GRAIN CODE

GRAIN INCLUDES WHEAT, MAIZE, OATS, RICE, BARLEY, RICE, PULSES ETC AND THEIR
PROCESSED FORMS, WHOSE BEHAVIOUR IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF GRAIN IN ITS NATURAL
STATE.

TWO MAIN HAZARDS:

1. SETTLING (ABOUT 2%),
2. SHIFTING

ANGLE OF REPOSE IS THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE HORIZONTAL SURFACE AND CONE
SLOPE OBTAINED WHEN BULK CARGO IS POURED ONTO THE SURFACE. THE ANGLE OF
REPOSE OF GRAIN IS LOW (AS LOW AS 15-18), THUS IT WILL SHIFT EASILY WHEN THE SHIP
ROLLS.

TYPES OF COMPARTMENTS:
1. FILLED TRIMMED: A FILLED TRIMMED COMPARTMENT IS ONE IN WHICH THE
CARGO, AFTER LOADING, IS TRIMMED SO AS TO FILL ALL SPACES UNDER THE
DECKS AND HATCH COVERS TO THE MAXIMUM EXTENT POSSIBLE, SO THAT GRAIN
IS AT ITS HIGHEST POSSIBLE LEVEL.
2. FILLED UNTRIMMED: A FILLED UNTRIMMED COMPARTMENT IS ONE IN WHICH
THE CARGO, AFTER LOADING, IS AT THE MAXIMUM EXTENT POSSIBLE WITHIN THE
HATCH SQUARE, BUT OUTSIDE THE HATCH SQUARE IT IS LYING AT ITS NATURAL
ANGLE OF REPOSE.
3. PARTLY FILLED: ANY WHICH IS NOT A FILLED TRIMMED OR FILLED UNTRIMMED
IS KNOWN AS A PARTLY FILLED COMPARTMENT.

GRAIN LOADING BOOKLET

ALL THE GRAIN CALCULATIONS REQUIRE VOLUMETRIC HEELING MOMENTS, WHICH ARE
PROVIDED BY THE YARD FOR ALL SHIPS INTENDING TO LOAD GRAIN. THE BOOKLET
INCLUDES:
1. CURVES OR TABLES OF VOLUMES, VERTICAL CENTRES OF VOLUMES AND
ASSUMED VHMs FOR EVERY COMPARTMENT , FILLED OR PARTLY FILLED,
INCLUDING THE EFFECT OF TEMPORARY FITTINGS,
2. CURVES OR TABLES OF MAXIMUM PERMISSIBLE HEELING MOMENTS,
3. DETAILS OF SCANTLINGS OF TEMPORARY FITTINGS PROVIDED TO MEET THE
STABILITY REQUIREMENTS,
4. LOADING INSTRUCTIONS IN THE FORM OF NOTES SUMMARISING THE
REQUIREMENTS OF THE CODE,
5. A WORKED EXAMPLE FOR THE GUIDANCE OF THE MASTER,
6. TYPICAL LOADED ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE CONDITIONS AND INTERMEDIATE
WORST SERVICE CONDITIONS USING STOWAGE FACTORS 1.25, 1.50 AND 1.75.

ADDITIONALLY THE FOLLOWING INFORMATION SHOULD ALSO BE PROVIDED;

1. SHIP PARTICULARS,
2. LIGHTSHIP WEIGHT AND KG,
3. TABLES OF LIQUID FREE SURFACE CORRECTIONS,
4. CAPACITIES AND COGs OF ALL COMPARTMENTS,
5. CURVES OR TABLES OF ANGLES OF FLOODING WHERE LESS THAN 40, AT ALL
PERMISSIBLE DISPLACEMENTS,
6. HYDROSTATIC PROPERTIES FOR THE RANGE OF OPERATING DRAFTS,
7. CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY WHICH ARE SUFFICIENT TO PLOT THE GZ CURVE
WHICH INCLUDE CURVES AT 12 AND 40 DEG.
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DOCUMENT OF AUTHORISATION
HAVING PROVIDE WITH ALL THE INFORMATION IN THE GRAIN LOADING BOOKLET, THE
VESSEL CAN APPLY FOR A DoA, WHICH CERTIFIES THAT THE VESSEL HAS BEEN PROVIDED
WITH THE INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR IT TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF
THE INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR THE SAFE CARRIAGE OF GRAIN IN BULK. THE DoA
TOGETHER WITH THE GRAIN LOADING BOOKLET MUST BE KEPT ONBOARD.

WHEN GRAIN SHIFTS IT CAUSES A LIST (HEEL) AS WITH ANY OTHER CARGO. THE HEEL IS
THE RESULT OF THE HEELING MOMENT w x d, WHERE (w) IS THE WEIGHT OF CARGO
SHIFTED AND (d) IS THE DISTANCE BY WHICH IT SHIFTS.
THESE HEELING MOMENTS IN ALL HOLDS ADD UP, AS CARGO IN ALL HOLDS WILL SHIFT
TO THE SAME SIDE, THUS HEELING MOMENTS THUS ADDED GIVES US TOTAL HEELING
MOMENTS.

TOTAL HEELING MOMENTS w x d = W x GG1

THUS WE CAN SEE THAT THE ANGLE OF HEEL IS DIRECTLY PROPOTIONAL TO THE
HEELING ARM GG1 OR THE HEELING MOMENT AND IS INVERSELY PROPOTIONAL TO THE
METACENTRIC HEIGHT (GM). THE TOTAL HEELING MOMENTS SHOULD ALWAYS BE LESS
THAN THE ALLOWABLE HEELING MOMENTS, THUS THE HEELING MOMENTS ARE ALWAYS
TO BE KEPT MINIMUM. THIS IS DONE BY:
1. HAVING AS MANY HOLDS AS POSSIBLE COMPLETELY FILLED WITH GRAIN,
2. RESTRAINING OR SECURING THE GRAIN SURFACE TO PREVENT SHIFTING.

THE VOLUMETRIC HEELING MOMENTS GIVEN IN THE GRAIN LOADING BOOKLET TAKE
INTO ACCOUNT THE TRANSVERSE SHIFT OF G BUT NOT VERTICAL SHIFT OF G. A
VERTICAL SHIFT OF G HAS AN ADVERSE EFFECT ON THE STABILITY OF THE VESSEL. IT
GREATLY REDUCES THE GM OF THE VESSEL. THE COMPENSATION FOR VERTICAL SHIFT
OF G IS CARRIED OUT BY:

1. PARTLY FILLED COMPARTMENT: MULTIPLYING THE VHM BY 1.12,

2. FILLED TRIMMED COMPARTMENT: MULTIPLYING THE VHM BY 1.06,
3. FILLED UNTRIMMED COMPARTMENT: NO CHANGE IN VHM.

STABILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPS WITH DoA:

1. THE ANGLE OF HEEL DUE TO AN ASSUMED SHIFT OF GRAIN SHOULD NOT EXCEED
12 DEG OR FOR SHIPS CONSTRUCTED AFTER 1 JAN 1994 THE ANGLE AT WHICH THE
DECK EDGE IMMERSES, WHICHEVER IS LESS,
2. THE RESIDUAL AREA BETWEEN THE HEELING ARM CURVE AND THE RIGHTING
ARM CURVE UPTO THE ANGLE OF MAXIMUM SEPARATION OR 40 DEG OR ANGLE OF
FLOODING, WHICHEVER IS THE LEAST, SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN 0.075 M-
RADIANS.
3. THE GM AFTER CORRECTION FOR FSE FOR LIQUID IN TANKS SHOULD NOT BE LESS
THAN 0.3M,
4. THE SHIP SHOULD BE UPRIGHT BEFORE PROCEEDING TO SEA,
5. THE MASTER MUST DEMONSTRATE COMPLIANCE WITH THE CRITERIA AT ALL
STAGES OF THE VOYAGE.

STABILITY REQUIREMENTS FOR SHIPS WITHOUT DoA:

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1. THE WEIGHT OF GRAIN LOADED CANNOT EXCEED 1/3RD OF THE DEADWEIGHT,
2. ALL GRAIN SURFACES OF FILLED TRIMMED COMPARTMENTS MUST BE
RESTRAINED BY A CENTRELINE DIVISION,
3. ALL GRAIN SURFACES OF PARTLY FILLED COMPARTMENT MUST BE TRIMMED
LEVEL AND SECURED EITHER BY OVERSTOWING, STRAPPING OR LASHING OR BY
WIRE MESH,
4. ALL HATCH COVERS TO TWEEN DECK MUST BE PLACED AND BATTENED,
5. THE GM AFTER CORRECTION FOR FSE FOR LIQUID IN TANKS SHOULD NOT BE LESS
THAN 0.3M OR THAT OBTAINED BY THE FORMULA.

GM = L x B x Vd(0.25 B 0.645 Vd x B)
--------------------------------------------
SF x W x 0.0875

6. THE MASTER MUST DEMONSTRATE TO THE FLAG STATE OR THE PORT

AUTHORITIES THAT THE VESSEL COMPLIES WITH THESE REQUIREMENTS, PRIOR TO
LOADING.