5/3/2017

Vertebrate Radiation

Chordata 2: Vertebrates < 5% of animals are vertebrates

Fishes
(Fishes) Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals
ZOO 3
Dr. Eleanor Aurellado

Vertebrae Tripartite brain

Series of bones that make up the spine Highly differentiated and more advanced
sensory organs such as eyes
BF1
Otx Hox3

Nerve cord of lancelet embryo

BF1
Otx Hox3

Brain of vertebrate embryo

(shown straightened)

Forebrain Midbrain Hindbrain

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Vertebrates = Craniates Bone

Well-developed brain enclosed in a cranium Collagenous fibers
New feeding method: active predation impregnated with
hydroxyapatite
crystals (calcium
phosphate and
hydroxyl ions)
Structurally stronger
than cartilage
Storage of calcium
and phosphate ions

Neural Crest Cells Efficient respiration

Collection of cells near dorsal margins of Pharyngeal slits became gill slits in aquatic
the closing neural tube in an embryo vertebrates
Give rise to a variety of structures, e.g., some
of the bones and cartilage of the skull
Dorsal edges Neural Neural
of neural plate crest tube

Migrating neural
Notochord crest cells

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Integumentary system Early Vertebrates: Fishes

Epidermis
Dermis

What is a fish? Dermal scales

Aquatic vertebrate with gills, fins, dermal
scales, and lateral line system
Dorsal fin Adipose fin
(characteristic Caudal
of trout) fin

Cut edge
of operculum Anal fin
Lateral
Gills line

Pelvic
fin

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Locomotion in water Jawless Fishes: Agnatha

Fishes use trunk and tail musculature to 2 extant classes:
propel them through the water. Myxini (hagfishes)

Musculature is composed of zigzag bands Cephalaspidomorphi

called myomeres (lampreys)

No paired fins
Notochord
persistent
Cartilaginous
endoskeleton

Myxini (hagfishes) Feeding in hagfishes

Marine agnathans with no vertebrae Scavengers or predators
Naked skin with slime glands
Slime glands

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Cephalaspidomorphi (lampreys)
Marine or freshwater Many are parasitic as adults
Have cartilaginous vertebrae, no scales Some do not feed at all

Ammocoetes (lamprey larva) Origins of bone and teeth

Biopix
Resembles amphioxus Mineralization appears to have originated
Suspension feeders (endostyle) with vertebrate mouthparts
Pharynx pumps water Some fishes developed bony armor
The vertebrate endoskeleton became fully
mineralized much later

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Conodonts Ostracoderms
First vertebrates to have mineralized teeth Extinct agnathans which had an armor of
bony plates
Muscular pharynx to suction prey from ocean
floor

Dorsal view
of head

Dental
elements

Gnathostomes: vertebrates with Paired fins (pectoral and

jaws pelvic fins)
Jaws evolved from gill arches that support Improved stability of fishes while swimming
the gill slits
Increased the ability to restrain struggling
prey

Pectoral fins Pelvic fins

Blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus).

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Fossil gnathostomes Fossil gnathostomes

Placoderms Acanthodians spiny sharks
Earliest gnathostomes in fossil record Share affinities with osteichthyans and
Have bony armor chondrichthyans

Coccosteus, a placoderm
Climatius, an acanthodian

Chondrichthyes Subclass Elasmobranchii

(cartilaginous fishes) (sharks and rays)
Cartilaginous endoskeleton Sharks (streamlined forms)
Placoid scales
Also called dermal denticles
Reduce drag

Carcharodon carcharias (great white shark)

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Elasmobranchs
Rays (depressiform bodies) Carnivorous (some planktivorous)

(b) Southern stingray (Dasyatis americana)

Sensory systems of Subclass Holocephali

elasmobranchs (chimaeras or ratfishes)
Keen sense of smell Have fleshy operculum
Mechanorecptors in lateral
line system sense low-
frequency vibrations from far
away.
Vision important at close
range.
Bioelectric fields surrounding
prey can be detected using
electroreceptors in the
ampullae of Lorenzini

(c) Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei)

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Osteichthyes (bony fishes)

Bone replaces cartilage during development Bony operculum that
protects the gills

Dermal scales Pneumatic sacs

Primitive bony fishes - ganoid scales Ancient bony fishes had lungs
(rhomboidal) Became the swimbladder in most fishes
Modern bony fishes - cycloid or ctenoid
scales

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Diversity of bony fishes Actinopterygii

Most diverse group of fishes Ray-finned fishes (a) Tuna

Two Subclasses: Fins supported

Actinopterygii mainly by long,
Sarcopterygii flexible rays and
spines (b) Clownfish

About 23,600
species
Order Perciformes
(40% of bony fishes)

(c) Seahorse (d) Moray eel

Sarcopterygii
Lungfishes
(lobe-finned fishes)
Have muscular pectoral and pelvic fins Can live out of the
Includes coelacanths, lungfishes and tetrapod water for long periods
ancestors of time
Closest living
relatives of tetrapods

Take ZOO 180 (Ichthyology)!

Latimeria menadoensis (coelacanth; from Indonesia)

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