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Graph of Ice to Steam Methods of Heat Transfer
Need to know the rate at which
energy is transferred
Need to know the mechanisms
responsible for the transfer
Methods include
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
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Conduction through a rod Quick Quiz 11.4
Two rods of the same length and diameter, made from
Th − Tc
different materials
P = kA In which case the rate P
is larger:
L a) rods are in series; b) rods are in parallel; c) same in both
cases
Th − Tc
P is in Watts (J/s) P∝
Uniform insulated rod of L
length L, with the cross-
sectional area A
k is thermal conductivity,
depends on the material
Steady-state equation
13 a) b) 14
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Convection Convection example
Energy transferred by the Air directly above
the flame is
movement of a substance warmed and
When the movement results from expands
differences in density, it is called The density of the
natural convection air decreases,
When the movement is forced by a and it rises
fan or a pump, it is called forced The mass of air
convection warms the hand
as it moves by
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Convection Current
Example Radiation
The radiator warms Radiation does not require physical
the air in the lower
region of the room contact
The warm air is less All objects radiate energy
dense, so it rises to continuously in the form of
the ceiling
The denser, cooler
electromagnetic waves due to
air sinks thermal vibrations of the molecules
A continuous air Rate of radiation is given by
current pattern is set
up as shown
Stefan’s Law
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P = σAeT 4
The power is the rate of energy transfer, in
Watts (J/s)
The electromagnetic waves carry the
σ = 5.6696 x 10-8 W/m2.K4
energy from the fire to the hands
A is the surface area of the object
No physical contact is necessary e is a constant called the emissivity
Cannot be accounted for by conduction e varies from 0 to 1
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Energy Absorption and
Emission by Radiation Ideal Absorbers
Objects radiate and absorb energy An ideal absorber is defined as an
The net energy rate object that absorbs all of the
energy incident on it
P = σAe(T 4 − T04 ) e=1
T0 is the surrounding temperature. This type of object is called a black
When an object is in equilibrium with body
its surroundings, it radiates and An ideal absorber is also an ideal
absorbs at the same rate
radiator of energy
Its temperature will not change
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Applications of Radiation:
Thermogram of a House Resisting Energy Transfer
Dewar flask/thermos bottle
Designed to minimize
energy transfer to
surroundings
Space between walls is
evacuated to minimize
conduction and convection
Silvered surface minimizes
radiation
White and yellow - areas of greatest energy loss
Neck size is reduced
Blue and purple - areas of least energy loss
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Example: Problem #43 Global Warming
Greenhouse example
d
d = 70 cm Visible light is absorbed and re-
h = 2.0 cm emitted as infrared radiation
T = 100 oC h
Convection currents are inhibited by
e = 0.8 the glass
σ = 5.6696 x 10-8 W/m2.K4 Earth’s atmosphere is also a good
transmitter of visible light and a
P -? good absorber of infrared radiation
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