Things to do

1) Read pages 14-21 Chapter 2 Human Heredity

Mitosis is essential for growth and cell replacement
Cell division by meiosis: the basis of sex
Meiosis Reduces the chromosome number
Meiosis Begins with Haploid cells
Spermatogenesis and oogenesis and processes that form gametes
Prokaryotic cells are enclosed by a plasma membrane but do not contain a
membrane-bound nucleus and instead the genetic information carried by
the cell
Organisms such as bacteria and blue-green algae are prokaryotes
Eukaryotic cells contain a membrane-bound nucleus, and the cytoplasm is
divided into a number of compartments by internal membrane systems and
membranous organs
Organisms such as protozoa, fungi, plants and animals (including humans)
are eukaryotes
There is a wide range of cell sizes
The nucleus is centrally important to genetics because it regulates the
activity of the cytoplasm
The nucleus contains the genetic information that ultimately determines
the structure and shape of the cell and the range of functions carried out by
a cell
In most of the cells, genetic information is composed of DNA, organized into
chromosomes, which are carried in the nucleus
Because chromosomes carry genetic information and are the vehicles for
transmitting genetic information from generation to generation, they
occupy a central position in the human genetics
The correct number of chromosomes which is 46, was not determined until
1956
Process Description
 Simple Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Exocytosis
Osmosis
Cell organelles
Organelle Structure
Nucleus Round or oval body;
surrounded by nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus Round or oval body in the
nucleus consisting of DNA and
RNA
Endoplasmic Network of membranous
reticulum tubules in the cytoplasm of
the cell. Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum contains no
ribosomes. Rough
endoplasmic reticulum is
studded with ribosomes.
Ribosomes Small particles found in the
cytoplasm; made of RNA and
protein
Flow of ions and molecules from high
concentrations to low. Water-soluble ions and
molecules probably pass through pores; water-
insoluble molecules pass directly through the
lipid layer of the plasma membrane
Flow of ions and molecules from high
concentration to low concentrations with the aid
of protein carrier molecules in the membrane
Transport of molecules from regions of low
concentration to regions of high concentration
with the aid of transport proteins in the cell
membrane and ATP
Active incorporation of liquid and solid materials
into the cell by the plasma membrane. Materials
are engulfed by the cell and become surrounded
by a membrane
Release of materials packaged in secretory
vesicles
Diffusion of water molecules from regions of high
water (high solute) concentration
Function About
Contains the genetic The membrane -
information necessary to bounded organelle
control cell structure in eukaryotic cells
and function. DNA that contains the
contains heredity chromosomes
information
Produces ribosomal RNA A nuclear region
that functions in
the synthesis of
ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic A system of
reticulum (SER) is cytoplasmic
involved in producing membranes
phospholipids and has arranged into
many different functions sheets and
in different cells. Rough channels that
endoplasmic reticulum functions in
(RER) is the site of the synthesizing and
synthesis of lysosomal transporting gene
enzymes and proteins products
for extracellular use.
Aid in the production of Cytoplasmic
proteins on the RER and particles composed
of 2 subunits that
 ribosome complexes are the site of
(polysomes) protein synthesis
Golgi apparatus Series of flattened sacs usually Sorts, chemically Membranous
located near the nucleus modifies, and packages organelles
proteins produced on composed of a
the RER series of flattened
sacs. They sort,
modify and
package proteins
synthesized in the
ER
Secretory vesicles Membrane-bound vesicles Store protein hormones N/A
containing proteins produced or enzymes in the
by the RER and repackaged by cytoplasm awaiting a
the Golgi apparatus; contain signal for release
protein hormones or enzymes
Lysosome Membrane-bound structure Combines with food Membrane
containing digestive enzymes vacuoles and digests enclosed
materials engulfed by organelles that
cells contain digestive
enzymes
Mitochondria Round, oval or elongated Complete the Membrane-bound
structures with a double breakdown of glucose, organelles present
membrane. The inner producing NADH and in the cytoplasm of
membrane is thrown into ATP all eukaryotic cells
folds that are the sites
of energy
production within
cells
Cytoskeleton Network of microtubles and Gives the cell internal N/A
microfilaments in the support, helps transport
cytoplasm molecules and some
organelles inside the
cell, and binds to
enzymes of metabolic
pathways
Chromatin N/A N/A The component
material of
chromosomes,
visible as clumps or
threads in the
nuclei under a
microscope
Chromosomes N/A N/A The threadlike
structures in the
nucleus that carry
 genetic
information
Gene N/A N/A The fundamental
unit of heredity

2) Copy all notes and study them by reading them over and over
I. The Cell Theory
a. All organisms are composed of one or more cells, within which the processes of metabolism
and heredity occur.
b. Cells are the smallest living things, the basic unit of organizations of all living organisms.
c. Cells arise only by division of a previously existing cell.

II. There are two main types of cells

Prokaryotes
Cells enclosed by a plasma membrane but these
cells do not contain a membrane-bound nucleus
compartments by internal membrane systems and
Nor do they contain other membrane-bound
organelles: such as Mitochondria, Chloroplasts
and Golgi apparatus
Examples include bacteria and blue green algae
1 to 10 um
Anaerobic and aerobic
Circular Strand of DNA in the cytoplasm
Cell division by binary fission
Eukaryotes
Possess a membrane bound nucleus and
cytoplasm is divided into a number of
membranous organelles: such as the
mitochondria, chloroplasts, Endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi apparatus, etc..
Examples include protozoa, fungi, plants and
animals
10 to 100 um
Aerobic
The genetic material is organized into
chromosomes, that are made up of DNA and
protein
Cell division by mitosis and cytokinesis

Prokaryote Cells
3 Basic Shapes
Eukaryote Cells

CELL OVERVIEW
III. Microscopy
a. Magnification - how much larger an object is made to appear compared to its real size.
b. Resolving Power - the minimum distance between two points that can be distinguished as two
separate points.
c. Resolution- Naked Eye Resolution about .2mm
Light microscope - Resolution is limited by the wavelength of visible light 0.2um
Electron microscope- Resolution is about 0.2nm

IV. Overview of Plasma Membrane Transport

 V. Plasma membrane transport animations
a. Passive Diffusion: Is the tendency for molecules of any substance to spread out evenly into the
available space
b. Facilated Transport a form of passive transport:
1. Channel proteins- Provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane
2. Carrier proteins- Undergo a subtle change in shape that translocates the solute-binding site
across the membrane

VI. Where do membrane proteins come from?

DNA RNA Proteins

Transcription Translation

VII. What is active transport?

a. Moves substances against their concentration gradient
b. Requires energy, usually in the form of ATP

3) Formulas
Volume = l x w x h

Area = l x w x number of sides

4) Draw a sketch of the following:

Prokaryote Cell

Eukaryote Cell
5) Make diagrams of cell membranes and using arrows for flow and
other characters to represent molecules depict each of the different
plasma membrane transport processes found in Table 2.1 on page 17

6) Discuss the relationships depicted in figure 2.5 on page 20

The relationship between Golgi complex and lysosomes. Digestive enzymes are synthesized in the ER
and move to the Golgi in transport vesicles. In the Golgi, the enzymes are modified and packaged.
Lysosomes pinch off the end of the Golgi membrane. In the cytoplasm, lysosomes fuse with and digest
the contents of vesicles that are internalized from the plasma membrane.

7) Explain why Anne Walters guest essay appears in this particular

chapter
Because this chapter is talking about different membranes and materials like glucose and carbon dioxide
mentioned in this essay are getting in and out of this cell and for example in this essay Anne Walter
wrote that her study at Duke university was about (Why didnt a seagull salt glands rapidly lose water
and shrink?) and her conclusion was that there must be something unusual about the membrane lipids
and in this chapter we were discussing different types of cells and wide range of sizes and adaptations.
Also when she concluded there is a lipid bilayer which was related to our 2 types of cells that has many
layers like prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
9) Draw a sketch of plasma membrane and label parts

10) Research TIM-1 receptor in relation to Ebola virus

The glycoproteins (GP) of enveloped viruses facilitate entry into the host cell by interacting with specific
cellular receptors. Despite extensive study, a cellular receptor for the deadly filoviruses Ebolavirus and
Marburgvirus has yet to be identified and characterized. Here, we show that T-cell Ig and mucin domain
1 (TIM-1) binds to the receptor binding domain of the Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) glycoprotein, and ectopic
TIM-1 expression in poorly permissive cells enhances EBOV infection by 10- to 30-fold. Conversely,
reduction of cell-surface expression of TIM-1 by RNAi decreased infection of highly permissive Vero cells.
TIM-1 expression within the human body is broader than previously appreciated, with expression on
mucosal epithelia from the trachea, cornea, and conjunctivatissues believed to be important during in
vivo transmission of filoviruses. Recognition that TIM-1 serves as a receptor for filoviruses on these
mucosal epithelial surfaces provides a mechanistic understanding of routes of entry into the human
body via inhalation of aerosol particles or hand-to-eye contact. ARD5, a monoclonal antibody against the
IgV domain of TIM-1, blocked EBOV binding and infection, suggesting that antibodies or small molecules
directed against this cellular receptor may provide effective filovirus antivirals.