Marks Marks
No. Evaluation Items 20% Obtain
1 Introduction 2
2 Objectives 2
3 Equipment Lists 2
4 Experiment Set-Up 2
5 Observation & Data Analysis 10
6 Conclusion 2
TOTAL
Date of Experiment : 27 February 2012 & 5 March 2012 Date of Submission : 12 March 2012
Introduction :
Ohms law states that the voltage v across a resistor is directly proportional to the current i
"resistance", R.Thus ,the equation V=iR can be formed. In addition,the material that obeys
Ohm's Law is called "ohmic" or "linear" because the potential difference across it varies
As for series circuit is a circuit in which resistors are arranged in a chain, so the current has
only one path to take. The current is the same through each resistor. The total resistance of
the circuit is found by simply adding up the resistance values of the individual resistors. A
parallel circuit is a circuit in which the resistors are arranged with their heads connected
together, and their tails connected together. The current in a parallel circuit breaks up, with
some flowing along each parallel branch and re-combining when the branches meet again.
Parallel Circuit
Series Circuit
Objectives
1. To determine the value of resistors from their Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
color code.
b) The voltage drops across the resistors equals to the applied voltage.
c) The value of the current is the same in all parts of the circuit
individual resistors.
b) The branch current in parallel equal to the supply current.
3. To verify by measurement and calculation for two different networks : the total
current and the branch values, the voltage drop across various parts of the networks
and the method for determining the equivalent resistance of such networks.
Equipment Lists
Digital Multimeter
Linear 10 k potentiometer
DC voltage supply
2 k resistor
Voltage DC supply
Resistors 5.1 k
15 volt dc supply
a) The colour code is used to determine the nominal value of each resistor and the
value is then recorded in Table 1a-2. The colour code on each resistor defines the
nominal value about which the tolerance is defined. The nominal value is that
value of resistance that the resistor would have if the tolerance is 0 percent.
b) The tolerance is determined and values of each resistor are then recorded.
c) The theoretical maximum values and minimum values for each resistor in turn is
then determined.
d) By using Digital Multimeter, the actual values of each resistor were measured and
then recorded.
2) Variable Resistor
a) The end terminals and the wiper terminal were identified for the potentiometer.
b) The ohmmeter was placed between terminals 1-2, 2-3 and 1-3 and these measured
c) Add the values measured between the terminals 1-2 and 2-3 and compare the
d) The shaft of the potentiometer was repositioned and steps 2 and 3 were repeated
1. The power supply is switched on and set for the minimum output voltage.
2. Set the digital multimeter to measure voltage.
4. Observe the effect of tuning the output voltage controls and adjusts the voltage value
to 2 volts.
5. The meter removed and connected to the 2 k resistor across the terminals of the
power supply as shown below. Reconnect the meter as shown. Observe the value
V dc
R1 2k V
6. Now, break the circuit as shown below and insert the other meter set in mA current
range. The meter will now be reading the current flowing in the circuit.
V dc
R1 2k V
1. Measure the actual value of the resistor R and record the result in table 1c-1.
V dc
V
3. Beginning at 0 volt, increase the voltage across R in 1-volt steps until 9 volts.
Measure and record the resulting current in table 1c-1 for each increment of voltage.
1. Series circuit
R1 R2
A B C
1 k 1.5k
R3
6.8k
15 V
D
e) Connect the voltmeter across R1 and measure the voltage drop across it.
f) Repeat c until e for the ammeter position B, C and D and the voltmeter positioms
g) Record the voltage for close and open loop. Fill up the measured values in table 1d.-1.
2. Parallel Circuits
VI RI R2
R3
15 V 1.0k 1.5k
6.8k
b) Adjust the supply voltage 15V. (Note the value of the supplt voltage and keep it
c) Switch off the power supply. Connect the ammeter in position A, the total current,
Itotal.
Observation and Data Analysis:
Resistor R1 have a colour code blue, grey, red and gold which give the nominal value 6.8 k
and tolerance of 5%. This resistor has a maximum value of 7.140 k and 6.460 k for the
minimum value. The value that has been measured by using multimeter is 6.73 k. The
Resistor R2 has a color code of brown, green, red and gold which give the nominal value is
1.5 k. The 5% of tolerance made up the maximum value for R2 is 1.57k and the minimum
value is 1.425 k. The measured value for R2 is 1.491. The percentage of relative error for
R2 is 0.6%.
Resistor R3 has the color code of brown, black and red gives the nominal value of 1.0k.
The 5% of tolerance for R3 has the value of 1.050 k for maximum value and 0.95 k for
minimum value. The measured value for R3 is 0.984 k. The percentage of relative error is
1.63 %.
End terminal and the wiper terminal for the potentiometer had been identified. The first trial
in between terminal R1-R2 give the value of 7.34 k,the second trial is 5.66 k and the third
trial is 10.59k. For the terminal R2-R3,the value for the first trial is 4.90 k, followed by
6.49 k and 0.843 k. For the terminal R1-R3(theoretical values),the measured values are
Next, the values in the first trial,second trial and third trial for R1-R2 need to be added with
the values for R2-R3 and compared it with the theoretical value in between terminal R1-R3.
The added value for the first trial is 12.24 and the theoretical value is 11.16 k. The relative
error for the first trial is 9.6%. The added value for second trial is 12.15k and the theoretical
value is 11.12k. These two values give the second trial 9.26% of relative error. The third
trial has 11.433 k for the added value and 11.13 k for theoretical value. The relative error
for the third trial is 2.6%. All these errors might happen because of the careless in reading the
Voltage measurements:
A voltmeter must always be connected with probes across the component under test and must
place the correct leads at the proper nodes.2 k resistor connected to the terminal of power
supply and the measured values have been noted. Next, calculate the current values by using
the V=iR equation and compared it with the measured values. For the 2 V of voltage,the
current measured is 1.07 mA and the calculated value is 1.00 mA which give the relative
error of 7%. For the 4 V of voltage, the current measured is 2.04mA and the calculated value
is 2.00 mA which give the relative error of 2%. As for the 6 V of voltage, the current
measured is 3.04 mA and the calculated value is 3.00 mA. The relative error is 1.3%.
For this experiment, a resistor with nominal value 5.100 k is used. This resistor is then
measured to get the actual value which is 5.02 k. Next, the resistor is connected to the
circuit. Begin with 0 volt, the current is measured and recorded in table 1c-1. The voltage is
then increased systematically from 1 volt until 9 volts. The current measured for 0 volt is 0A.
Same value goes for its theoretical current value. For 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 volts, the
current measured is 0.200V, 0.400V, 0.590V, 0.780V, 0.970V, 1.200V, 1.390V, 1.580V and
1.820V respectively.
The theoretical value is then calculated using the formula V=iR for every volt. For 1 volt, the
theoretical value is 0.196 and the percentage error is 2.04%. For 2 volt, the theoretical value
is 0.392 and the percentage error is 2.04%. For 3 volt, the theoretical value is 0.588 and the
percentage error is 0.34%. For 4 volt, the theoretical value is 0.784 and the percentage error is
0.51%. For 5 volt, the theoretical value is 0.980 and the percentage error is 1.02%. For 6 volt,
the theoretical value is 1.176 and the percentage error is 2.04%. For 7 volt, the theoretical
value is 1.372 and the percentage error is 1.31%. For 8 volt, the theoretical value is 1.568 and
the percentage error is 0.77%. For 9 volt, the theoretical value is 1.764 and the percentage
error is 3.17%.
A graph of current versus voltage is then plot. For measured value, slope is 0.208 and for
theoretical value is 0.196. the percentage error between measured value and theoretical value
is 6.1%. The slope in this graph also represents the conductance, G. The resistance for
measured value is 4.807 k and for theoretical values is 5.100. these values is calculated for
1. Series Circuit
then, the power supply is switched off and ammeter is connected to position A. the
power supply is switched on and the current through resistor R1 is measured. The
value is 1.61 mA. The current value for R2 and R3 is 1.61 mA for both resistors.
The supply voltage for V1, V2 and V3 is 1.611 V, 11.020 V and 2.441V respectively.
Sum of voltage is 15.072 V. the value for R1, R2 and R3 is 1.00k, 6.84 k and 1.52
2. Parallel circuit
measured at I1, I2 and I3 is 15.32 A, 11.23 A and 2.20 A respectively. The sum of
current is 28.75 A. the supply voltage is 15.03 V. The value of voltage at V1, V2 and
Based on the analysis and observation, all the aims for this experiment is compatible.
Through this experiment, we will know how exactly to determine the value of resistors by
their color code. The first color of resistor refers to the first significant bit, the second color
refers to the second significant bit, third color refer to the number of zeros and the last color
refers to the tolerance. As for the second aim, we will know the properties of
the potentiometer which is an instrument for measuring the potential (voltage) in a circuit.
The potentiometer may be used as a rheostat if the centre arm and one of the end terminals
are connected into the circuit and the other end terminal is left disconnected. The precaution
steps that we need to follow are about the connection of elements in circuit and the correct
way of handling the multimeter and reading the values. If all the precaution steps are been
Based on the analysis and observation, the aim for this experiment is compatible. Through
this experiment, we will know how to measure the voltage and current in DC circuit. A
voltmeter must always be connected with probes in parallel connection. The ammeter is must
always in series connection in circuit while measuring current and need to break the circuit.
The Ohms law;V=iR is needed to calculate the current by the given voltage. The precaution
steps that we need to follow are about the connection of elements in circuit and the correct
way of handling the multimeter and reading the values. If all the precaution steps are been
From this experiment, we are able to verified Ohms Law. Ohms Law states that the voltage
V across a resistor is directly proportional to the current I flowing through the resistor. That
is,
Vi
Ohm defined the contants of proportionality for a resistor to be the resistance, R. Thus,
V = iR
From this experiment, the ohms law is verified when we calculated the current given the
When the current is measured, the value is 0.200 k. With a very low percentage error, this
Resistor is divided to two types. Fixed resistor and variable resistor. The most coomon
resistor is wirewound type and carbon film type. Wirewound type of resistor is used in device
that requires high handling capability of current, heat dissipation and resistance stability and
accuracy. Carbon film type resistor is applications requiring high pulse stability. The most
common variable resistor is composition type and potentiomer. Potentiometer is widely use
All the objectives for this experiment has been achieved. In series circuit, the value of current
is the same in all parts of the circuits. However, the voltage is the sum of the individual
voltages across the circuit and the resistance is the sum of individual resistors throughout the
circuit. The total resistance of the circuit (also called equivalent resistance) is equal to the
individual resistors. The branch current in parallel equal to the supply current. The voltage
One important thing to notice from this last equation is that the more branches you add to a
parallel circuit the lower the total resistance becomes. Remember that as the total resistance