Paper 2 - Design For Safety of Formwork by DR N Krishnamurthy PDF

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Copyright, Professor N. Krishnamurthy :: ww
Design for Safety

of Formwork
N. KRISHNAMURTHY
SAFETY CONSULTANT AND TRAINER
1 Website: www.profkrishna.com
The Spanish Formwork Scene

REF: Antonio Lpez Arquillos, Prevention Through Design (PtD) as a
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Management Tool in Occupational Risk Prevention, Doctoral

Dissertation, Dept. of Economics and Business Administration,
School of Industrial Engineering, University of Malaga, 2014
Arecentstudyoffallsinformworkcomparedthefall
y p
protectionsystemscommonlyusedduringfloorslabformwork
constructioninbuildingsandconcludedthatthesuitabilityof
thedifferentsystemsdependsgreatlyonthewillingnessofthe
workerstousethem.
Overexertioninjuryisthesinglelargestcategoryofinjuriesin
construction work accounting for about 24% of all injuries
constructionwork,accountingforabout24%ofallinjuries.
Industryresponse:
Threemainstakeholdersinformwork:
1. Formworkmanufacturingcompanies
2. Constructioncompanies
2
3. Projectdesigners
1
What does the industry think about PtD? a
Surprisingly,allthreestakeholdersstronglydisagreedwiththe
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followingstatement:
Projectdesignerwouldasktheformworkmanufacturing
companyforadvicewhiletheydesignthestructure.
Allofthemstronglyagreedwiththefollowingstatement:
Theprojectdesignerdesignsthestructurewithout
consultingtheformwork/falsework manufacturingcompany.
Whenthedesignisfinishedtheconstructioncompanyasks
theformwork/falsework manufacturerforconstructive
solutionstosuitthestructureasdesigned.
Thisresponsedisplaysthelackofunderstandingofand
motivationforPtD [i.e.DfS]incurrentpractice.
Designersmaythereforenotcomeupwiththesafestwayto
buildtheirdesigns.
3
Thismindsetmustchangeassoonaspossible.
What does the industry think about PtD? b

Toquestionsonrelativevalueofsafetyandformworkcosts,all
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3stakeholderschoseminimumcostoversafety.
Mostengineeringandarchitecturestudentsinterviewedwere
eitherignorantofPtD orwerenotofferedanycoursestolearn
aboutit.
about it
Stakeholdersinvolvedintheuseanddesignofformworks
tendedtoconsiderthemselvesasisolatedgroups,ratherthan
aspartoftheproductionprocess.
Projectdesigners,whostarttheconstructionprocess,would
notaskthemanufacturingcompanyforadvicewhiletheyare
d i i th t t
designingthestructure.
Inaddition,mostoftheprojectsdonotspecifythetypeof
formworkintheprojectsdocumentation.
Consequently,formworkelectionislefttotheconstruction
4
company,whodidnotdesigntheprojectortheformworks.
2
What does the industry think about PtD? c
Newstandardsandlegislationaboutdesignanduseof
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formworksmayimprovetheiroccupationalsafety.
Moreeffectivecommunicationbetweenthestakeholders
wouldimproveoccupationalhealthandsafetylevels.
Thesemeasures,combinedwithbettertrainingandinclusion
ofPtD inUniversitycourses,wouldultimatelyleadtoadequate
implementationofPtD intheuseanddesignofformworks,
improvingtheoccupationalsafetylevelsoftheprojects,
helpingtodecreaserisklevelsandtoremovecertainhazards
completely.
Thisimprovementinsafetyrisklevelswouldhaveapositive
impactonaccidentratesandfatalities.
NK: ResponseinSingaporeisalsosimilar.
RTOsfeeltheyhavenothingtodowitheventheprinciples
5
offormworkdesign!Howwilltheyknowitissafe?
Prevention through Design (PtD) a

ThePreventionthroughDesign(PtD)conceptisoften
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inadequatelyimplementedintheconstructionsector.
ContributingfactorsinconstructionaccidentsintheUK:
ProblemsarisingfromworkersortheWorkteam 70%
Workplaceissues
Workplace issues 49%
49%
Shortcomingswithequipment(includingPPE) 56%
Problemswithsuitability&conditionofmaterials 27%
Deficiencieswithriskmanagement 84%
5.83%offallswereattributedtotheconstructionofformwork
ortotheconstructionoftemporarystructures,andaround
21% f ll id t i l d df i
21%ofallaccidentsinvolvedwoodframing.
Anotherwayofclassifyingfactorsinaccidents:
1. Macro:Involvingstakeholders(e.g.society,industry)
2. Mezzo:Projectmanagement,procurement,etc.,
6 3. Micro:Worker,workplace,andsupervisorissues.
3
Prevention through Design (PtD) b
EffectiveimplementationofPtD duringconstructionprojectis
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nottheresponsibilityofasinglepersonorgroup.
InEurope,architectsanddesignengineersarerequiredto
implementdesignforconstructionsafety(Dir92/57/EEC).
PolytechnicandUniversitycurriculalackadequatecourse
Polytechnic and University curricula lack adequate course
contentonoccupationalhealthandsafety.
Variablesinvolvedinconstructionaccidents:
Personalvariables
Age&otherworkercharacteristics
Businessvariables
Administrativeaspectssuchaslengthofservice
Administrative aspects such as length of service
Temporalvariables:
Dayofweek,numberofdaysofabsence,etc.
Materialvariables
Deviationsfromacceptedpractice
7
Geographicvariables, suchasclimate.
Risks in concrete construction

Plumbingandlevelling offormsaccountedforapproximately
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80%ofallrisks.
Craneliftingofmaterialisoneofthemajorcausesoffatalities
inconstruction.
Reasonsinclude:Insufficienttrainingforcrewanddifficulties

incommunicationamongcrewmembers,includinglanguage
andcorrectunderstandingofsignals.
Ascendinganddescendingladdershasbeenassociatedwitha
highpercentage(33.5%)ofnonfatalaccidentsinconstruction
workersintheUSA.
Ladderswerealsoassociatedwith11%ofallfatalfallsover
theperiod19801989intheUS.
Ladderrelatedaccidentshavebeenshowntobeassociated
withriskfactorsthatincreasedtheprobabilityofaseriousor
8
fatalaccident.
4
Const. & Formwork Fatalities vs. Age
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Formworkfatalitiesmoreinshaded(X)range,16toabout30
yearsofage.
Const. & Formwork Fatal. vs. No. Workers

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Formworkfatalitiesmoreinshaded(X)range,incompanies
uptoabout25workers.
10
5
Const. & Formwork Fatalities vs. Service
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Formworkfatalitiesmoreinshaded(X)range,forworkers
withabout11/2monthsto4yearsofservice(inthesame
11
company)
Launching of Course on
Formwork Design and Safety
with Code of Practice SS580:2012
By Institution of Engineers - Singapore
Opening Address
Dr Gan Siok Lin
Executive Director
WSH Institute
23 Sep 2014
12
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Accidents involving formwork

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4 serious accidents involving collapse of formwork structures in Jan 2014

10 Jan: A group of workers were
Jan 10 & 11, 2014 carrying out concreting work for
the second floors slab of an
Jan 29, 2014 indoor sports hall under
construction when the support
structure became unstable.
Before the structure gave way,
the group of workers left the

affected area, but one of them
was slightly injured as he lost his
footing.
11 Jan: Preliminary findings

showed that a group of workers
were carrying out concreting
work for the second floors slab
Jan 28, 2014 of a light industrial building
under construction when the
support structure started to sink.
The group of workers left the
affected area and the structure
later gave way. None of the
Accident at Sentosa, killed 1 workers were injured.
worker & injured 10 workers
The group of workers started to 4 workers were tasked to carry out
pour concrete for a section of a concreting work for the supporting
beam when the formwork columns and beams of a skylight
structure of a 3 storey family on the fourth storey of the building
entertainment centre collapsed. under construction when the
structure collapsed. 1 worker fell &
died, 1 suffered leg injuries and the
other 2 workers managed to escape
in time and were unharmed.
7
Common Incident Types of Major & Minor Injuries
Involving Formwork in Construction Sector, 2011-2014
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Case Example:
Injured worker was dismantling metal formwork
when a piece of metal form weighing about 20kg
fell from about 1m and hit his hand. He
sustained cuts on his fingers.

51%
Struck by Falling Objects
Case Example:
Injured worker was installing beam formwork,
standing on the work platform of about 2m
height to install the shoring frame when he lost
his balance and fell off the work platform to the
ground. He fractured his right ankle.
30%
Falls-Falls from Heights
Case Example:
Injured worker was laying wire mesh on top of a
table formwork. While pulling the mesh, he
slipped and fell backwards due to the oily
surface of the timber formwork. He quickly used
14% his hand to break the fall, injuring his right wrist.
Falls-Slips, Trips & Falls
Formwork Solutioning Session

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On 28 Mar 2014, WSH Institute organised the inaugural

solutioning session Preventing Formwork Incidents
66 participants from entire value chain
1
6
8
Workplace Injuries & Dangerous Occurrences
Involving Formwork in Construction Sector
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A challenging issue
Fatal injuries mainly involve Collapse/Failure of formwork & Fall from formwork
90
Minor Injuries
Mi I j i
80
70
Major Injuries
60
Fatal Injuries
Dangerous
50 Occurrences
40
30
20
10
0
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
FatalInjuriesInvolving
1 4 2 5 4 4
Formwork@1Aug2014
DangerousOccurrences
Collapse/FailureofFormwork 2 3 1 1 3 0
@26Aug14
MajorInjuriesInvolving
6 9 16 5
Formwork@3Jul2014
MinorInjuriesInvolving
31 49 83 42
Formwork@3Jul2014
Formwork Solutioning Session

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Objectives of Solutioning Session
To bring
g the various stakeholders in the
formwork supply chain together to

discuss and identify the root causes and
human factors relating to formwork
collapse
To have the stakeholders propose

p p
solutions to prevent formwork collapses
9
Roles of Main Stakeholders in Industry
Ensure formwork properly Implement WSH Mgmt
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erected System & programmes

Ensure formwork built as per Sustainable WSH Oversee formwork
design & drawings practices, construction
Notify occupier of any unsafe Compliance with law Ensure formwork
condition during inspection is constructed
Inspect site before according to design
creating formwork Issue a certificate
Erect
E t fformwork k ((woodd stating that the
/ steel) Monitor form- formwork is safe
work until concrete for its intended use
solidifies
Design & supply Ensure successful

formwork systems delivery of project
Train workers to Keep within tight
erect and time-scale and
dismantle budget
formwork
Determine root
causes in preventing
formwork incidents
Industry proposes
Formwork
solutions Solutioning Session
Key findings: Root causes for

formwork incidents (3C+1RM)
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1. Lack of Competency
Formwork workers
Formwork supervisors
Professional engineers
Project managers
2. Lack of Communication
Between engineers and architects
Among Professional Engineers
Among all stakeholders
3. Lack of Clarity
Roles
Method of safe erection
4. Poor Resource Management
Materials
Time
Manpower
10
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Key Findings (Competency)
1. Lack of Competency
a. Workers
Unable to identify hazards
Deploy to other worksites after training from suppliers
Unable to follow the steps in erecting and dismantling

of formwork
b. Supervisors
Failure to understand formwork design drawings
Failure to supervise adequately due to large number of
workers
c. Professional
P f i lEEngineers
i
Failure to understand /identify parameters used in
formwork design
d. Project Managers
Lack of experience in managing site
resources and project schedules
Key Findings (Communication)

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2. Lack of Communication
a. Between Engineers and Architects

Lack of coordination during the design phase
Failure to discuss on the constructability of the
building and designing out the WSH risks

b. Among Professional Engineers
Lack of discussion on interfacing issues when more
than one PE is involved in the same construction
work
c. Among All stakeholders
Lack
L k off platform
l tf for
f allll stakeholders
t k h ld tto di
discuss on
potential issues
Differences in language, culture, nationality, risk
awareness and competency
11
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Key Findings (Clarity)
3. Lack of Clarity
Lack of guidance materials on safe erection of

formwork
p y work
Need for main contractor to cover all temporary
designs including formwork not spelt out in contracts
Key Findings (Resource Management)

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4. Poor Resource Management
a. Materials
inadequate material ordered for project
mix and match of two or more types of formwork
systems
b. Time
Late notification to PE to conduct inspections
Insufficient time given to PE to inspect altered
formwork structures
c. Manpower
Lack of PE to conduct inspections
Lack of formwork supervisors and workers
Supervisors have too many roles
High worker : supervisor ratio
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Design for Safety in SS580:2012

SS580:2012 Course Launched IES 23/9/2014
13
SS580 : 2012 Working Group
TheWorkingGroupappointedbytheTechnicalCommitteeto
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assistinthepreparationofthisstandard:
Convenor :DrTingSeng Kiong
Members: Building and
C
Construction
t ti A Authority
th it
Er.ChongChinHin Lim CS Precast & Civil
Mr C.Kirubakaran Consultants
Ministry of Manpower
MsLeeGuek Hoon
R Star Consultants Pte
(serveduntil23June2011) Ltd
MsKoh ChinChin Singapore Contractors
Association Ltd
Er.LimChongSit
Singapore Institute of
Dr.N.Krishnamurthy Technology
Er.TanChongLin SIPM Consultants Pte
Ltd
27
SS580 : 2012 Contents

SS580:2012
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Foreword 7
CODEOFPRACTICE
1.Scope 8
2. Normativereference 8
3. Definitions
f 8
4. Materialsandformworksystems 11
5. Design 13
5.1. Applicationofsection 13
5.2. Designconsiderations 14
5.3. Loads 15
y g
5.4. Analysisanddesignmethods 17
6. Drawings 26
7. Erectionanduse 29
8. Dismantling 33
9. Safety 34
28
9.1. Riskassessment 34
9.2. Safetyprecautions 34
14
Factor of Safety a
Inacirculardated31Jan2013,theMinistryofManpower,
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concernedwiththeescalatingaccidentsandfailuresinvolving
formworkstructures,issuedacircularwhichread(inpart)as
follows:
29
4 WSH (Construction) Regulation 58(2), SS 580:2012
Factor of Safety b
Chargedwithaddressingtheincreasingnumberofformwork
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accidents,CodeofPracticeworkgroupimplementedrecom
mendation ofwhatitcalledtheLoadSafetyFactorto2.0for
anyandalldeterminationofformworkdesignanderection:
5.4.2Alternativemethodsofdesign
5 4 2 Alternative methods of design states,ineffect:
states in effect:
CodedesignbySS580forsteelstructuresorotherCode
applicabletoformworkstructuresforothermaterials,with
factorofsafety2.0 onyieldstress,oraloadsafetyfactorof
2.0 toallactiveloadsontheformworkstructure.
Genericanalysisanddesign proceduresaccordingtostan
dard formulasandestablishedstructuralmechanicsprinci
ples,withaloadsafetyfactorof2.0 onactiveloads;and/or,
Testresults onproductsandproceduresbasedonprototype
testingfromapprovedmanufacturingfirmsoraccredited
30 laboratorieswithminimumloadsafetyfactorof2.0.
15
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Design according to SS580:2012
31
Design loads in SS580:2012

Concrete Type Without Rebars WithRebars
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Dryconcrete(Deadload) 24kN/m2 25kN/m2

Wetconcrete(Imposedload) 25kN/m2 26kN/m2
Allowanceforheapingofwetconcrete=Castinglayerdepth
Ifconcreteheapstogreaterdepth=AverageDepthin1m2
Liveloadsforpersonnel=0.75kN/m2 overareasnotoccupied
byconcretebeingcast,machinery,orequipment
Totalimposedload(i.e.wetconcrete,personnel,machinery,
etc.)notlessthan1.5kN/m2[5.3.2.2]
H
Horizontalloads[5.3.3]:
i t l l d [5 3 3]
Lateralloadofconcretedumping,windetc.,not<1.5kn/m
offlooredge,or2.5%oftotalverticalload
Lateralconc.pres.onform,p =w.H,whereH issmallerof
32
depthofformworkorofconcretecastingabovecoldjoint.
Windloads,asperapplicableCode
16
Design in SS580:2012
5.4.3Codedesign
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lfandwherethisCodedoesnotcoveranyaspectofstructural
analysisordesignoftheformworkstructureoranyofits
components,therelevantSSEurocode andcorresponding
SingaporeNationalAnnexshallgovern.
Singapore National Annex shall govern
WherethisCodediffersfromSSEurocode orSingapore
NationalAnnex,thisCodeshallprevail.
WherenoguidanceisavailablefromthisCodeortheSS
Eurocode /SingaporeNationalAnnex,andsomeothercodeis
used,andthesafetyorloadfactorsinthatcodearelessthan
2.0,suchfactorsshallbeupgradedto2.0.
Anyandallproprietaryormanufactureditems usedinthe
formworkstructureshallsatisfythecriterionofloadsafety
factorof2.0inactualuse.
33
ASD and USD

5.4.3.1Allowablestressdesign(ASD)
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Theallowablestressshallbetakenas(Yieldstress/2).
5.4.3.2Ultimatestrengthdesign(USD)
Allformworkstructuresatworksiteshallsustaintotaldead,
live,impact,andwindloadsimposedonthemwithaload
li i d i dl d i d h ih l d
safetyfactorof2.0,beforestructuralorfunctionalfailure.
Duetoexposednatureofformworkandmanyandvariedsub
contractorsandtradesutilising thefacilityduringconstruction,
allconventionalloadfactorsforvariousloadcombinations
shallbetakenasloadsafetyfactor2.0.
Henceultimatedesignloadamountstotwicetheworst
combinationofserviceloads.
Ultimatedesignstress,wherenotspecifiedbymaterial
vendor,shallbetakenaslesserofyieldstressand0.9times
34 ultimatetensilestrengthofthematerial.
17
Compression member design by code
5.4.3.3.1Compressionmemberendsandconnections
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Frompracticalconsiderations,thefollowingshallbeassumed
andimplemented:
(a)Allcompressionmemberendsarepinendedand
fabricatedtobedisplacementfreeatsupportedends;
(b)Allconnectionsarepinnedandnonmomentresistant.
lfthedesignoftheactualendconditionsandconnectionsat
sitearedifferentfromtheassumptionsabove,then
appropriatemodificationsmaybemadetotheKfactorandto
th ff ti
theeffectiveunbraced
b d lengthchosenasperEurocode.
l th h E d
Erectionsshallconformtodesignassumptions.
SSEN1993provideschartsofnondimensionalslenderness
ratios(c)versuscompressivestressreductionfactor(c)for
35 varioustypesofcrosssections,shownasFigure1.
Permissible Compressive Stress Chart a

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18
Curve Selection Table for Chart
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curves
37
Bending member design by code

5.4.3.4.1Bendingmemberconsiderations
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Bendingbehaviour iscomplicatedbypossiblebucklingofthethin
elementsofsteelflexuralmemberssuchaschannelsand'l'
beams,aswellastheirtorsional twisting,betweenpointsof
transverseandtorsional
transverse and torsional support.
support
Mostlocalbucklingproblemsmaybe
avoidedbychoosingaclosedsection
likecircularorrectangularpipe,orby
providingsufficientstiffenersin
channelsand'l'beams.
Anglesandotherunsymmetrical
sectionsshouldbeavoided.
38
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39
curves
Curve Selection Table for Chart
Permissible Bending Stress Chart
20
Deflection Checks
NOTE: Forbothcolumnsandbeams,thedeflectionshallalso
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bechecked.
5.4.8Deflectionandmovement
Verticaldeflectionundersuperimposedloadsshallnot
normallyexceedthefollowinglimitsunderfactoredload
ll d h f ll l d f dl d
condtions:
(a)Columns Length/180
(b)Beams Span/200
41
5.4.3.5 Tabulated values for permissible

stress ratios
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AsanalternatetothechartsofFigures1and2,Table3lists
permissiblecompressiveandbendingstressratiosforvaluesof
slendernessratiofactorsc orb asappropriate,rangingfrom
0.0to3.0inincrementsof0.1.
0 0 to 3 0 in increments of 0 1
Thetableappliestocolumnsandweldedbeamsforwhichb0
=0.2and =1.0,aswellastononwelded(i.e.rolled)beams
forwhichb0 =0.4and =0.75,asperTables1and2.
Permissiblestressratiosforslendernessratiofactorsbetween
thelistedvaluesmaybeinterpolatedlinearlybetweenthe
listedvalueswithsufficientaccuracy.
Thus,ifpermissiblestressratiosfor1 and2 are1 and2,we
mayestimatethevalueof for between1 and2 as:
1 +(21)(1)/(21).
42
21
Compr. & Bending Str. Reduction Table
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5.4.5 Test-approved design - a

5.4.5.1Generalconsiderations
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Only(i) wherenoapprovedcodesexistfortheparticular
structureorcomponenttobeused,and(ii)wherethe
structureorcomponentistoocomplexforpracticalgeneric
analysis,shalltestingberesortedto.
l h ll b
Evenincaseswherecomponentsandsubstructureshavebeen
designedbycodeorgenericmethods,sitecommissioningtests
mayberequired,inwhichcaseavalidationcertificateissued
byatestinglaboratoryaccreditedbytheSingapore
AccreditationCouncil(SAC)ortheirMutualRecognition
( ) g
Agreement(MRA)Partnershallbeacquiredbeforeformwork
erectioncancommence.
ln anycase,structureorcomponentshalldemonstrateaload
safetyfactorof2atstructuralorfunctionalfailure.
44
22
5.4.5 Test-approved design - b
5.4.5.2Testingofnondesignedcomponents
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Forproprietaryorcontractorproposedformworkstructure,or
components,theprototypestructureorcomponent,as
completeinall respectssimilartoerection,use,and
dismantlingconditionsatsiteaspossible,shallbetestedtono
dismantling conditions at site as possible shall be tested to no
lessthantwice worstcombinationofserviceloads.
Erection,alteration,use,anddismantlingshallbedoneby
personnelassimilartothoseavailableatsiteaspossible.
Testingshallbeconductedundercontrolledconditionsinan
approvedtestingfacility.
Acertificateandreportshallbeissuedwithalldetails,
A certificate and report shall be issued with all details
includinghowsuperimposedloadsweresimulated.
Stress,deflectionandswayhistoriesshallbeincluded.
Testresultsmaynotbeacceptedifsomevalidtheoretical
analysisshowsthatthestructureorcomponentmaynotbe
45
abletotakeloadingasclaimed.
Miscellaneous designs
5.4.6.1Designfornonsteelmembers
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Membersofwood,plastic,aluminium oranyothernonsteel
materialshallbedesignedbyapplicableSingaporeStandards
orotherrelevantcodes/regulations,orshownbygeneric
methodsorteststobesatisfactorilydesigned.
methods or tests to be satisfactorily designed
Allsuchdesignsshallbedemonstratedtohaveloadsafety
factorof2.0againstcollapseunderworstdesignloading.
5.4.6.2Designforworkingplatformsforformwork
Workingplatformsforformworkshallbedesignedanderected
independentlyoftheformworkandthereinforcementonit.
However,whereworkingplatformsformpartofintegrated
formworksystemssuchasclimbingformsortableforms,
scaffoldregulationsinforcewillapplytotheworkingplatform
extensions.
46
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Special cases for design
Specialattentionshallbepaidtodesignanderectionofform
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workcomponentsbytheEngineerinfollowingcases(5.1.3)
Cantileverspans;
Heightsexceeding9m;
Slabsthickerthan300mmorasperRegulationwhicheveris
morestringent;
Beamsexceedingcrosssectionalareaof0.5m2 orasper
Regulationwhicheverismorestringent;
Columnsorwallsexceeding2minheight;
Formwork structure in two or more tiers;
Formworkstructureintwoormoretiers;
Layercastingofconcrete,forwhich,unlessthesharingof
subsequentlayerloadsbysupportingcolumnsisjustifiedby
calculations,theentirelayerloadshallbebornebythe
47 formwork.
Example Design of Frame for Safety

Ifusedforformwork/falsework,the
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framemustsatisfyfollowingcriteria
accordingtoSS580:2012:
1. Columnsmusthaveadequatecapacity
t
toresistcombinedaxialforceand
it bi d i l f d
bending;
2. Columndeflection<Height/180
3. Beamstress<Fy,yieldstress
4. Beamdeflection<Span/200
Inadditiontothesestructural
In addition to these structural
considerations,designermust
highlightthehorizontalreaction
requiredtoberesisted,andanyother
practicalerectionsafeguards,as
48
relatedtothestructureitself.
24
Example Behaviour of Rectangular Frame
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SS580
Checks:
Leg load <
Col. Capa-
city, 50kN
Col. Def <
Ht/180,
11.1 mm
Bm. Str < Fy,
460 MPa
Bm. Def <
Span/200,
5 mm
49
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Safety according to SS580:2012
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9 Safety - a
9.1Riskassessment
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9.2Safeworkprocedures
9.3Workatheight
9.4Permittowork
9.5Lifting
9.6ModularandSystemFormwork
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9.7 Safe formwork construction related to

design - a
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Safetyaspectsshallbeconsideredandcontrolsimplemented
ateverystageinlifecycleofformworkstructure,including
planningandinspection,andduringconstruction.
Somecommonmeasuresforgoodconstructionpracticeto
Some common measures for good construction practice to
ensuresafeformworkdesignareasfollows:
(a)Provideadequateshoringorreshoring;
(b)Avoidusingapropontopofanotherprop;
(c)Provideadequatelateral&diagonalbracingofshores;
(d) Provide adequate bracing at joints in shores;
(d)Provideadequatebracingatjointsinshores;
(e) Ensurethatadequatetemporarybracingsareinplace
whileinitiallysettinguptheformwork.
(f)Ensurethatanchoringofthesystemformworkcanbe
52
visuallyascertained.
(g)Ensureadequateprovisionforlateralpressureonforms
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design b
(h) Controllateralpressureontheformsbytheverticalrateof
placementofconcretebymeansofslumpmeasurement,
typeofvibration,admixtures,etc.;
(i) Regulatehorizontalsequence&rateofplacingconcreteto
(i) Regulate horizontal sequence & rate of placing concrete to
avoidunbalancedloadingontheformworkstructure;
(j) Controlloadingsthatmaycausevibrationsandshock;
(k) Preventprematureremovalofsupports;
(l) Complywithrecommendationsofmanufacturersof
componentsandkeepwithinlimitsrequiredbythe
p p q y
designer;
(m) Ensureproperfieldinspectionbyformworksupervisorto
seethatformdesignhasbeenproperlyinterpretedand
implementedbytheformworkerectors;
53

design c
ww.profkrishna.com
(n) Ensurethatformworkcomponentsnotdesignedby
analyticalmethodsornotcertifiedassafebysuppliersare
validatedforusebyappropriatetesting;
(o) Ensurethatinteractionsbetweenformwork,falsework
Ensure that interactions between formwork falsework and and
anypermanentstructurearetakenintoaccountduring
planningandconstruction;
(p) Providesafemeansofaccess,adequateedgeprotection,
perimetercontainmentscreening,etc.toensureasafe
workingzone;
( ) Providetemporarycatchplatformsasfallarrestforfall
(q) P id t t h l tf f ll t f f ll
distancesshorterthanrequiredforbodyharnesses;
(r) Disallowanyfieldrepairofmodularorsystemformwork
componentswithoutmanufacturer'sapproval;
54 (s) Providecableguidedorsupportedsystemswithintegral
freefallbreakingdevices;
27
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design d
(t) Disallowuseofformpanelsfromsystemwall/column
formwork,etc.forpurposesotherthanthoseforwhich
theyweredesignedfor,suchasladders,walkwaybridges
etc ;
etc.;
(u)Ensurespecificindustrialstandardsareobservedfor
hydraulicandelectricalequipmentusedforoperating
systemformwork.
(v)EnsurecorrectandcontinuouswearinganduseofPPEwhile
onthejob;
(w)Ensurerotationofworkers,restperiods,andother
safeguardsagainstfatigueandMSDduetorepetitivework.
9.8Safetyrelatedconcernsinformworkactivities
Listshazardousactivitiesandsituationsinformworkerection,
55 use,alterationanddismantling,deservespecialattention.
Key Recommendations
Designersandconstructorsmustcooperateandcoordinatefor
ww.profkrishna.com
DesignforSafetytobecomeareality.
Designersmustunderstandandbuildinmodificationsand
designsforsafeconstruction,use,maintenance,&
demolition.
demolition
Constructorsmustinteractwiththedesignerearlyinthe
projecttoavoidcostlyredesignandmodificationslater.
Strictandcontinuoussupervisionisthegluethatwillkeep
designandconstructiontogether!
Betterandmoresupervisionisthekeytosafety.
p y y
Design + Safety = Design

for
56 Supervision Safety
28
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57
Thank You
TheEnd
29

Paper 2 - Design For Safety of Formwork by DR N Krishnamurthy PDF

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Design for Safety

The Spanish Formwork Scene

Management Tool in Occupational Risk Prevention, Doctoral

What does the industry think about PtD? b

Prevention through Design (PtD) a

Risks in concrete construction

Const. & Formwork Fatal. vs. No. Workers

Accidents involving formwork

4 serious accidents involving collapse of formwork structures in Jan 2014

the group of workers left the

11 Jan: Preliminary findings

sustained cuts on his fingers.

Formwork Solutioning Session

On 28 Mar 2014, WSH Institute organised the inaugural

Formwork Solutioning Session

Objectives of Solutioning Session

formwork supply chain together to

To have the stakeholders propose

erected System & programmes

Design & supply Ensure successful

Key findings: Root causes for

Unable to follow the steps in erecting and dismantling

Key Findings (Communication)

a. Between Engineers and Architects

building and designing out the WSH risks

Lack of guidance materials on safe erection of

designs including formwork not spelt out in contracts

Key Findings (Resource Management)

4. Poor Resource Management

Design for Safety in SS580:2012

SS580 : 2012 Contents

Design according to SS580:2012

Design loads in SS580:2012

Dryconcrete(Deadload) 24kN/m2 25kN/m2

ASD and USD

Permissible Compressive Stress Chart a

Bending member design by code

5.4.3.5 Tabulated values for permissible

5.4.5 Test-approved design - a

Example Design of Frame for Safety

Safety according to SS580:2012

9.7 Safe formwork construction related to

9.7 Safe formwork construction related to

Design + Safety = Design

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