Sir May I start

Bismillah

"It ought to concern every person, because it is a debasement of our

common humanity. It ought to concern every community, because it tears
at our social fabric. It ought to concern every business, because it distorts
markets. It ought to concern every nation, because it endangers public
health and fuels violence and organized crime. Im talking about the
injustice, the outrage, of human trafficking, which must be called by its true
name -- modern slavery."
- President Barack Obama in remarks to the Clinton Global Initiative in
2012

And this is the topic of my presentation today. In next 18-20 minutes, I Flt
Lt Muhammad Nafees will make an effort with the aim To apprise the
house about Human Trafficking, its victims, affected countries and efforts
by Pakistan to reduce this curse.

This will be the sequence of my presentation.

Introduction:

Vulnerable people, usually poor, are deceived or forced into working

abroad with promises of a better life. When they get there their passports
are taken off them, they are forced to work behind locked door and beaten
or starved if they refuse. Sometimes they are killed and the threat of
murder is always there. Their master or owners make money by forcing
them to force in sweatshops, dangerous jobs or as prostitutes. If the victim
manages to get to the police, they are often not helped because they have
no documents or the crime is not taken seriously. They do not usually try to
contact the authorities because they are likely to be deported to their
country where they will be probably murdered. And so Human Trafficking
continues.

Islamic Point of View:

Almighty Allah said in the holy Quran in Surah Al-Imran Verse No 79.

It is not possible for any human being unto Allah had given him The Book and Wisdom
And Nabuwah (Prophet hood) That he should afterwards have said unto mankind: Be
slaves of me instead of Allah
Saying of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) is narrated in Sahih Al-Bukari:-

They (salves and servants) are your brothers, and Allah has put them under your
command. So the one under whose hand Allah has put his brother, should feed him of
what he eats, and give him dresses of what he wears, and should not ask him to do a
thing beyond his capacity. And if at all he asks him to do a hard task, he should help
him therein

Time Line Human Trafficking

Slavery has a history dating back thousands of years. It existed in

prehistoric hunting societies and has persisted throughout the history of the
mankind as a universal institution. From the ancient Greek and Romans to
the medieval times, and up until today, humans have been subject to
various forms of physical and sexual slavery.
Although forms of slavery existed before the 1400, the 1400s
marked the start of European slave trading in Africa with the Portuguese
transporting people from Africa to Portugal and using them as slaves. In
1562, the British joined in on the slave trade in Africa. The development of
plantation colonies increased the volume of the slave trade. Later on
throughout the 1600s, other countries became more involved in the
European slave trade. These included Spain, North America, Holland,
France, Sweden, and Denmark.
The British were the first to make a law against slavery in 1807,
when they passed a law that made the Transatlantic Slave Trade illegal.
In 1820, the United States followed Great Britain's example by
making the slave trade a crime that was punishable by death.
In 1899 and 1902, international conferences to talk about white
slavery were organized in Paris, France.
Then in 1904, an international agreement against the 'white slave
trade' was created, with a focus on migrant women and children.
In 1910, 13 countries signed the International Convention for the
Suppression of White Slave Trade to make this form of trafficking illegal.
In June of 1921, the League of Nations held an international
conference in Geneva, in which the term 'white slavery' was changed to
'traffic of women and children'.
In 1923, the League of Nations had a group of experts carry out two
studies on the trafficking of women and children.
 In 1949, the United Nations Convention of the Traffic in Persons and
the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others was passed. This was the first
convention about human trafficking that was legally binding to the countries
that signed it and required the countries to make prostitution illegal.
In 2000, the United Nations Protocol against Trafficking in Persons
was passed. It made all forms of human trafficking illegal.

Definition:-

Human trafficking occurs when a trafficker takes any one of the

enumerated Actions, and then employs the Means of force, fraud or
coercion for the Purpose of compelling the victim to provide commercial
sex acts or labor or services.

At a minimum, one element from each column must be present to

establish a potential situation of human trafficking. The presence of force,
fraud or coercion indicates that the victim has not consented of his or her
own free will.

Who is involved in Trafficking

Displaced persons, minorities and other marginalized groups are victims

to human trafficking.

The recruiter gains the victims trust and then sells them for labor or to a
pimp. Sometimes this is a boyfriend, a neighbor, or even a family member.

The trafficker is the one who controls the victims. Making the victim
fearful through abuse, threats, and lies the trafficker gains power over
his/her victim.

The consumer funds the human trafficking industry by purchasing goods

and services.

Victims of trafficking

Across the globe, people irrespective of their age and gender are
victims of Human Trafficking. As per the global survey conducted by United
Nation Office on Drugs & Crime, out of the detected victims, more than two
out of three were women constituting 55-60% of total victims. Children
come on second number comprising 27% of total victims. One out of three
detected children was boy and two were girls. Women and girls combined,
make about 75%. 14-18% detected victims were men.

Forms of Exploitation:-

People are trafficked to be exploited in a range of different sector.

Trafficking in persons for sexual exploitation is more frequent than other
forms of trafficking. Approx 49 % victims in the world are being used for
sexual assault by working in brothels, clubs and red light areas.

Approx. 43% victims are exploited in the sector of forced labor

which includes exploitation in agriculture, horticulture, construction, textile
production in sweatshop conditions, catering and restaurants,
entertainment services and domestic servitude.
Other forms of exploitation have been found such as forced
marriage, organ removal, illegal adoption and the exploitation of children for
begging and as child soldiers.
I am not talking about less or more, but this map shows that Human
Trafficking exists across the globe. Extent is depicted by different colors.

Human Trafficking Flow

Trafficking can occur nationally or regionally, or from continent to

continent. No country is left untouched by human trafficking. About 460
distinct trafficking flows around the world were identified. Most of the
trafficking flows are intraregional (i.e. trafficking within a region), with
almost half of detected victims being trafficked from a country in the same
region as the country of destination. Nearly one fourth of victims were
trafficked between regions, and some 27 per cent of victims were trafficked
domestically (i.e. within their country of origin).
In general, victims are trafficked from relatively poorer areas to more
prosperous areas. That broad pattern can be found in many regions and
sub-regions worldwide. However, most countries do not function solely as a
country of origin or destination country for trafficking in persons but as a
mixture of both roles.

Human Trafficking Origins:-

Regional differences with respect to the countries of origin of human

trafficking victims are of great importance. Nationals of Western and
Central European countries are almost exclusively detected in Europe.
Similarly, victims from North America, Central America ,the Caribbean,
North Africa and the Middle East were not frequently detected outside their
region of origin.
East Asians, South Asians, South Americans, sub-Saharan Africans
and Eastern Europeans, meanwhile, were detected in many countries
outside their region of origins. However, there are significant differences
between those flows in terms of the volume of the flows and the
geographical diffusion. The trafficking of sub-Saharan Africans, for
example, is intense in Africa and the Middle East, as well as Western
Europe, but it is largely confined to those destinations. South American
and Eastern European victims are detected in a variety of countries in
different regions and sub-regions, including the Middle East, East Asia,
Europe and the Americas. However, these victims are detected in limited
numbers outside their region of origin. East Asian victims are detected in
relatively large numbers in many countries across the world, making the
flow from East Asia the most prominent transnational trafficking flow
worldwide.

Human Trafficking Destination

As stated above, nearly half of all trafficking is intraregional. More

than 75 per cent of the trafficking flows considered are either short or
medium range. This may be explained largely in terms of convenience and
risk minimization for the traffickers, because shorter distances make it
easier to manage the trafficking process.

From the vantage point of trafficking destinations, this means

that the bulk of trafficking victims are trafficked within the region of origin.
This is true for all regions and nearly all sub-regions. Countries in South
and East Asia and the Pacific, as well as in Africa and in Eastern Europe
and Central Asia, detect almost exclusively victims from within the region
(including domestic trafficking).

Countries of Western and Central Europe reported the greatest

variety of origins and the greatest distances spanned by trafficking flows. In
North America, the situation is broadly similar: one third of detected victims
come from outside the region, while a large majority of the victims are
trafficked from North America, Central America and the Caribbean. The
Middle East is the part of the world where long distance trafficking is most
prominent, as about 70 per cent of the victims detected in the sub-region
come from other regions. In the Middle East victims of about 40 different
nationalities were detected, including nationals of about 20 countries
outside Africa and the Middle East (mainly Asians and Europeans).
Human Trafficking Routes:-

Here is the world map showing few of the routes being used for
Human trafficking across the globe.
Countries shown in red color are major sources of human
trafficking. They include Mauritania, Thailand, Russia & China along
with India, Pakistan, Mexico and Brazil.
Countries shown in blue color are the major destinations. They
include USA, Japan, Germany, Italy, Greece and Turkey.

Statistical Data:-

(1) Human trafficking is not a regional issue rather it is a global

problem. During the course of survey, people in modern day slavery have
been found in 167 countries of the world.
(2) Approximately, 35.8 million people across the globe are victims of
Human Trafficking and are living in some form of modern day slavery.
(3) Human Trafficking is one of the fastest growing crimes in the
world. According to US State Department, it is the worlds second largest
criminal enterprise.
(4) ILO estimates the illicit profit of force labor only, to be 150 billion
US dollar per annum.

Statistical Data: Region Wise

(1) Almost two-thirds (65.8 percent) of the estimated 35.8 million

people in modern slavery across the globe are in the Asia Pacific region.
Modern slavery exists in the Asia Pacific region in all its forms, including
forced labor, trafficking for sexual exploitation, and forced marriage.
(2) Victims of modern day slavery living in Europe make 1.6% of total
victims across the globe. Despite having the lowest regional prevalence of
modern slavery in the world, men, women and children continue to be
subjected to modern slavery within the European Union (EU).

(3) Over seven percent of the total number of people enslaved in the
world are from the Russia and Eurasia region, reflecting forced labor in
construction, manufacturing, domestic work, agriculture, and fishing within
the region, and in construction, agriculture, and manufacturing in Eastern
and Western Europe.
(4) In Sub-Saharan Africa, complex patterns of migration, fuelled by a
lack of economic opportunity, conflict and climate related disasters, force
millions of migrants to travel from rural areas to cities as refugees, stateless
or displaced persons, and economic migrants. Similar factors compel
migrants to seek opportunities in more prosperous African nations, such as
South Africa and Kenya, or further abroad in Europe and the Gulf. Nigeria
and Ethiopia are major source countries for migration overseas.
(5) The Middle East is a destination for men and women from Asia and
Sub-Saharan Africa who travelled to the region with promises of well-
paying job contracts. A significant number of migrant workers have been
subjected to forced labor involving expensive recruitment fees, illegal
confiscation of identity documents, withholding of salaries and physical,
psychological and sexual abuse in the workplace.

(6) The Americas region experiences relatively low rates of modern

slavery in comparison to other regions, with around 3.6 percent of the total
number of people in modern slavery. Commercial sexual exploitation of
adults and children is a particular concern. Forced labor occurs in the
informal sector.
Statistical Data: Country Wise

(1) Mauritania has the highest prevalence of modern slavery in the

world; an estimated four percent of the population is enslaved. The majority
of Mauritanians rely on agriculture and pastoral activities. Enslaved men
and children typically herd camels, cows, and goats, or are forced to work
in the fields. Enslaved women perform domestic chores.
(2) 3.973% out of total victims of human trafficking are from Uzbekistan a
Central Asian country. Uzbekistan is one of the biggest exporter of cotton.
Child and forced labor is very common in the country.

(3) Haiti is the least developed country in the Americas, where poverty
has contributed to use of the restavk system. many restavk children
experience exploitation in the home of their caretakers, including forced
domestic service, and chronic verbal, physical, and sexual abuse

(4) Qatar is a destination for exploitation of men and women from Asia
who travel to the Gulf nation with promises of well-paid jobs. Figures
indicate up to 90 percent of the Qatari population are foreigners. 1.356%
victims in the world are from Qatar.
(5) Indias modern slavery challenges are immense. Across Indias
population of over 1.2 billion people, all forms of modern slavery, including
inter-generational bonded labour, trafficking for sexual exploitation, and
forced marriage, exist.

(6) Pakistan is 6th biggest victim of human trafficking in the world

contributing 1.130% of total victims in the world.

International Mafia:-

Russian Mafia:-

1. The Russian Mafia is a term used to refer to the collective of

various organized crime elements originating in the former Soviet Union.
Although not a singular criminal organization, most of the individual groups
share similar goals and organizational structures that define them as part of
the loose overall association.

2. The Bratva is the biggest and most powerful crime syndicate of

the Russian mafia. These mostly consist of both Slavic as well
as Jewish criminals. While most Slavic and Caucasian gangsters in the
Soviet era followed the thieves in law subculture, Chechens largely resisted
this, instead preferring to use the tribal structure of the teip as well as the
concept of an abrek, the outlaw-hero.

3. The Azerbaijani mafia is a general term for organized criminal

gangs, mostly based in Moscow and other major Russian cities that consist
of ethnic Azeris. Outside of Russia they are active in most former Soviet
states such as Ukraine, Baltic States such as Estonia and Latvia as well as
in Central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

4. Georgian mafia is regarded as one of the biggest, powerful and

influential criminal networks in Europe, which has produced the biggest
number of "thieves in law in all former USSR countries. It controls and
regulates most of the Russian-speaking mafia groups.

5. Other groups involved in the business of human trafficking are

Italian American Mafia

 Jewish American Mafia
Israeli Mafia
Arabs Mafia
Balkan Trafficking Ring Tara
Turkish Diaspora communities
Mafia in Pakistan

According to the most wanted persons list, Daud Ibrahim is the 3rd most
wanted criminal in the world. He is the underworld don of India. According
to an Indian reporter, Daud Ibrahim is living in Karachi. Sources also show
involvement of political parties in organized crimes in Karchi.

Human Trafficking in Pakistan:

Pakistan is a source, transit, and destination country for men,

women, and children trafficked for the purposes of forced labor and sexual
exploitation. There is considerable trafficking in women, children, and
young men for prostitution through Pakistan but trafficking for forced labor
is probably more widespread. Although estimated numbers of internal and
external human trafficking victims are lacking, the trafficking of people from
Pakistan for sexual exploitation, forced labor, forced marriage and use as
camel jockeys has been well documented. Hard pressed parents in
Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan, DG khan and other under developed areas
of Pakistan send their children to Saudi Arabia and other Gulf states as
Camel jockeys.

Government Response

Pakistan has national laws that prohibit bonded labor and

transnational human trafficking. The offences relating to traffic in human
beings are incompatible with the dignity and worth of human being and
endanger the welfare of the individual, the family and the community. In
Pakistan, Human trafficking is dealt as per Prevention and Control of
Human Trafficking ordinance, 2002. However, following a constitutional
amendment in 2010, the Federal Government devolved most legislative
and enforcement powers to the provinces, including responsibility for labor,
child protection, and womens protection. The provinces are yet to make all
the necessary laws on these issues.
No single national-level body exists to oversee a coordinated
response to the modern slavery challenges that Pakistan faces.
 Cross-border human trafficking remains under the purview of the
Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) of the Ministry of Interior and Narcotics
Control, but there is no national level mechanism to address internal
trafficking.

Anti Trafficking Units (ATUs)

The Anti Trafficking Unit is a specialized authority combating human

trafficking, and is also be a contact body with non-governmental
organizations providing help line, secure accommodation and cooperation
activities. The ATUs are directly subordinated to the Director General FIA
and shall coordinate all activities with the National Coordinator in the
Ministry of Interior.

Staff of ATUs shall be trained particularly on the following issues:-

(1) Methods of identification of victims and suspected victims

(2) Use of relevant surveillance methods and tools

(3) Obtaining, analyzing and presenting as evidence the information,

documents, other things possessed by victims, and other sources.

(4) Rules for treatment of victims and suspected victims.

(5) A separate database shall be created for the registration and use of
information collated in the course of the investigation of crimes related to
human trafficking.

(6) Along with identification and protection of victims and suspected

victims, the ATUs shall also carry out operational investigation and criminal
prosecution activities.

(7) Preliminary investigation into a case of victims or suspected victims

shall be carried out by the ATU officers (when necessary, with participation
of legal representation), within the secure accommodation.

(8) A help line shall be created to provide a free of charge and

permanent (7 days a week, 24 hours a day) communication service for
victims and potential victims of human trafficking crimes.

Protection of Victims:-
 Establishing shelters for the protection and other needs of the
trafficking victims in order to provide safety, access to independent advice
and counseling, medical health and rehabilitation from trauma, while giving
special attention to security of the victims, confidentiality and privacy.
These shelters will also be provided the linkage to facilitating the
victims future reintegration. Secure accommodation shall have the
following facilities:-
Properly secured building with appropriate living conditions
Access to telephone
Access to medical care and psychological counseling
Possibility of legal assistance
Opportunity to have a translator; and a separate place for
conversation
Ensuring confidentiality of information about the person placed in the
accommodation

DG FIA is responsible for following:-

Preparation of shelter procedures for the reception, treatment and

integration of identified trafficking victims.
Preparation of an ATU Operational Manual by FIA to include job
tasks and functions
Provision of maximum protection to victims during the trial and post
trial period
Protection of the privacy and identity of victims during legal
proceedings and at other levels of assistance.
Sensitization of all law enforcement officials to ensure that the victims
are not mistreated or further victimized
Sensitization and promotion of code of ethics within media personnel
on investigation and reporting of trafficking crimes in a sensitive manner.

Interior Ministry is responsible for following:-

Provision of legal assistance to the victims

Referral Mechanism

Sensitization of law enforcement officials

ATUs in coordination with other state actors is responsible for:-

 Providing effective protection from possible intimidation of the
witnesses or retaliation
Identification of options for continued stay

Analysis:-

(1) Human Trafficking is exploitation of human being.

(2) Victims are most commonly trafficked into forced labor, forced sex
work and forced domestic work.

(3) About 35.8 million are victims of human trafficking across the globe
and are living in some form of modern day slavery.

(4) Traffickers prey for those who dream for better future. Victims can be
men, women and children made vulnerable from lack of money or
opportunities from work or study.
(5) Victims are forced to work long hours and live in inhumane conditions
with little or no pay. Threats & physical violence are used against them.
Victims suffer from physical and emotional abuse, rape & even death.

(6) Women account for 55-60 per cent of all trafficking victims detected
globally; women and girls together account for about 75 per cent.

(7) Twenty-seven per cent of all victims detected globally are children. Of
every three child victims, two are girls and one is a boy.

(8) Trafficking for the purpose of sexual exploitation accounts for 49 per
cent of all trafficking cases detected globally, while trafficking for forced
labor accounts for 43 per cent. The share of detected cases of trafficking
for forced labor has doubled over the past four years.

(9) Trafficking for sexual exploitation is more common in Europe, Central

Asia and the Americas. Trafficking for forced labor is more frequently
detected in Africa and the Middle East, as well as in South and East Asia
and the Pacific.

(10) Domestic trafficking accounts for 27 per cent of all detected cases of
trafficking in persons worldwide, 24% were trafficked interregionally and
about 50% were trafficked across the borders within their region of origin.
(11) The Middle East is the region reporting the greatest proportion of
victims trafficked from other regions (70 per cent).

(12) 71% victims of modern day slavery are from ten countries.

(13) Human Trafficking is one of the fastest growing criminal activities in

the world making more than 150 billion US dollars per annum.

Recommendations:

For the prevention of Human Trafficking following are the

recommendations:-

Federal and Provincial governments to review the current

legislation and put in place all the necessary international, federal and
provincial laws necessary to end modern slavery, including reforming those
laws that criminalize victims.

Awareness raising efforts need to be incorporated as a continuous

process in the national counter-trafficking strategy.

Establish a single agency with Cabinet-level representation of the

Federal and Provincial Governments to create a single, integrated National
Strategy to end modern slavery, with an appropriate plan and budget.

Specialized Training should be imparted to all persons and bodies

involved with different aspects of human trafficking and working with victims
of trafficking.

It is to be ensured that traveling or other identity documents are of

such quality that they cannot easily be tampered, forged, misused, altered,
replicated or falsified.

Urgent need of the time is that root causes of Human Trafficking

should be addressed and minimized, Poverty is one of the major root cause
of said trafficking.

Set and audit minimum labour standards in all Federal and

Provincial government procurement activities.
 Payment of minimum wages to all labors should be ensured thus
eliminating cheap labor concept.

Child labor should be completely banned.

Laws should be implemented in true letter and spirit. Action as per

law should be ensured.

Conclusion:

To Conclude

Slavery and Human Trafficking are evolving and erupting wherever

the conditions are ripe. In fact, every ten minutes a child is forced into some
form of slavery. Public awareness and improved legal mechanisms are
important for ending trafficking and slavery but political will and the
resources needed to protect and rehabilitate the victims are also
necessary. Human Trafficking and other form of slavery are global
problems that need to be stopped.

Bill:-
A bill is essentially a proposal to make a new law. Ordinarily, it is in the form of a
document that outlines what the proposed law is to be AND what the policy behind such
a law is.
Act:-
The bill is presented to the legislature (law making body) where it will be debated
on, alterations made (if necessary) and voted on. If the majority of the house of the
legislature (or houses, where there is more than one house) vote in favor of such a bill
to be made into law - the bill is said to have been 'passed in the house/houses'.

If the Parliament passes a bill, it is sent to the President of India for his assent. If
he assents to it, the bill becomes an Act. In case of the bill passed by the state
legislature, it is sent to the Governor of the state concerned. If the governor assents to
the bill, it becomes an Act for the state which passed it.
Rule:-
Legal enforcement of an act is called Rule. Rules are the guidelines for
implementation of an act.

Ordinance:-
 sometimes, the legislature of the Union (or the State concerned) is not in session
and there is a need to make a legislation (Act) to deal with some contingency which
cannot wait. In such cases, the government sends a proposal to the President or
Governor, and if they approve of it, it becomes an Ordinance. Legally, an ordinance is
the equivalent of an Act; but is not passed by the legislature. It is a temporary law till its
expiry or till it is repealed or till it is approved by the legislature (after which it becomes
an Act).