Assignment No 1

Question#1 :
Answer

Given D.E is
dy
e y (1  )  xe x  (1)
dx
It is not separable.
By dividing both sides by e y

dy
1  xe x e y  (2)
dx
dy
1  xe x  y  (2)
dx
Suppose that
z=x+y
Diff w.r.t.x
dz dy
 1+
dx dx

dz
 xe z
dx
Equation (2) becomes

e z dz  x.dx
It is separable eq.
Taking integrating both side

 dz  x.dx
z
e
 x2
z
e   c
2
Where z=x+y
( x y ) x2
e  c
2
x2
e ( x y )   c
2
Taking
x2
 x  y  In  c
2
x2
 x  y  In   c
2
x2
( x  y )  In   c
2

Which is a required solution.

Question # 2:

y y
x sin( ) dy  [ y sin( )  x ] dx  (1)
x x
Answer
y
y sin( )  x
dy x

dx y
x sin( )
x
 y
y sin( )  x
f ( x, y )  x
y
x sin( )
x

For homogenous function

y
y sin( )  x
f ( x, y )  x
y
x sin( )
x
For substituting

y  vx  (3)
Eq (1) can be written as
dy y sin v  x
  (2)
dx x sin v
Differentiating Equation (3) with respect to x. we have
dy dv
v x  (4)
dx dx

From Eq (2) & Eq (4) we have

dv y sin v  x
v x 
dx x sin v
dv vx sin v  x
vx 
dx x sin v
dv x(v sin v  1)
v x 
dx x sin v
dv v sin v  1
vx 
dx sin v

dv v sin v  1
x  v
dx sin v
dv 1
x 
dx sin v
1
 sin v dv  dx
x
By integrating we have
1
  sin v dv   x dx
By using formula we have
  sin xdx  cos x
cos v  ln x  c
y y
cos( )  ln x  c where v 
x x
y
cos( )  ln x  c
x
Which is the required result

Question #3 :

(xy2 -1)dx-(1-xy2 )dy  (1)

Answer.
M=xy2 -1 & N=-(1-xy2 )
M  N 
 (xy 2 -1) &  -(1-xy 2 )
y y y y
M N
 2 xy &  2 xy
y y

f
 (xy 2 -1)  M
x
f
 -1+xy 2 =N
y
f(x,y)=  (xy 2 -1)dx
1
f(x,y)= x 2 y 2  x  h( y )
2

Where h(y) is constant of integration

Differentiating w.r.t y
f  x2 y2
 (  x  h( y ))
y y 2
x 2 y  h '( y )
x 2 y  h '( y )  x 2 y  1  N
By comparing sides
=h'(y) = -1 is independent of x
or integerating we have h(y)= -y
x2 y2
f(x,y)=  x  ( y )
2
x2 y2
f(x,y)= x y
2
Hence the general solution of equation is given by

f(x.y)=c
x2 y2
x y c
2
or
x 2 y 2  2( x  y )  c

Question#04:
dy
Solve (by finding I.F) x(  y)  y  1
dx

Solution:
 dy 
x  y   y  1
 dx 
dividing by x
dy y 1
y 
dx x x
dy 1 1
 (1  ) y   (1)
dx x x
It is linear in y.
1
I .F  e 
(1  ) dx
x

 xe x
I .F multiplybyeq (1)
dy 1 1
xe x  xe x (1  ) y  ( xe x )
dx x x
d ( xe . y )  e dx
x x

Taking int egrate both sides.

xe x . y  e x  c
e x ( xy  1)  c
 Assignment 2

Question#01
Solve the differential equation and mention the name of type of this D.E
dy
x  3 y  x3 y 2 with y (1)  2
dx
solution:
First order Ordinary differential equation
dy
x  3 y  x3 y 2
dx
Nowby dividing the equation by ' x ', we get
dy 3 y
  x2 y 2
dx x
It is a Bernoulli ' s equation.
By dividing the above equation by ' y 2 ', then we get
dy 3
y 2   x2
dx xy
Putting t  y1 2
t  y 1
Diff w. r.t. ' x '
dt dy
 1 y 2
dx dx
Then equation becomes
dt 3t
  x2
dx x
multiply by (1) above equation.
dt 3t
   x2
dx x
int egrating factor will be
3
 x dx
I .F  e  e 3ln x
3
I .F  e
ln x 

1
I .F  x 3 
x3
Now multiplying the equation by int egrating factor
dt 1 3t 1
 
dx x3 x 4 x
d  t  1
 
dx  x3  x
By int egrating the above equation, we get
t
  ln x  C
x3
1 1
3
  ln x  C where t 
x y y
Applying initial condition
1
  ln1  C (ln1  0)
2
1
 0  C
2
1
C
2
The required result is
1 1
3
  ln x 
yx 2
Question#02: Find an equation of orthogonal trajectory of the curve y  ( x  c)
2

Solution.
y  ( x  c) 2  (1)
Differentiating (1) , we have
dy
 2( x  c)
dx
so the diff eq of family of orthogonal trajectories is
dy 1

dx 2( y )
-dx
or  y dy=
2
int egrating
2 3 2 1
 y  x  k1
3 2
3
4 y 2
 3( x  k )
16 y 3  9( x  k ) 2
16 y 3  9(k  x) 2
is an equation of required orthogonal trajectories

Question#03:

Solve the D.E y / /  16 y  0 subject to the boundary conditions y(0)  0, y( )  1
2

Solution.

y / /  16 y  0

d
D 2  16  0 where D 
dx
The characteristic equation is
m 2  16  0
m 2  16
m  16
m  16i
m  4i
Since the roots are imajinary
Hence the solution of equation becomes
y  c1 cos 4 x  c2 sin 4 x
Now u sin g boundary equation y (0)  0, we get
0  c1 cos 0  c2 sin 0
0  c1.1  c2 .0
c1  0
Hencethe solution becomes
y  c2 sin 4 x
 
Nowu sin gtheboundary condition y    1, we get
2
 
1  c2 sin 4  
2
1  c2 sin 2
1  c2 .0
1 0
This is a clear contradiction.
Therefore, theboundary value problem has no solution.
 Assignment 3
Question#01:
Solve by the method of U.C.
d2y dy
2
 3  2 y  2 x 2  2 xe x
dx dx

Solution:
For complementary function,

D 2  3D  2  0
the auxiliary equation is
m 2  3m  2  0
m 2  2m  m  2  0
m(m  2)  1(m  2)  0
(m  1)(m  2)  0
(m  1)  0 , (m  2)  0
The roots are 1, 2

The complementary solution is

y c  c1e x  c 2 e 2 x
For the particular solution of the given equation, we’ll find the particular solution of:
y   3 y   2 y  2 x 2 …………….(2)
y   3 y   2 y  2 x e …………….(3)
For (2), we assume P.I. as
y p  A  Bx  Cx 2
y p  B  2Cx
y p  2C
Substituting in (2), we get
2Cx  3B  6Cx  2 A  2Bx  2Cx 2  2 x 2
Or 2Cx 2  2B  6C x  2C  3B  2 A  2 x 2
Equating the co-efficient
Therefore,
C=1
2B  6C  0 or B3
7
2C  3B  2 A  0 or A
2
 7
P.I   3x  x 2
2
For (3) we assume P.I.as:
y p  x  D  Ex  e x
  Dx  Ex 2  e x

y p  D  2Ex e x  Dx  Ex 2 e x 

 D  D  2E x  Ex 2 e x 
 
y p  D  D  2E x  Ex 2 e x  D  2E  2Ex e x

 2D  2E   D  4E x  Ex 2 e x 
Substituting in (3) we have:

2D  2E   D  4E x  Ex e 2 x
   
 3 D  D  2E x  Ex 2 e x  2 Dx  Ex 2 e x  2 xe x
Or
 D  2E    2E x  2x
Therefore:
 D  2E  0 and  2E  2
Thus:
E  1 and D  2
P.I. of (3) is:
 2x  x e 2 x

The general solution of the given equation is:

y  c1e x  c 2 e 2 x   3x  x 2  e x 2 x  x 2 
7
2

Question 2:
Solve the D.E. by variation of Parameters
y "' y '  cosec x
Solution:
y "' y '  cosec x

The function f(x) can be identified as

 f  x   cosec x

To find yc, at first the associated homogenous equation will be solved

y  emx ,y '  m emx ,y ''  m2emx ,y "'  m3emx

Then the associated homogenous equation gives

m 3
 m emx  0

Therefore, the auxiliary equation is

m3  m  0
as
emx  0, x

Using the quadratic formula, roots of the auxiliary equation are

m  m2  1  0
m  0, i

Hence, the complementary function “yc” is

y c  c1  c2 cos x  c3 sinx

Here
y1  1
y 2  cos x
y 3  sin x
So
1 cos x sin x
W  y1,y 2 ,y 3   0  sin x cos x
0  cos x  sin x
After expanding.
 1 sin2 x  cos2 x   cos x  0  0   sin x  0  0   1

0 cos x sin x
W1  0  sin x cos x
cosec x  cos x  sin x
 0  sin2 x  cos2 x   cos x  0  cos x.cosec x   sin x  0  sin x.cosec x 
 cos2 x.cosec x  sin2 x.cosec x
 cosec x  cos2 x.  sin2 x   cosec x
 1 0 sin x
W2  0 0 cos x
0 cosec x  sin x
 1 0  cos x.cosec x   0  0  0   sin x  0  0 
  cos x.cosec x   cot x

1 cos x 0
W3  0  sin x 0
0  cos x cosec x
 1  sin x.cosec x  0   cos x  0  0   0  0  0 
 1

Integrating
W1
u'1   cosec x
W
W
u'2  2   cot x
W
W3
u'3   1
W

Gives
u1   cosec x dx
 ln cosec x  cot x
u2    cot x dx
cos x
  dx   ln sin x
sin x
u3    1 dx
 x

The particular solution “yp” of non-homogenous equation will be

y p  ln cosec x  cot x  ln sin x cos x  x sin x

Hence the general solution of the given equation is

y  yc  y p
 c1  c2 cos x  c3 sinx  ln cosec x  cot x  ln sinx .cos x  x sinx
 Assignment 4
Question#01
Solve the initial value problem
d 2x dx
2
2  2 x  4 cos t  2sin t with x(0)  0, x / (0)  3
dt dt

solution:

d 2x dx
2
2  2 x  4 cos t  2sin t
dt dt
First consider the differntial equation

d 2x dx
2
2  2x  0
dt dt
put
x  e mx , x '  me mx , x ''  m 2 e mx
Then the auxiliary equation :
m 2 +2m+2=0
-2  4-8
m= = -1  i
2
thus the complementary function is :
x c = e-t (c1cost+c 2sint)
For the paerticular integral we assume that
x p =A cos t  B sin t
x ' p =A sin t  B cos t
x '' p =  A cos t  B sin t
so
d 2 xp dx p
2
2  2 x p   A cos t  B sin t  2 A sin t  2 B cos t  2 A cos t  2 B sin t
dt dt
or
d 2 xp dx p
2
2  2 x p  ( A  2 B) os t  (2 A  B ) sin t
dt dt
Substituting in the given differential equation , then
(A+2B) cos t  ( 2 A  B ) sin t  4 cos t  2 sin t
Equating coefficients , we obtain
A+2B=4
2 A  B  2
solving these equation
A=0, B=2
thus X p  2 sin t
hence general solution is
x  xc  x p
x (t )  e  t (c1 cos t  c2 sin t )  2 sin t
x ' (t )  e  t (c1 cos t  c2 sin t )  e  t ( c1 sin t  c2 cos t )  2 cos t
now we apply the boundary conditions
x (0)  0  c1.1  c2 .0  0  0
 c1  0
x ' (0)  3  c1.1  c2 .1  2  3
 c2  1
the solution of the initial value problem is
x  e  t sin t  2 sin t
e  t sin t  0 as t  0
therefore
e  t sin t  Transient Term, 2 sin t  Steady State
hence
x  e  t sin t  2 sin t
Transient Steady State

the effect ofte transient term becomes negligible for :

t  2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Question#02
Solve by using Cauchy Euler method
x3 y ' ' '  4 x2 y ' '  5xy '  15 y  x 4
Solution:
 ( x 3 D 3  4 x 2 D 2  5 xD  15) y  x 4  (1)
Let x = e t or t = Inx so that
xD  
x 2 D 2   (  1)   2  
x 3 D 3   (  1)(  2)   3  3 2  2
Substituting in eq(1), then we get
( 3  3 2  2  4 2  4  5  15) y  e 4t
or
( 3   2  7   15) y  e 4t  (2)
The characteristic eq of (2) is
 3   2  7   15  0
or
(  3)( 2  4  5)  0
so   3, 2  i
The complementry solution is
yc  c1e3t  e 2t (c2 cos t  c3 sin t ).
e4t e4t e 4t
yp   
 3   2  7   15 64  16  28  15 37
The general solution of (2)is
2 t e 4t
y  c1e  e (c2 cos t  c3 sin t ) 
3t

37
t
Where t= Inx or x = e
x4
y  c1 x 3  x 2 [c2 cos( Inx)  c3 sin( Inx ) 
37
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Question#03
Find the first four terms of a power series in x for the function secx
Solution:
As we know that
1 x2 x4 x6
sec x  , where cos x  1     ...
cos x 2 24 720
Therefore using long division
x 2 5 x 4 61x 6
 1   ...
2 24 720
x2 x4 x6 x2 x4 x6
1   1  
2 24 720 2 24 720
_________________
x2 x4 x6
  ...
2 24 720
x2 x4 x6
  ...
2 4 48
______________
5x4 7 x6
 +...
24 360
5x4 5x6
 +...
24 48
__________________
61x 6
 ...
720
hence the power series for the function f ( x )  sec x is
x 2 5 x 4 61x 6
sec x  1     ...
2 24 720
the interval of convergence of this series is (   ,  ).
2 2
 Assignment# 05

Question 1: Marks=10
x y  3y  y  0
'' '

The D.E has regular singular point at x=0. Justify your answer.

Solution:

We try a solution of the form y =  cn x n  r
n=0

Therefor y' = 
n=0
(n + r) cn xn  r  1

y'' = 
n=0
(n + r)(n + r - 1) cn xn  r  2 So that
  
xy'' + 3y' - y = x r r(r + 2)c0 x1 +  (k
 + r + 1)(k + r + 3) ck + 1  ck  x k



=0
 k=0 
So that the indicial equation and exponent are r(r + 2) = 0 and
r1 = 0, r2 = -2, respectively.
Since (k + r + 1)(k + r + 3)ck + 1 - ck = 0, k = 0, 1, 2,...
It follows that when r1 = 0,
ck
ck + 1 =
(k + 1)(k + 3)
c
c1 = 0
1.3
c 2c
c2 = 1 = 0
2.4 2!4!
c 2c
c3 = 2 = 0
3.5 3!5!
c 2c
c4 = 3 = 0
4.6 4!6!
c1
cn = , n = 1, 2 ,...
n!(n + 2)!
Thus one series solution is
  
2
y1 = c0x 0 1 +  x n
n = 1 n! (n + 2)! 



2
= c0 
n=0 n!(n + 2)!
xn
Now when r2 = -2, Eq.(1) becomes.
(k - 1)(k + 1)ck + 1 - ck = 0  (2)
But not here that we don't divided by (k -1)(k +1) immediately
since this term is zero for k = 1. However, we use the recurrence
relation (2) for the cases k = 0 and k =1
-1.1c1 - c0 = 0 and 0.2c2 - c1 = 0
The latter equation implies that c1 = 0 and so the former equation
implies that c0 = 0. We find,
ck
ck + 1 = k = 2, 3, ...
(k - 1)(k + 1)
c
c3 = 2
1.3
c 2c
c4 = 3 = 2
2.4 2!4!
c 2c
c5 = 4 = 2
3.5 3!5!
2c2
In general cn = , n = 3,4,5...
n!(n - 2)!
  
2
Thus y2 = c2x -2  x 2 +  n!(n - 2)!
xn   (3)
 n=3 

However, close inspection of (3) reveals that y2 is simply

constant multiple of y1. To see this, let k = n - 2 in (3). We
conclude that the method of Forbenius gives only one series
solution of the given differential equation.

Question 2: Marks=5
Find the general solution of the equation
1
x 2 y ''  xy '  ( x 2  )y  0 on (0, )
25

Solution:
The Bessel Differential Equation is
x 2 y'' + xy' + (x 2 - v2 )y = 0  (1)
x 2 y'' + xy' + (x 2 - 1 )y = 0  (2)
25
Comparing eq (1) and (2), then we get
v2 = 1 , therefore v =  1
25 5
So the general solution of eq(2) is
y = C1J1 (x) + C2J 1 (x)

5 5

Question 3: Marks=10

Solve the Bessel function in terms of sin x of the J 3

2

Solution:
C o n s i d er t h at
2v
J v 1  x   J v 1  x   Jv  x 
x
As f o r
1
taking v 
2

J 1 1  x   J 1 1  x  
 
2 1
1  x
2 J
2 2 x 2
1
J 1  x   J 3  x   J 1  x 
2 2 x 2
1
J 3  x   J 1  x   J 1  x 
2 x 2 2
w e kn o w
2 2
J1/ 2 ( x )  s i n x, J  1/ 2 ( x )  co s x
x x
1 2  2
J3  x   sin x   co s x
2 x x  x
2  sin x 
J3  x    co s x 
2 x  x 
 Assignment 6
Question#01:
(2 D  1) x  2 Dy  4
Dx  Dy  et
Solution.
The given differential equation is
2 Dx  x  2 Dy  4
Dx - Dy  e  t
To solve the highest derivative Dy, we eliminate the highest
derivative Dx.
Therefore, multiply the second equation with 2and then
subtract from the first equation to have
2 Dx  x  2 Dy  4
 2Dx 2 Dy  2e  t
----------------------------------
x = 4  2e  t

Therefore, it is impossible to solve the system for the highest derivatives

of each variable.
Thus the system cannot be reduced to the linear normal form.
Hence, the system is a degenerate formation.

Question#02:
Use the Gauss Jordan elimination method to solve the following system of linear
algebraic equations
5x1  4x 3  2x 4  3
x1  x 2  2x 3  x 4  1
4x1  x 2  2x 3  1
x1  x 2  x 3  x 4  0
Solution:
The augmented matrix of given system of linear algebraic equation is
5 0 4 2 3
 
 1 1 2 1 1
4 1 2 0 1
 
1 1 1 1 0 

We shall perform row operations on augmented matrix.

Interchanging 1st and 2nd row, then we have
 1 1 2 1 1
 
5 0 4 2 3
~
4 1 2 0 1
 
1 1 1 1 0 

 1 1 2 1 1
 
0 5 6 3 2 
~ R 2  5R1 
4 1 2 0 1
 
1 1 1 1 0 

 1 1 2 1 1
 
0 5 6 3 2 
~ R 3  4R1 
 0 5 6 4 3 
 
1 1 1 1 0 

 1 1 2 1 1
 
0 5 6 3 2 
~ R 4  R1 
 0 5 6 4 3 
 
 0 2 1 0 1 

 1 1 2 1 1 
 
6 3 2 
1 0 1
~ R2  5 5 5 
5 
0 5 6 4 3 
 
 0 2 1 0 1 

 1 1 2 1 1 
 
 0 1 6 3 2 
~ R 3  5R 2  5 5 5 
0 0 0 1 1 
 
 0 2 1 0 1 


Interchanging 3rd and 4th row

  1 1 2 1 1 
 
 0 1 6 3 2 
~ 5 5 5 
 0 2 1 0 1 
 
0 0 0 1 1 

 1 1 2 1 1 
 
 0 1 6 3 2 
 5 5 5 
~ R 3  2R 2 
7 6 1 
0 0 
 5 5 5 
0 0 0 1 1 

 1 1 2 1 1 
 
 0 1 6 3 2 
5  5 5 5 
~ R3 
7 6 1 
0 0 1 
 7 7 
0 0 0 1 1 

 1 1 2 1 1 
 
 0 1 6 3 2 
 5 5 5 
~ R 4 
6 1 
0 0 1 
 7 7 
0 0 0 1 1 

 1 1 2 1 1 
 
6 3 2 
6 0 1
~ R3  R 4  5 5 5 
7 
0 0 1 0 1 
 
0 0 0 1 1 

 1 1 2 1 1 
 
3 8 
6 0 1 0
~ R 2  R3  5 5 
5 
0 0 1 0 1 
 
0 0 0 1 1 

 1 1 2 1 1
 
3 0 1 0 0 1
~ R2  R4 
5 0 0 1 0 1
 
0 0 0 1 1 

1 0 2 1 0
 
0 1 0 0 1
~ R1  R 2 
0 0 1 0 1
 
0 0 0 1 1 
 1 0 0 1 2
 
0 1 0 0 1
~ R1  2R 3 
0 0 1 0 1
 
0 0 0 1 1 

1 0 0 0 1
 
0 1 0 0 1
~ R1  R 4 
0 0 1 0 1
 
0 0 0 1 1 

solution becomes
x1  1
x 2  1
x 3  1
x4  1

Question#03:
Find the general solution of the given system of D.E
dx
 x  2y
dt
dy
 2x  y
dt

Solution:
The given homogenous system of differential equations is
 dx dt   1 2  x 
 dy dt    2 1  y 
    

So, the coefficient matrix will be

 1 2
A  
 2 1

Then, we shall find the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the coefficient A. For that, the
characteristics equation will be
1  2

det A  I   2 1 

  
 1   1     2  2 

 1  2    4
2

 2  2  3

The characteristic equation is

  
det A  I  0

2  2  3  0
And for the roots of characteristic equation
2  2  3  0
 2  3    3
    1   3   0

   1,3

For   1
1 1 2  k1   2k1 2k 2 
 A  IK   2 1  1  
 k 2   2k1 2k 2 
2k1 2k 2  2k1  2k 2  0
 A  IK  0   2k 1 2k 2
  0  2k  2k  0
 1 2

As both equations represents the same equation, so

k1  k 2  0
or
k1  k 2

If we select an arbitrary value for k2 as k2 = -1 and subsequently k1 = 1, then the corresponding

eigenvector is…
 k1   1 
K1      
 k 2   1

For 3
1 3 2  k1   2k1 2k 2 
 A  IK   2 1  3   
 k 2   2k1 2k 2 
2k1 2k 2  2k1  2k 2  0
 A  IK  0   2k 1

2k 2 
0
2k1  2k 2  0

Now too, as both equations represents the same equation, so

k1  k 2  0
or
k1  k 2

If we select an arbitrary value for K2 as K2 = 1 and subsequently k1 = 1, then the corresponding

eigenvector is…
 k1   1
K2      
 k 2   1
Hence we’ve obtained 2 linearly independent solution vectors of the given homogenous system
as
 1  1
X1    et ,X 2    e3t
 1  1

Thus the general solution of the system is

X  c1X1  c2 X 2
1  1
X  c1   e  t  c2   e3t
 1  1
 x  t    c1e  t  c2 e3t 
  
 y  t    c1e  c2 e 
t 3t

The solution of the system is

x  t   c1e t  c2 e3t
y  t   c1e t  c2 e3t