It is shown in Figure 3 that the algorithm updates the the peak just after the tonic at 0 Hc. All studies
template histogram in a loop: all recordings are aligned discussing the weak points of the AEU theory, without
with a given template to form a new template by any exception, state the mismatch of the theoretical and
averaging, and the new template is again used to align performed intervals for this second degree in Ussak
histograms. The loop continues until the template com- maqams pitch scale. Since the nal template is obtained
puted in the (n1)th cycle is the same with the template as the mean of aligned histograms, the error in theory is
computed in the nth cycle. Since histograms are discrete not reected in the nal histogram. Theory only serves
signals with 1/3 Hc resolution, a few loops are sucient to for initial alignment of histograms. For studies targeting
reach the termination. In Figure 8, the templates com- construction of models from the data (i.e. using the
puted for the six recordings in maqam Ussak are shown analysis results of actual practice as the main reference
(iteration starts on the theoretical template with the in building the model), this is very crucial. One
dashed lines). alternative to using theoretical intervals for constructing
For this example, there is a mismatch between an initial histogram template is to provide the system a
theoretical template peaks and estimated nal template: real recording histogram example with manually
An automatic pitch analysis method for Turkish maqam music 9
labelled tonic. This would need to be done once for recordings from dierent maqams given that the tonic is
each maqam. the same. In Figure 9, we present aligned histograms of
ve maqams (with tonic dugah) from 17 recordings of
Tanburi Cemil Bey.
In Figure 9, we observe that most of the peaks
4.2 Aligning histograms of dierent maqams match theoretical intervals. However for two peaks this
In the previous section we have explained an automatic is not the case. A peak observed at 6.66 Hc for the
algorithm to compute histogram templates from record- second degree of maqam Ussak does not match with
ings for a given maqam. The templates computed can be the theoretical interval specied to be 8 Hc. In many
successfully used in analysing intervals used in a specic studies (Ozkan, 1998; Cakar, 2004; Erguner, 2007;
maqam in practice. Tulgan, 2007) we nd the following explanation for
As we have mentioned in the introduction, tonic can this second degree: the second degree of maqam Ussak,
successfully serve as a reference point for alignment of the segah note, is played 11.5 Hc lower than indicated
Fig. 8. The templates computed iteratively by averaging N (6) les in each iteration. Iteration number indicated on the resultant
template.
Fig. 9. Tonic aligned and normalized histograms for recordings with dugah as tonic: 5 maqam template histograms superimposed
(5 histograms computed from 17 recordings). Vertical dashed lines indicate the intervals specied in the AEU system (Table 1,
Appendix A).
10 Bars Bozkurt
on the sta notation (which refers to 8 Hc as the Our proposed method involved a novel automatic
interval). tonic detection algorithm. The tonic detection algorithm
A similar observation can be made on the fourth was tested on 67 recordings of Tanburi Cemil Bey and
degree of maqam Saba, namely the note hicaz. We 62 les tonics were correctly identied. The tests can be
observe in Figure 9 that the fourth peak of the maqam considered demonstration of the potential at this level.
Saba template at 19 Hc does not match the theoretical The algorithm needs to be evaluated through testing on
interval specied. In Ozkan (1998), Cakar (2004) and large databases including recordings with various
Tulgan (2007) the corresponding explanation is: the acoustic conditions, various musicians and various
fourth degree of maqam Saba, the hicaz note, is forms. We leave such heavy testing to future work. It
performed at higher pitch than indicated on the sta is clear that f0 estimation errors contribute to errors but
notation. the methodology we propose is independent of a specic
The mismatching intervals for the given maqams f0 estimation algorithm. Therefore the contribution of
support the criticism. Other degrees peaks match the f0 estimation errors in the average histogram computa-
theoretical intervals with 1/3 Hc precision. This tion are not studied in detail either. Ecient post-
example shows that the constructed histogram templates processing techniques for reduction of f0 estimation
can be successfully used for theoretical studies. Due to errors are also proposed in the rst sections of this
space considerations, results from other maqams (which paper.
lead to the same conclusions) are not discussed here. In addition, there are certain deciencies of the study
to be mentioned. Our approach discards the time and
melodic context varying characteristics which are essen-
tial for maqam music. Despite these deciencies, we
5. Discussions and conclusions think that the tools provided will be of high value for at
This paper presented a new method to align histograms least one of the most important dimensions of maqam
of dierent recordings of Turkish maqam music. Such a music: the pitch scale theory.
method is extremely useful for automatic processing of Finally, most of the techniques proposed in this study
multiple les which was not available until now in the are not limited to Turkish music. We think they are
domain of Turkish maqam music research. There are potentially applicable to other traditional (modal) music
various applications for such automatic processing. To recordings from Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt,
name a few: music information retrieval applications like Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Azerbaijan, etc.
automatic maqam classication and automatic transcrip-
tion, and tuning research. For example, in studies aiming
at detection of the whole set of pitches for maqam music,
Acknowledgement
such a tool is potentially very useful. In Turkish maqam This work is supported by Scientic and Technological
music theory, how many tones in an octave is needed to _
Research Council of Turkey, TUBITAK (Project No:
represent the maqam scale theory properly is still an 107E024).
open question. In the literature various propositions can
be found varying from 17 to 79 tones in an octave
(Yarman, 2007, 2008). With the method presented, large References
databases including maqam recordings with the same
Akdo _
gu, O. (1989). Taksim Nedir, Nasl Yaplr?. Izmir.
tonic can be aligned and viewed together with intervals
specied in various theories. It is one of our future goals Akkoc, C. (2002). Non-deterministic scales used in tradi-
to study results from recordings of Tanburi Cemil Bey tional Turkish music. Journal of New Music Research,
31(4), 285293.
and compare in detail the histogram templates obtained
Arel, H.S. (1930). Turk Musikisi Nazariyat Dersleri.
with the intervals specied in several other theories like _
Istanbul: Husnutabiat Matbaas (reprint: 1968).
the ToreKaradeniz system (Karadeniz, 1965) in com-
Cakar, S.S. (2004). Turk muzi gi teorisi ve makamlar.
parison to the AEU system. Since average histograms
Ankara: Milli E gitim Bakanl
g Yaynlar.
carry information about commonly played pitches rather Cemil, M. (1947). Tanburi Cemilin Hayat. Ankara: Sakarya
than details, they can be successfully used for automatic Yaynevi.
classication problems. In Gedik and Bozkurt (2008) it Ceviko
glu, T. (2007). Klasik Turk Muzi ginin Bugunku
has been shown that high classication rates are obtained Sorunlar. In Proceedings from International Congress of
by simply using average histograms in a template _
Asian and North African Studies (Icanas 38), Ankara.
matching framework for automatic classication. It can de Cheveigne, A. & Kawahara, H. (2002). YIN, a
be misleading to process ne details of the average fundamental frequency estimator for speech and music.
histograms and draw general conclusions or expect that Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 111(4),
such histograms reveal details about the nature of a given 19171930.
maqam. _
Erguner, S. (2007). Ney, metod. Istanbul.
An automatic pitch analysis method for Turkish maqam music 11
Ezgi, S.Z. (1933). Nazar ve Amel Turk Musksi. Vol. I. (pp. in Yarman (2007) that the AEU system is also equivalent
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829). Istanbul: Milli Mecmua Matbaas. to Yektas (1922) system in terms of the intervals used. In
Gedik, A.C. & Bozkurt, B. (2008). Automatic classication the AEU system, the following basic intervals (in terms
of taksim recordings in Turkish makam music. In of Holdrian commas (Hc)) are used:
Conference on Interdisciplinary Musicology, 26 July,
Thessaloniki, Greece.
Karadeniz, M.E. (1965). Turk Muskisinin Nazariye ve
_ _ Bankas Yaynlar. Bakiye (B): 4 Hc
Esaslar. Istanbul: Is
Karaosmanoglu, M.K. (2004). Turk musikisi perdelerini Kucuk Mucennep (S): 5 Hc
olcum, analiz ve test teknikleri. In Proceedings from Buyuk Mucennep (K): 8 Hc
Yldz Teknik Universitesi Muzik Konferans, Istanbul, _ Tanini (T): 9 Hc
Turkey. Artk ikili (A): 12 or 13 Hc
Karaosmanoglu, M.K. & Akkoc, C. (2003). Turk muski-
sinde icra teori birli gini sa glama yolunda bir girisim. In
Proceedings from 10th Muzdak Symposium, Istanbul, _
Turkey. The accidentals used in the AEU system are summarized
_
Ozkan, I.H. (1998). Turk Musikisi Kuramsal ve Usulleri in Figure 10. Each step corresponds to 1 Hc.
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Kudum Velveleleri. Istanbul: Otuken Nesriyat. For each maqam, a scale is presented in Arel (1930)
Oztuna, Y. (2006). Turk Musikisi: Akademik Klasik Turk and the intervals are provided in terms of the basic
Sanat Musikisinin Ansiklopedik Sozlu gu, Vol. 2. intervals listed above. From the sta notation of the
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Istanbul: Orient Press. scale, the intervals can be deduced and vice versa. For
Powers, H. (1988). First meeting of the ICTM Study Group example, the scale for maqam Huseyni is specied with
on maqam. Yearbook for Traditional Music, 20, 199218. basic intervals: KSTTKST which corresponds to the
Tanrkorur, C. (2004). Turk Muzi gi Kimli _
gi. Istanbul: following intervals in Hc with respect to the tonic: [8 13
Dergah Yaynlar. 22 31 39 44 53]. Figure 11 presents the scale for makam
Touma, H.H. (1971). The maqam phenomenon: an im- Huseyni.
provisation technique in the music of the Middle East. In this notation system, whole tones are represented as
Ethnomusicology, 15(1), 3848. T (Tanini 9 Hc) and half tones are represented as B
Tulgan, O. (2007). Makam musiki perdelerinin srr, (Bakiye 4 Hc). Starting from the tonic dugah (A), the
deduktif bir deneme. Muzik ve Bilim, 7, http://www. rst interval is a whole tone lowered by a 1 Hc sized
musikbilim.com/7m_2007/tulgan_o.html bemol. The rst interval is then computed to be of size 8
Tzanetakis, G., Kapur, A., Schloss, W.A. & Wright, M. Hc corresponding to K (Buyuk Mucennep). The second
(2007). Computational ethnomusicology. Journal of interval is half tone plus 1 Hc, again due to the 1 Hc
Interdisciplinary Music Studies, 1(2), 124.
bemol of the rst note, resulting in an interval size of 5
Yarman, O. (2007). A comparative evaluation of pitch
Hc, S (Kucuk Mucennep).
notations in Turkish makam music. Journal of Inter-
It is often useful to display theoretical intervals
disciplinary Music Studies, 1(2), 4361.
together with the estimated f0 values to have an insight
Yarman, O. (2008). 79-tone tuning & theory for Turkish
maqam music. PhD thesis, Istanbul _ Technical University, about frequency variations. In Figure 12 we present such
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Social Sciences Institute, Istanbul. an example.
Yekta, R. (1922). Turk Musikisi. Transl. O. Nasuhio glu.
_
(pp. 616). Istanbul: Pan Yaynclk (reprinted: 1986).
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Zeren, A. (2003). Muzik sorunlarmz uzerine arastrmalar.
_
Istanbul: Pan Yaynclk.
Fig. 12. An example pitch track for makam Huseyni (Vol. 4, Track 4, Huseyni Taksim, end part).
Hicaz 0 5 17 22 31 35 44 53
Rast 0 9 17 22 31 40 48 53
Segah 0 5 14 22 31 36 49 53
Kurdili Hicazkar 0 4 13 22 31 35 44 53
Huzzam 0 5 14 19 31 36 49 53
Nihavend 0 9 13 22 31 35 44 53
Huseyni 0 8 13 22 31 39 44 53
Ussak 0 8 13 22 31 35 44 53
Saba 0 8 13 18 31 35 44 53
Kurdi (1), Sehnaz (1), Hicaz (1), Nisaburek (1), Maqams with acem asiran as tonic (1 recording):
Muhayyer (1). Sevkefza (1).
Maqams with rast as tonic (16 recordings): On these recordings Tanburi Cemil Bey plays
Rast (2), Pesendide (1), Neveser (1), Nihavend (2), Mahur kemence (an unfretted instrument), tanbur (movable
(3), Kurdili Hicazkar (2), Hicazkar (3), Suzinak (2). fretted instrument), yayl tanbur (tanbur played with a
bow), lute and violin. It is acknowledged in various
Maqams with segah as tonic (5 recordings): texts that Tanburi Cemil Bey used fewer number of
Segah (3), Mustear (1), Huzzam (1). frets (43 for two octave range whereas todays
tanburs have more than 50 frets) and adjusted fret
Maqams with rak as tonic (8 recordings): locations time to time before starting a taksim on a
Irak (1), Bestenigar (3), Evic (2), Ferahnak (2). specic makam.
A few pre-processing operations were performed on
Maqams with yegah as tonic (8 recordings): recordings. Most of the recordings contain speech at the
Yegah (3), Ferahfeza (3), Sedaraban (2). beginning as announcement of the content of recording.
These portions of the recordings are silenced out. When
Maqams with huseyni asiran as tonic (2 recordings): necessary and possible, periodic noise is suppressed via
Nuhuft (1), Suzidil (1). frequency selective lters.