That means authors could add references in their articles after official publication. We placed invisible text in an article we published, modified
existing articles, and created several fake articles to test the resilience of Google Scholar. After uploading the article to the Web, Google Scholar
indexed it as a completely new article. Abstract In a previous paper we provided guidelines for scholars on optimizing research articles for
academic search engines such as Google Scholar. Publisher Support Google Scholar can boost the worldwide visibility and accessibility of your
content. The ranking of grouped PDFs depends mainly on the file datenewer files are listed higher. Indexing academic PDFs from the Web not
only allows easy and free access to academic articles and publisher-independent search, it also changes the way academics can make their articles
available to the academic community. It appears that once an article is indexed from Academia. If a researcher doing academic search engine
spam were exposed, the academic search engine would ban all his articles permanently, and his reputation in the academic community would likely
be permanently damaged. We increased rankings of academic articles on Google Scholar by manipulating their citation counts; Google Scholar
indexed invisible text we added to some articles, making papers appear for keyword searches the articles were not relevant for; Google Scholar
indexed some nonsensical articles we randomly created with the paper generator SciGen; and Google Scholar linked to manipulated versions of
research papers that contained a Viagra advertisement. As a consequence, citation counts and rankings of the cited articles increased. At the end
of this paper, we discuss whether academic search engine spam could become a serious threat to Web-based academic search engines. Gaps in
coverage are certainly not intentional; but they could be caused by a number of different technical issues in the automatic processing of your
website by our search robots. We would love to work with you. We also made Google Scholar index papers that were never officially published.
Dublin Core equivalents are DC. Sorry, chances are that this will require changes at your end. Showing abstracts Users click through to your
website to read your articles. Grouping versions allows us to collect all citations to all versions of a work. By citation spam, journals and
conferences could dramatically increase their rankings, and therefore, most likely, their revenue. Can you work with these? Troubleshooting To
check if a particular paper is included in Google Scholar, search Google Scholar for its title. Articles with identical or nearly identical text but
different titles should not be listed as separate search results but should be grouped. These papers consisted of completely nonsensical text and
bibliography. These must also be explicitly formatted without any informal commentary. In recent years he published several papers about
academic search engines. We will not share information with third parties on the usage of your electronic holdings or on aggregate usage based on
institutional characteristics or profiles. Failure to link the alternate versions together could result in the incorrect indexing of the PDF files, because
these files would be processed as separate documents without the information contained in the meta tags. Please email us with specific examples of
where the links appear; we'll investigate and fix as soon as possible. If your website uses a robots. Since academic search engines rank scientific
articles in a similar way as Web search engines rank Web pages, academic spam can be divided into the same categories as Web spam: The idea
of academic search engine optimization is controversial in the academic community. Avoid use of Type 3 fonts in PDF files, because they're often
generated with missing or incorrect font size and character encoding information, which makes it difficult for our parser software to extract the
bibliographic data. If you need technical assistance with meeting crawl and indexing guidelines, we recommend that you use a software package or
a hosting service that has already implemented them. We analyzed whether a group of fake articles published as a real book would be indexed by
Google Scholar. Multiple indexing of the same document. If you're not the primary publisher, some of the papers that you host may not be
counted. Current Archive About Editors Submit. Researchers could also modify articles from other authors and add references to their own
articles. How do I know what I need to fix? They could also bring attention to their articles because the cited authors might investigate who has
cited them. This percentage may increase in a few years. And the more these tools are used, the higher the temptation for researchers to
manipulate citation counts. Misidentification of journal name. This way a researcher could also increase visibility of his articles. The documents we
created with SciGen and published with Grin and on Academia. Some pointed to articles that were more recent than the original article. Likewise,
the name of the journal should be written as "Transactions on Magic Realism" or "Trans. In many research areas versions of a work may appear as
preprints and conference papers before being published as a journal article. Journals might also be tempted to perform academic search engine
spam to attract more visitors to their websites. This was also the case in our test with the manipulated PDF containing Viagra advertisement.
Finally, we suggest that publishers change their policies: It works best to provide the meta-tags for all versions of your paper, not just for one of the
versions.