CPD Presentation Shaft Systems 130924074806 Phpapp01

Ventilation Using Shafts
Colt Technical Seminar

A brief history of Colt
A private company founded in 1931
I J OHea OBE (1897 - 1984)

2010 Group turnover 146 million
Manufactures in the UK, Holland, Germany, Saudi Arabia, China and Singapore
I J OHea,
Colt Founder
Current UK Business markets
Smoke Control
Solar Shading
Natural Ventilation
Louvre
Environmental Comfort Control
Ventilation using shafts
Covering:
1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs:

Natural Ventilation to BS 5588 Part 5
Natural Shafts to BS 5588 Part 5
BRE Shafts to BS 5588 Part 5
Mechanical Shafts
2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments:

Natural Ventilation to ADB 2006
Natural Shafts to ADB 2006
Pressurisation/Mechanical Ventilation to ADB 2006
3. Extended Travel Distances in Common Corridors Using Mechanical Shafts

General
Description:
A common shaft passing through multiple levels allowing natural or

mechanical ventilation to the fire floor via the use of dampers or automatic
opening devices on each level.
Used for:
Ventilating fire fighting lobbies to assist fire fighting operations from a fire
fighting shaft and/or
Ventilating common corridors in high rise residential developments.
1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs
A fire fighting shaft will mostly, but not exclusively, be required to serve:
1. The upper storeys of any building where a floor level is more

than 18m above fire service vehicle access level.
2. The basement storeys of any building with a basement storey

more than 10m below fire service access level.
A fire fighting shaft will require a protected staircase, a fire fighting lift and
a fire fighting lobby and should have smoke control to comply with BS
5588 Part 5: 2004.
The upper storeys in Shop,

Commercial, Assembly,
Recreational and Industrial
buildings with a storey of 900m2 or
more which is more than 7.5m
above fire service vehicle access
level.
Fire Fighting:
In fire fighting shafts the fire and rescue services need clear access to every
level.
Usual fire fighting protocol is to take the lift to a floor below the fire floor,
connect to the dry riser and then ascend to the fire floor by stair.
The primary objectives of the ventilation system are, therefore:

to prevent smoke spread into the staircase
to improve conditions in the fire fighting lobby.
BS 5588 Part 5 provides prescriptive ventilation recommendations

Stairwell ventilation Lobby ventilation
A 1.5m2 openable vent A 1m2 vent (OV) in the fire fighting lobby;
at the head of the stairwell; or or
A 3m2 shaft with 1.5m2 dampers on each

A 1m2 openable window at each
level with openings at the top and bottom
storey (OV)
of the shaft; or
The BRE Method, which is as above, but

omits the opening at the bottom of the
shaft.
1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs BRE Shaft
A 3m2 shaft is connected to the

lobbies by 1.5m2 dampers at high
level. Only the damper on the fire floor
opens
Air inlet is provided via the stairs from

the final exit door and a 1m2 ventilator
at the head of the stairs
No air inlet is required at the base of

the shaft replacement air is drawn
from the staircase, preventing smoke
flow into the stair.
1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs BRE Shaft
Visibility in onerous
wind conditions
1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs Colt Shaft
The next obvious step
Offers a further reduction in the occupied space taken up by the system
If effective could be used for both fire fighting and means of escape
The major challenge is to avoid excessive depressurisation of the lobby to

prevent smoke being drawn in and problems opening doors
This can be avoided by:
Fire Fighting Lobby Low level inlet

An inlet shaft
negative Doors to be open
Grilles in doors
Variable speed fans
Staircase
We have developed a standard system that will be

at least as good as the BRE smoke shaft and
better in adverse wind conditions
The system comprises:
a small vertical shaft 0.6m2 instead of 3.0m2

a variable speed extract fan set (run and standby)
a pressure sensor in each lobby
a small motorised damper to each lobby
a 1m2 stairwell ventilator
Mechanical ventilation
The design has been proven by CFD analysis
By replicating the BRE shaft CFD analysis after discussion with BRE
By optimising the air flow rate and shaft and damper dimensions to match the
BRE shaft
By modelling closed door conditions to ensure that the system:
Does not draw excess smoke into the lobby with doors closed (smoke seal doors
between lobby and accommodation are needed for this)
Visibility - doors open
Mechanical shaft BRE shaft

Installations:
Newhall Street, Birmingham 6 Levels

Unite, Bond Street, Bristol 2 systems at 10 levels each
Thames Tower, Leicester 2 systems at 16 levels each
Threadneedle St, London 6 Levels
Moseley St, Manchester 9 Levels
Univ of Sheffield LRC 7 Levels
Shoreditch Hotel, London 6 Levels
Twickenham RFU 4 Systems of 6+ levels each
Vincent Hotel, Southport 7 Levels
Hatton Gardens Liverpool 2 Systems at 9 levels each
London School of Economics 4 shafts at 11 levels each typ.
21 Great Winchester Street 6 Levels
C & A Bournemouth 1 shaft
Quartermile, Edinburgh 5 No Mechanical Shafts
2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments
In multi-storey residential buildings, the main escape route is always via
common corridors and/or lobbies to protected stairs.
Smoke spread to the corridor from a fire in an apartment is unavoidable as the

occupants make their escape.
The 2006 version of ADB requires common corridors which contain a staircase
to be ventilated. Fire fighting stairs in residential buildings do not require a
separate ventilated fire fighting lobby.
The ventilation system allows the smoke in the corridor to be cleared and
ensures that smoke is prevented from entering the staircase, which could make
make escape difficult for occupants of higher storeys should the whole building
need to be evacuated.
Small Single Stair Apartment Buildings
Top floor level no more than 11m above ground level
No more than 3 storeys above ground level
Stair does not connect to covered car park
ADB Requires:
Openable vent (OV) to each landing level of stair or single OV at head of
stair with activation from bottom of stair.
Also:
If lobby is ventilated, travel distance from apartment to stair can be
increased from 4.5 to 7.5m.
All Other Apartment Buildings
ADB Requires:
All corridors/lobbies adjoining stairs to be ventilated by either natural or
mechanical means.
The staircase requires a vent with a free area of 1.0m2 from the top storey to
outside.
Activation:
If a single stair building, the vents should be automatic via smoke detectors
in the common access space.
If a multi-stair building, the ventilation can be manual, BUT the vent at the
top of the stair must be interlinked to open at the same time.
Common Corridors can be ventilated, either:
Naturally, located on an outside wall with a minimum free area of 1.5m2.
Naturally, discharged into a vertical smoke shaft, closed at the base.
Mechanically, using extract and natural inlet or supply fans.
Mechanically, using pressure differentials, in accordance with BS EN 12101-

6: 2005.
2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments Natural
Ventilation
SHAFT
Minimum Free Area under the 2000 edition of ADB

Definition of Minimum Free Area, either:
The aerodynamic free area of the ventilator as

defined in EN 12101 Part 2: 2003
Specification for natural smoke and heat
exhaust ventilators.
Or:
"the total unobstructed cross sectional area,

measured in the plane where the area is at a
minimum and at right angles to the direction of air
flow"
Minimum Free Area under the 2006 edition of ADB


Shafts
If a shaft system is used, the following criteria should be met:
The Shaft should:
Be closed at the base

Have a minimum cross-sectional area of 1.5m2 with a minimum dimension of
0.85m in either direction.
Extend at least 0.5m above the highest structure within 2m
Extend 2.5m above the ceiling of the highest level served by the shaft.
The vent into the shaft, the vent at the top of the shaft and any safety grilles in
the shaft should all have a minimum free area of 1.0m2.

Shafts
Construction:
The shaft should be constructed from non-combustible material and the vents
should be equivalent to a E30Sa fire door.
The shaft should be vertical with no more than 4m at an inclined angle (max
30)
Operation:
On detection of smoke in the corridor, the vent on the fire floor, at the top of the
shaft and the top of the stair should all open simultaneously vents on all other
levels should remain closed.

Shafts
Exhaust opening
Ventilation damper
Typical Roof Installation:
Natural
Ventilation

Shafts
Internal Damper to shaft, concealed by decorative grille:
Equivalent to E30S
Fire rated
construction
Motor open/closed
Natural, minimum
free area 1.0m2

Shafts
Colt Doorman Actuator with fire door to shaft:
Equivalent to E30S Fire rated

construction
Require a safety grille across
shaft at each level
Units on other levels must lock
closed to prevent smoke transfer
2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments Mechanical

Shafts
Approved Document B permits the use of mechanical ventilation for smoke

control of common escape routes but gives no design guidance on how to
design such a system.
However based on the experience gained in developing the Colt Shaft for
fire fighting applications, several options are available to reduce the natural
shaft from 1.5m2 to 0.6m2 using a mechanical system.
As with the fire fighting system, the main objective is to keep smoke from
entering the staircase.
2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments Mechanical

Shafts
Internal Damper to shaft, concealed by decorative grille:
Equivalent to E30S Fire rated

construction
Motor open/closed
Mechanical - Typically 0.8m2
2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in

Residential Developments Pressurisation
Supply air
Distribution Ductwork
Pressure Relief
Air Release
3. Means of Escape Systems Extended Travel
An extended lobby can be used to reduce travel, but the lobby ..must not
provide direct access to any storage room, flat or other place containing a
potential fire hazard.
7.5m+ 7.5m
ADB 2006 states: There may be some instances where some increase on
these maximum figures [travel distances] will be reasonable. In most
circumstances mechanical systems can be designed to enhance safety.
7.5m+ 7.5m
Options:
i. Natural Exhaust/Mechanical Inlet
ii. Mechanical Extract/Natural Inlet
iii. Mechanical Extract/Mechanical Inlet

Natural Exhaust/Mechanical Inlet

Has been used by various fire engineers with varying degrees of success.
Positively pressurises the corridor, therefore can risk pushing smoke into other
apartments and staircase.
Natural Exhaust/Mechanical Inlet
7.5m+ 7.5m
Mechanical Extract/Natural Inlet
Slightly depressurises the corridor, therefore inlet shaft and

dampers need to be sized carefully to avoid creating a pressure
greater than 50 Pa.
Typically, inlet shaft will need to be in order of 1.5m2.

7.5m+ 7.5m
On a recent project the Travel Distance was successfully extended from

7.5m to 18m in one direction
System modelled in both escape and fire-fighting mode and compared

with a compliant corridor with a natural AOV system.
System out-performs natural AOV for both evacuation and for fire-
fighting

Modelled to compare with compliant 7.5m corridor with AOV in still wind
conditions with growing fire in apartment.
Smoke spills into corridor during evacuation and then again 10 minutes
later when fire brigade arrive, fire has grown to around 5000 kW
Compliant Corridor Extended Corridor

Compliant AOV Extended Mechanical System

Clear
Apartment Mechanical Apartment Air
AOV Extract door
Door
7.5m 18m Inlet
Dense
Smoke
Mechanical Extract/Mechanical Inlet
Reduces size of inlet shaft to 0.6m2 typically.
Extract to be designed as Colt Shaft without pressure sensing, inlet

fan to match extract rate.
7.5m+ 7.5m

Reversible
Particularly useful with a central stair to two extended corridors.
Fans need to be truly reversible (standard fans run at approx 60%
in reverse), or additional inlet may be necessary.
Detection needs to identify smoke location.
Mechanical Extract/Mechanical Inlet Reversible
7.5m+ 7.5m 7.5m 7.5m+
A further benefit of this system is that fire fighters can override the system
so that both fan systems can be set to extract, allowing an enhanced
clearance system.
Mechanical Extract/Mechanical Inlet Reversible
Smoke can be controlled

Supply Stair
depending on the fire
Exhaust
location
7.5m +
7.5m +
3. Means of Escape Systems Mechanical Systems
Installations:
Means of Escape Systems: Extended Corridor Systems:
Junction Apartments, Didsbury Angel Meadows, Manchester

Trout Road, West Drayton Plymouth Grove, Manchester
67 Barking Road, London John Bright Street, Birmingham
Leicester Square, Leicester Greenwich Millennium Village, London
Oxford Street, Leicester Pan Peninsula, London
Pinner Road, Harrow Quartermile, Edinburgh
The Conneries, Loughborough Brabazon House, London
Canal Street, Nottingham Parkwood Mills, Huddersfield
Great Guildford Street, London
Great Western Quarter
Red Lion Square, London
Hepburn House, Westminster
Conclusions
The work of the BRE has resulted in alternative methods of ventilation being
considered, which have now been incorporated into the new Approved
Document B.
This has paved the way for many new developments in the use of mechanical
ventilation shafts in numerous applications.
The performance of natural ventilation and AOVs can sometimes be

questioned and the use of mechanical ventilation with a known extract rate can
be shown to be beneficial for both fire fighters and building occupants.
The End
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Ventilation Using Shafts

Colt Technical Seminar

A private company founded in 1931

I J OHea OBE (1897 - 1984)

1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs:

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments:

3. Extended Travel Distances in Common Corridors Using Mechanical Shafts

A common shaft passing through multiple levels allowing natural or

1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs

1. The upper storeys of any building where a floor level is more

2. The basement storeys of any building with a basement storey

1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs

The upper storeys in Shop,

1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs

The primary objectives of the ventilation system are, therefore:

1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs

BS 5588 Part 5 provides prescriptive ventilation recommendations

A 3m2 shaft with 1.5m2 dampers on each

The BRE Method, which is as above, but

1. Ventilation of Fire Fighting Stairs BRE Shaft

A 3m2 shaft is connected to the

Air inlet is provided via the stairs from

No air inlet is required at the base of

The next obvious step

Offers a further reduction in the occupied space taken up by the system

The major challenge is to avoid excessive depressurisation of the lobby to

This can be avoided by:

Fire Fighting Lobby Low level inlet

We have developed a standard system that will be

The system comprises:

a small vertical shaft 0.6m2 instead of 3.0m2

The design has been proven by CFD analysis

By modelling closed door conditions to ensure that the system:

Visibility - doors open

Mechanical shaft BRE shaft

Newhall Street, Birmingham 6 Levels

Smoke spread to the corridor from a fire in an apartment is unavoidable as the

No more than 3 storeys above ground level

Stair does not connect to covered car park

Common Corridors can be ventilated, either:

Naturally, located on an outside wall with a minimum free area of 1.5m2.

Naturally, discharged into a vertical smoke shaft, closed at the base.

Mechanically, using extract and natural inlet or supply fans.

Mechanically, using pressure differentials, in accordance with BS EN 12101-

Minimum Free Area under the 2000 edition of ADB

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments

Definition of Minimum Free Area, either:

The aerodynamic free area of the ventilator as

"the total unobstructed cross sectional area,

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments

Minimum Free Area under the 2006 edition of ADB

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments Natural

If a shaft system is used, the following criteria should be met:

The Shaft should:

Be closed at the base

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments Natural

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments Natural

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments

Typical Roof Installation:

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments Natural

Internal Damper to shaft, concealed by decorative grille:

2. Ventilation of Common Corridors in Residential Developments Natural

Colt Doorman Actuator with fire door to shaft: