EXPERIMENT REPORT

OSCILLOSCOPE

Group 3:
Jonni Sitorus (4113121029)
Elmina Panjaitan (4113121017)
Yenni Manurung (4113121076)
Meilita Cleopatra (4113121039)

PHYSICS DEPARTEMENT OF STATE

UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN
11/16/2011
 OSCILLOSCOPE

COMPETENCY STANDARDS
1. Students can know oscilloscope.
2. Students are able to identify oscilloscope and the principle of its reading.
3. Students are able to use oscilloscope.

BASIC COMPETENCE

Studentsare ableto operatean oscilloscope.

INDICATORS

1. Able to know the function of oscilloscope.

2. Candistinguishthe typeof digitalanalogoscilloscope.
3. Explainthe function ofCROas a measure ofthe voltage and frequency.
4. Can explain the principles and operation of the amplifier vertical.
5. Can explain the principles and operation of the amplifier horizontal.

PURPOSE OF EXPERIMENT

1. Students are able to learn basic of the work principles of oscilloscope.

2. Studentsare able to use oscilloscope well.

INSTRUMENT AND MATERIALS

1) Instruments
1 piecedual traceoscilloscope
1 piece ofaudiogenerator
1 peace of analog multimeter
1 piece probe
2) Materials
Some AC voltage sources (Battery 1.5 V 9 V)
1 piece trafo ( DC voltage source)

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BASIC THEORY

Oscilloscope

A. Introduction

An oscilloscope (also known as a scope, CRO, DSO or, an O-scope) is a type of

electronic test instrument that allows observation of constantly varying signal voltages,
usually as a two-dimensional graph of one or more electrical potential differences using the
vertical or 'Y' axis, plotted as a function of time, (horizontal or 'x' axis). Although an
oscilloscope displays voltage on its vertical axis, any other quantity that can be converted to a
voltage can be displayed as well. In most instances, oscilloscopes show events that repeat
with either no change, or change slowly.

Oscilloscopes are commonly used to observe the exact wave shape of an electrical
signal. In addition to the amplitude of the signal, an oscilloscope can show distortion, the
time between two events (such as pulse width, period, or rise time) and relative timing of two
related signals.

Oscilloscopes are used in the sciences, medicine, engineering, and

telecommunications industry. General-purpose instruments are used for maintenance of
electronic equipment and laboratory work. Special-purpose oscilloscopes may be used for
such purposes as analyzing an automotive ignition system, or to display the waveform of the
heartbeat as an electrocardiogram.

Originally all oscilloscopes used cathode ray tubes as their display element and linear
amplifiers for signal processing, (commonly referred to as CROs) however, modern
oscilloscopes have LCD or LED screens, fast analog-to-digital converters and digital signal
processors. Although not as commonplace, some oscilloscopes used storage CRTs to display
single events for a limited time. Oscilloscope peripheral modules for general purpose laptop
or desktop personal computers use the computer's display, allowing them to be used as test
instruments.

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 B. Types of oscilloscopes
Analog oscilloscopes
The first oscilloscopes were analog oscilloscopes, which use cathode ray tubes to display
a waveform. Photolominescent phosphor on the screen illuminates when an electron hits it,
and as successive bits of phosphor light up, you can see a representation of the signal. A
trigger is needed to make the displayed waveform look stable. When one whole trace of the
displayis completed, the oscilloscope waits until a specific event occurs (for example, a rising
edge that crosses a certain voltage) and then starts the trace again. An un-triggered display is
unusable because the waveform is not shown as a stable waveform on thedisplay (this is true
for DSO and MSO oscilloscopes, which will be discussed below, as well.) Analog
oscilloscopes are useful because the illuminated phosphor does not disappear immediately.
Digital storage oscilloscopes (DSOs)
Digital storage oscilloscopes (oftenreferred to as DSOs) were invented toremedy many
of the negative aspect of analog oscilloscopes. DSOs input asignal and then digitize it
through theuse of an analog-to-digital converter.The attenuator scales the waveform.The
vertical amplifier providesadditional scaling while passing thewaveform to the analog-to-
digital converter (ADC). The ADC samples and digitizes the incoming signal. It thenstores
this data in memory. The triggerlooks for trigger events while thetime-base adjusts the time
display forthe oscilloscope. The microprocessorsystem performs any
additionalpostprocessing you have specifiedbefore the signal is finally displayed onthe
oscilloscope.
Mixed signal oscilloscopes (MSOs)
In a DSO, the input signal is analog and the digital-to-analog converterdigitizes it.
However, as digitalelectronic technology expanded,it became increasingly necessaryto
monitor analog and digitalsignals simultaneously. As a result,oscilloscope vendors began
producingmixed signal oscilloscopes that cantrigger on and display both analogand digital
signals. Typically there area small number of analog channels(2 or 4) and a larger number of
digitalchannels.

C. Features and uses

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 1. Osciloscope Screen

Notice that the screen has ruled divisions both horizontally and vertically.The major
divisions are marked off in centimeters, the middle lines also have minor divisions every
0.2 of a centimeter.The basic oscilloscope, as shown in the illustration, is typically
divided into four sections: the display, vertical controls, horizontal controls and trigger
controls.The vertical section controls the amplitude of the displayed signal.The horizontal
section controls the time base or sweep of the instrument.

2. Input ChannelSelector

This area is broken into two parts: the left half for channel A and the right half for
channel B.In the center of this section lies the mode switch that determines which channel
will serve as an input to the oscillscope:A, B or Dual.

3) Front panel controls

Focus Control

This control adjusts CRT focus to obtain the sharpest, most-

detailed trace. In practice, focus needs to be adjusted slightly when
observing quite-different signals, which means that it needs to be an
external control. Flat-panel displays do not need focus adjustments
and therefore do not include this control.

Intensity control

This adjusts trace brightness. Slow traces on CRT

oscilloscopes need less, and fast ones, especially if not often repeated, require more. On flat
panels, however, trace brightness is essentially independent of sweep speed, because the
internal signal processing effectively synthesizes the display from the digitized
data.

4) Set Mode Switch

The oscilloscope is capable of measuring voltages from two different

sources.The mode switch is used to alternate between sources.

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 5) Vertical controls

Vertical controls on an oscilloscopetypically are grouped in a

sectionmarked Vertical. These controls allowyou to adjust the vertical aspects
ofthe display. For example, there will bea control that designates the numberof
volts per division (scale) on they-axis of the display grid. You canzoom in on a
waveform by decreasingthe volts per division or you can zoomout by
increasing this quantity. Therealso is a control for the vertical offsetof the
waveform. This control simplytranslates the entire waveform up ordown on the display.

6) Horizontal controls

An oscilloscope's horizontal controls typically are grouped in a frontpanel

section marked Horizontal. These controls enable you to make adjustments to the
horizontal scale of the display. There will be a control that designates the time per
division on the x-axis. Again, decreasing the time per division enables you to
zoom in on a narrower range of time. There will also be a control for the
horizontal delay (offset). This control enables you to scan through a range of
time.

7) Volts/cm Dial

The volts/cm dial tells you the number of volts to be represented by each
centimeter vertically on the screen. Here the outer dial is set to one, so each
centimeter equals one volt.

8) Sweep Time/cm Dial

The slope of the rising phase varies with the frequency of the
sawtooth and can be adjusted, using the TIME/DIV control, to change
the scale of the X-axis. Dividing the oscilloscope screen into squares
allows the horizontal scale to be expressed in seconds, milliseconds or
microseconds per division (s/DIV, ms/DIV, s/DIV). Alternatively, if the
squares are 1 cm apart, the scale may be given as s/cm, ms/cm or s/cm.

9) Trigger controls

As we mentioned earlier, triggering on your signal helps

provide a stable, usable display and allows you to synchronize the
scopes acquisition on the part of the waveform you are interested
in viewing. The trigger controls let you pick your vertical trigger
level (for example, the voltage at which you want your
oscilloscope to trigger) and choose between various triggering
capabilities. Examples of common triggering types include:

external trigger, a pulse from an external source connected

to a dedicated input on the scope.

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 edge trigger, an edge-detector that generates a pulse when the input signal crosses a
specified threshold voltage in a specified direction. These are the most-common types
of triggers; the level control sets the threshold voltage, and the slope control selects
the direction (negative or positive-going). (The first sentence of the description also
applies to the inputs to some digital logic circuits; those inputs have fixed threshold
and polarity response.)
video trigger, a circuit that extracts synchronizing pulses from video formats such as
PAL and NTSC and triggers the timebase on every line, a specified line, every field,
or every frame. This circuit is typically found in a waveform monitor device, although
some better oscilloscopes include this function.
delayed trigger, which waits a specified time after an edge trigger before starting the
sweep. As described under delayed sweeps, a trigger delay circuit (typically the main
sweep) extends this delay to a known and adjustable interval. In this way, the operator
can examine a particular pulse in a long train of pulses.

10) Amplitude Dial

This dial is used to adjust the peak to peak voltage of the AC waveform
from 0 to 25.Set the amplitude to max by turning the dial completely
clockwise.

11) ATT Button

This is the attenuation button. It is used to set the amplitude of the

signal to a significantly smaller range.This button should be in the OUT
position unless otherwise directed.

12) Function Buttons

These buttons are located at the upper rightcorner of the

generator.Selecting a button sets the type of voltage change over
time as a square, triangular or sine wave.

13) Frequency Dial and Range Buttons

The frequency dial and range buttons are used in conjunction when setting the
frequency of the waveform. Pressing a range button will multiply the value of the
frequency dial by that of the range button. If set the FREQUENCY dial to 1.0 and press
the range button 10. The resulting frequency is 10 cycles/sec.

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 14) Probe

There are two basic types of oscilloscope probes the active probes and the passive
pr obes. Aside from being cheaper, passive probes are more preferred by oscilloscope
users since they can also be used to take a vast
variety of measurements.Meanwhile, oscilloscope
probes can also be classified in terms of the offered
level of attenuation of the signal. Thus,
oscilloscope probes are also classified into 100X,
10X, and 1X.

The 1X oscilloscope probe is the most basic

type. Unlike most probes, it does not attenuate
incoming voltage. It also features a length of coax
connected to the probe itself and a connector,
which is usually a BNC connector, to interface to
the oscilloscope.Suitable for low frequency
applications, the 1X probes generally offer similar input impedance of the oscilloscope,
typically one M ohm.

A 10X oscilloscope refers to a probe with an integrated attenuator that delivers an

attenuation of 10. This allows the circuits impedance to be enhanced by a factor of 10.
While the 10X probe is attenuating the signal, it can also reduce the signal entering the
oscilloscope.

D. Measuring Voltage And Measuring Frequency

Measuring Voltage

Position the wave so that the bottom of a wave is lined up

with one of the cm markings.Measure the number of cms from the
bottom of the wave to the top.Multiply the number of cms by the
volts/cm sensitivity to get the maximum peak voltage. This should
be about 20-25 volts.

() =

Measuring Frequency

Position the sine wave so that the beginning of the wave lines up with the cm position
along the x-axis.Count the number of cms along the x-axis of one cycle and multplyingby
the sweep time per cm. You should get 10 ms or 0.010 sec. The inverse of this is the
frequency, which is 100 cycles/second.

() =


() =

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PRE-EXPERIMENT TASK
1. Describean overview ofanalogand digitaloscilloscopes?
2. Explainthe working principlesthat are usedon anytype ofoscilloscopethatyouhave
describedno.1?
3. Describe whatmeasurementscan bedoneby usingan oscilloscope ?

Answer

1. Analog oscilloscopes
The first oscilloscopes were analog oscilloscopes, which use cathode ray tubes to
display a waveform. Photolominescent phosphor on the screen illuminates when an electron
hits it, and as successive bits of phosphor light up, you can see a representation of the signal.
A trigger is needed to make the displayed waveform look stable. When one whole trace of the
displayis completed, the oscilloscope waits until a specific event occurs (for example, a rising
edge that crosses a certain voltage) and then starts the trace again. An un-triggered display is
unusable because the waveform is not shown as a stable waveform on thedisplay (this is true
for DSO and MSO oscilloscopes, which will be discussed below, as well.) Analog
oscilloscopes are useful because the illuminated phosphor does not disappear immediately.
Digital oscilloscopes
Analog devices make use of continually varying voltages, digital devices employ
binary numbers which correspond to samples of the voltage. In the case of digital
oscilloscopes, an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is used to change the measured voltages
into digital information.

2. The working principle of analog and digital osciloscope

Analog oscilloscopes working principle
When you connect an oscilloscope probe to a circuit, the voltage signal travels through
the probe to the vertical system of the oscilloscope. Figure 6 is a simple block diagram that
shows how an analog oscilloscope displays a measured signal. Depending on how you set the
vertical scale (volts/div control), an attenuator reduces the signal voltage or an amplifier
increases the signal voltage. Next, the signal travels directly to the vertical deflection plates
of the cathode ray tube (CRT). Voltage applied to these
deflection plates causes a glowing dot to move. (An electron
beam hitting the phosphor inside the CRT creates the
glowing dot.) A positive voltage causes the dot to move up
while a negative voltage causes the dot to move down. The
signal also travels to the trigger system to start or trigger a
horizontal sweep. Horizontal sweep is a term referring to
the action of the horizontal systemcausing the glowing dot
to move across the screen. Triggering the horizontal system
causes the horizontal time base to move the glowing dot
across the screen from left to right within a specific time
interval. Many sweeps in rapid sequence cause the
movement of the glowing dot to blend into a solid line. At higher speeds, the dot may sweep
across the screen up to 500,000 times each second. Together, the horizontal sweeping action
and the vertical deflection action trace a graph of the signal on the screen.

Analog oscilloscopes working principle

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The attenuator scales the waveform. The vertical amplifier provides additional scaling while
passing the waveform to the analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The ADC samples and
digitizes the incoming signal. It then stores this data in memory. The trigger looks for trigger
events while the time-base adjusts the time display for the oscilloscope. The microprocessor
system performs any additional postprocessing you have specified before the signal is finally
displayed on the oscilloscope.

3. The using of oscilloscope in measurement

Mesuring AC and DC voltage
Oscilloscopes are used by everyone from television repair technicians to
physicists. They are indispensable for anyone designing or repairing electronic
equipment.
The usefulness of an oscilloscope is not limited to the world of electronics.
With the proper transducer, an oscilloscope can measure all kinds of
phenomena. A transducer is a device that creates an electrical signal in
response to physical stimuli, such as sound, mechanical stress, pressure, light,
or heat. For example, a microphone is a transducer that converts sound to an
electrical signal. An automotive engineer uses an oscilloscope to measure
engine vibrations. A medical researcher uses an oscilloscope to measure brain
waves. The possibilities are endless.
This is useful if you want to test a certain electronic component to see if it is
behaving properly. If you know what the waveform of the signal should be
after exiting the component, you can use an oscilloscope to see if the
component is indeed outputting the correct signal.

EXPERIMENT PROCEDURES

A. Calibration

1. Connect the oscilloscopewithmeshes.

2. Powerswitchin the ON positionand waita while untilthescreenappearsthe
electron beam.
3. Adjustthe image positionon thescreen sosituatedin the middle. If the image
isstillto move onthenadjustthesynchronization ofkeypositionsin order to obtaina
picture taken.
4. Connect theinputterminalAtoterminalcalibrationthat is infront of theoscilloscope.

10
 5. Observewaveforms andhighamplitude. Amplitudecalibrationsignalshould beas
statedinoscilloscope,the magnitude2Vpp.
6. Measurethe voltageandthe periodforsome of the pricesvolts/division andtime
/division.
7. Repeat theabove steps forthe inputchannelB.
B. Measuring DC Voltage (Battery)
1. Set mode to channel A.
2. Connect cable to input. Leads should be free.
3. Turn power ON and wait for dot or line to appear.
4. Pull Triggering level knob out.
5. Adjust intensity and focus as needed.
6. Set sweep time /sec knob till the line on the screen are seen clear and steady.
7. Adjust horizontal and vertical position knob to make sure that the line is fully
visible.
8. Read the result by using formula

() =

C. Measuring AC Voltage
1. Turn on the function generator by pressing in the power button.
2. Turn all dials completely clockwise and ensure all buttons are in the outward
position.
3. Press the function button of the desired wave function, i.e., triangle, square, or
sine wave.
4. Set the frequency dial and the press the range button of the function generator to
achieve the desired frequency.
5. Connect the leads of the function generators output to the leads of the
oscilloscopes input; red lead to red lead and black lead to black lead.
6. Flip the AC-GND-DC switch to AC on the oscilloscope.
7. Set the VOLTS/CM dial to proper sensitivity; remember to twist the inner dial
clockwise as far as possible.
8. Set the sweep TIME/CM dial to proper sensitivity. Twist the inner dial clockwise
as far as it will go.
9. Make sure the picture is centered on the screen using the vertical and horizontal
position dials.

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 10. Flip the source switch to internal.
11. If necessary, adjust the triggering level knob until you get a steady picture. The
triggering level knob should be pulled out.
12. Adjust the intensity and focus to get a good sharp image.
13. Read the result and calculate by using formula

( ) =


=

D. Measuringfrequencydirectly
1. Connectingthe outputof thegeneratorfunction with theinputchannelA.The
switchfunctionof thesinegeneratormounted ina position.
2. Observethe waveformshownon thescreen, measure andrecord thefrequency
ofthegeneratorfunctionpointer.
3. Comparethe results ofmeasurements ofthe frequencywith the
frequencyindicatedby thegeneratoristhe difference?
4. Repeatsteps 2and 3for thetriangularwaveandsquarewave.
5. Position the sine wave so that the beginning of the wave lines up with the
cm position along the x-axis.
6. Read the result and calculate by using following formula :

() =

() =

RESULT OF THE EXPERIMENT

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 Calibration
Volts
1. Voltage(V) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 2 1V 1
= 2VPP

Time
Periode (T) = Number of horizontal box Probe
Div

= 2 0.5 1 = 1 ms

1
Frequency (f ) =
T
1
= = 1000 Hz
1 ms
Volts
2. Voltage(V) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 4 0.5 V 1 = 2

Time
Periode (T) = Number of horizontal box Probe
Div

= 0.5 2 1 = 1 ms

1
Frequency (f) =
T
1
= = 1000 Hz
1 ms
Volts
3. Voltage(V) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 2 1V 1
= 2 VPP

Time
Periode (T) = Number of horizontal box Probe
Div

= 4 0.25 1 = 1 ms

1
Frequency (f) =
T
1
= = 1000 Hz
1 ms

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 Measuring DC Voltage Battery

a) Battery 1.5V
Volts
Voltage(V) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 3 Div 0.5 Volt/Div 1
= 1.5 V
b) Battery 3V

Volts
Voltage(V) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 6 Div 0.5 Volts/Div 1
= 3V

c) Battery 9V

Volts
Voltage(V) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 4.6 Div 2 Volts/Div 1
= 9.2 V

Measuring AC Voltage ( Trafo)

Trafo 3V
Volts
Voltage(VPP ) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
=25V1
= 10 V

VPP 10 V
VP = = = 5V
2 2
VP 5V
Vef = = = 3.53 V
2 2
Time
Periode (T) = Number of horizontal box Probe
Div
mS
= 4 Div 5 1
Div
= 20 mS
1 1
Frequency (f) = = = 50 Hz
T 20 mS
Trafo4.5V
Volts
Voltage(VPP ) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 2.8 5 V 1 = 14 V

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 VPP 14 V
VP = = =7V
2 2
VP 7 V
Vef = = = 4.95 V
2 2
Time
Periode (T) = Number of horizontal box Probe
Div
mS
= 4 Div 5 1
Div
= 20 mS
1 1
Frequency (f) = = = 50 Hz
T 20 mS
Trafo6 V
Volts
Voltage(VPP ) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 3.4 5 V 1
= 17 V
VPP 17 V
VP = = = 8.5 V
2 2
VP 8.5 V
Vef = = = 6.01 V
2 2
Time
Periode (T) = Number of horizontal box Probe
Div
mS
= 4 Div 5 1
Div
= 20 mS
1 1
Frequency (f) = = = 50 Hz
T 20 mS
Trafo7.5V
Volts
Voltage(VPP ) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 4.4 5 V 1
= 22 V
VPP 22 V
VP = = = 11 V
2 2
VP 11 V
Vef = = = 7.8 V
2 2
Time
Periode (T) = Number of horizontal box Probe
Div
mS
= 4 Div 5 1
Div
= 20 mS

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 1 1
Frequency (f) = = = 50 Hz
T 20 mS

Trafo9V
Volts
Voltage(VPP ) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 2.8 10 V 1
= 28 V
VPP 28 V
VP = = = 14 V
2 2
VP 14 V
Vef = = = 9.89 V
2 2
Time
Periode (T) = Number of horizontal box Probe
Div
mS
= 4 Div 5 1
Div
= 20 mS
Trafo12V
Volts
Voltage(VPP ) = Number of verticale box Probe
Div
= 3.4 10 V 1
= 34 V
VPP 34 V
VP = = = 17 V
2 2
VP 8.5 V
Vef = = = 12.02 V
2 2
Time
Periode (T) = Number of horizontal box Probe
Div
mS
= 4 Div 5 1
Div
= 20 mS

POST-EXPERIMENT TASK

1. Compare the value of measurement with the value of theoretically ?

2. What the possiblity cause of the difference value between measurement value with
theoretically value ?
3. Make the conclusion of each measurement !

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 Answer

1. Table of comparing value between measurement and theoretically value?

Battery

No Battery Theoretically Value Of The Voltage Measurement Value

1 I 1.5 V 1.5 V
2 II 3V 3V
3 III 9V 9.2 V

Trafo (AC Voltage)

No Traffo Theoretically Value Of The Voltage Measurement Frequency

Value
1 3 Volt 3 Volt 3.53 Volt 50 Hz
2 4 Volt 4 Volt 4.95 Volt 50 Hz
3 6 Volt 6 Volt 6.01 Volt 50 Hz
4 7.5 Volt 7.5 Volt 7.8 Volt 50 Hz
5 9 Volt 9 Volt 9.89 Volt 50 Hz
6 12 Volt 12 Volt 12.02 Volt 50 Hz

2. The possiblity causes of difference values are :

- The material (battery or trafo) have been broken (not good).

- The calibration of oscilloscope is wrong/error
- The reading of graphics either amount of verticale box or amount o horizontal
box are wrong.
- The oscilloscope is not too good, etc.

3. The conclusions of this experiment are :

- From experiments on an oscilloscope can be concluded that the oscilloscope is

an instrument or medium in which we can calculate the voltage, period,
frequency, and phase angle difference with respect to images that appear on
the next oscilloscope. By considering the peak to peak voltage in reading
oscilloscope to seek input voltage of input voltage range is obtainedconclusion
that enter voltage value equal to the voltage enter or not much different.
- While the value obtained from the period can be calculated the frequency will
affect the value of vertical effective stress the output, but a change in the
horizontal scale oscilloscope will not affect the period and frequency changes.
So that the oscilloscope can in use to measure frequency and period of the AC
voltage source.
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 - Analog oscilloscope, in principle, have advantages such as its price is
relatively cheaper than a digital oscilloscope, its real time and settings are easy
to do because there is no delay between the waves that are seen with the show
on the screen, and able practice better shape as expected to see complex
waves, such as TV and video signals in a modulated RF signal amplitude.
- The limitation is not able to catch the wave before the trigger event and the
presence of flicker (flicker) on the screen for the low-frequency waves
(approximately 10-20 Hz). Limitations of analog oscilloscope can be
overcome by a digital oscilloscope. As an example of a whole field scale in
Figure 3 can be closed all the areas that can be seen by the eye.
- Digital oscilloscope provides extensive capabilities, ease of acquisition tasks
and measurement wave. Storage waves help engineers and technicians can
capture and analyze critical signal activity. If the high trigger engineering
capabilities can efficiently find any peculiarities or special conditions of the
wave being measured.
- In experiments we have to use a transformer with either because if we hold the
iron in the transformer then the transformer can cause a fire so that the lights
go out.
- In conductingthe measurementrequires precisionand cautionthathigh. Because
if notthere will bedamage to theoscilloscope. As inpracticewe
experiencedthebreakupfuse may becausedbylack ofreasonable care
andoursafe.

Medan, November16th 2011

By The 3rd Group,
Lecturer Leader

Drs.J.H.Panggabean,Msi Jonni Sitorus

(196409211989031003) (4113121029)

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