Strength is a property or characteristic of a material or of a
mechanical element A property which is independent of whether or not the part is subjected to a load
A static load is a stationary force or moment acting on a
member Unchanging in magnitude, direction and point of application Can be an axial tension or compression, a shear load, a bending load, a torsional load, or any combination of these
It is required to develop the relations between strength and
loads to achieve optimum component dimensions, with the requirement that the part will not fail in service The Theory of Static Theories of failure For the design of a machine element to be accurate, the engineer should have conducted tests on similar components exactly under the same loading conditions as the part will experience in service Such tests are, in general, costly
The cost of gathering such extensive data is justified only under
conditions where human life is in danger or when the part is to be manufactured in large number The fundamental problem of the designer is to use the simple tension-test data and relate them to the strength of the part, regardless of the stress state or the loading situation The essence of Theories of failure is that Whatever is responsible for failure in a standard tensile test will also be responsible for failure under all other conditions of static loading Various Theories of Failure
Maximum Normal-Stress Theory
Rankine Theory
Maximum Normal-Strain Theory
Saint-Venants Theory
Maximum Shear-Stress Theory
Tresca Theory
Maximum Distortion-Energy Theory
Von Mises Hencky Theory Maximum Normal-Stress Theory Maximum Normal-Stress Failure Surface (Biaxial) Maximum Normal-Stress Failure Surface (Tri-axial) Maximum-Normal-Strain Theory Maximum-Normal-Strain Theory (Biaxial) Maximum Shear-Stress Theory Maximum Shear-Stress Theory Maximum Shear-Stress Theory Maximum Shear-Stress Theory Then max= 0, and there is no yielding regardless of the magnitude of the stress Plane Stress Condition Comparison of the major theories of failure for a ductile material Plot of the major theories for a ductile material of Syt = Syc = 100 ksi Failure of Brittle materials
Failure occurs by fracture
Brittle materials do not have a yield strength
Compressive strength is usually many times greater than the
tensile strength
The ultimate torsional strength Sus (i.e. the modulus of rupture,
Tur /J) is approximately the same as the tensile strength Failure of Brittle materials (Contd)
Coulomb-Mohr theory Based on the tensile test and the compression test Stresses and strengths are related by the equation
1 3 1 0 1 S ut S uc 3 0
Modified Mohr Theory
More accurate in the fourth quadrant of the A-B plot Less conservative than the Coulomb-Mohr theory Failure of Brittle materials Example
The shaft in the figure is
made of Class 20 cast iron. The ends are simply- supported, but are keyed against rotation. The stress concentration factor at the bracket is 2.5. Find the diameter of the shaft using maximum normal stress theory, if the required factor of safety is 2.25.