Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16 (2005) 1320

www.elsevier.com/locate/flowmeasinst

Calculation of natural gas isentropic exponent

Ivan Marica,, Antun Galovicb, Tomislav muca
a Ruder Bokovic Institute, Division of Electronics, Laboratory for Information Systems, Bijenicka 54, 10002 Zagreb, Croatia
b Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Department of Thermodynamics, Thermal and Processing Technology,
Ivana Lucica 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia

Received 21 June 2004; received in revised form 21 September 2004; accepted 11 November 2004

Abstract

A detailed numerical procedure for the calculation of the isentropic exponent of a natural gas is derived. The procedure follows the
RedlichKwong solution using the AGA8/1992 extended virial-type characterization equation (AGA8-92DC equation) for the determination
of the compression factor. The AIChE generic ideal heat capacity equations are used to derive the molar heat capacities of the natural gas
mixture. The compression factor and its derivatives are calculated on the basis of ISO-12213-2. Two calculation examples are given and
the results are graphically illustrated. The calculation procedure is implemented in a digital computer using an object-oriented programming
approach. The effect of the isentropic exponent on the accuracy of orifice-based flow-rate measurements is demonstrated and discussed.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Isentropic exponent; Molar heat capacity; Fugacity; Natural gas; Compression factor

1. Introduction
When using differential pressure devices to measure
gas flow-rate, an adiabatic correction factor has to be
applied to the flow-rate equation to compensate for various
imperfections of the ideal, one-dimensional flow equation
and frictional effects within the device. The isentropic
exponent has a limited effect on the adiabatic correction
factor but should nevertheless be accurately calculated to
reduce uncertainties in high pressure applications. When
forced to flow through the reduced area of a differential
pressure measurement device the gas expands to a lower
pressure. Supposing both a short expansion length and a
small pressure difference, one might assume an ideal one-
dimensional isentropic expansion. Upon these assumptions
the relations between pressures and volumes are defined
Corresponding address: Ruder Bokovic Institute, Division of Elec-
tronics, Laboratory for Information Systems, Bijenicka c. 54, P.O.B. 180,
10002 Zagreb, Croatia. Tel.: +385 1 4561191; fax: +385 1 4680114.
E-mail address: ivan.maric@irb.hr (I. Maric).
as follows



p1 V2 1
= = , (1)
p2 V1 2
where ( p1 , V1 , 1 ) and ( p2, V2 , 2 ) are the upstream and
downstream pressures, volumes and densities of the gas,
respectively, and the exponent is the isentropic expo-
nent. The calculation of the isentropic exponent depends on
whether the gas is assumed to be ideal ( = c p /cv ) or real.
In cases of extreme pressures and temperatures, however, the
real gas isentropic exponent should be calculated since it can
deviate markedly from c p /cv . Sullivan [1] proposed several
isentropic flow models that predict the isentropic exponent
from the equations of state. It was pointed out that in appli-
cations where precision is of utmost importance such as flow
metering, non-ideal or real gas effects should be consid-
ered. The RedlichKwong solution is based on the derivation
of the gas fugacity from a two-parameter compression factor
equation and its first and second derivatives [2,3]. Paper [4]
describes the procedure for the calculation of the natural gas
isentropic exponent based on the RedlichKwong approach
and the AGA8/1985 equation of state.

0955-5986/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2004.11.003
14 I. Maric et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16 (2005) 1320

2. Method Table 1
The AIChE gas heat capacity constants
The following procedure is based on the RedlichKwong Gas AIChE constants
approach. It uses the high accuracy AGA8/1992 [5] a b c d
extended virial type characterization equation adopted by
MethaneCH4 3.3106 104 9.9975 104 2.3380 103 1.1347
the International standard ISO12213-2 [6] instead of the low
EthaneC2 H6 3.8380 104 1.7500 105 8.4350 102 1.0204
accuracy RedlichKwong two-parameter equation of state. PropaneC3 H8 4.7497 104 2.4670 105 6.9858 102 1.0074
The AGA8/1992 equation of state is combined with the
AIChE 1986 [7] generic ideal heat capacity equations to
derive the expressions necessary to calculate the isentropic
exponent. The isentropic exponent of a real gas is defined where Z , p and p f are the gas compression factor, pressure
by variable and flowing or operating pressure, respectively.



cp p v To compute the isentropic exponent Eqs. (2)(9) should
= , (2) be solved. The following equations, derived by means of the
cv v T p
AGA8/1992 extended virial type characterization equation,
where c p and cv are the corresponding molar heat capacities enable the solution to the problem.
of the gas at constant pressure and constant volume, while p According to AGA8/1992 [5] and ISO-12213-2/1997 [6],
and v are the pressure and specific volume. The molar heat the equation of state for the compression factor of natural gas
capacity c p is defined by is
c p = c p I RT (T  + 2  ), (3) 
18 
58
where  and 
are the first and the second derivatives Z = 1 + Bm r Cn + Cn Dn , (10)
of the gas fugacity coefficient, R is the molar gas constant n=13 n=13

and c p I is the ideal molar heat capacity of a gas mixture at where

flowing temperature T , respectively. The molar heat capacity kn
cv is Dn = (bn cn kn rkn )rbn ecn r , (11)
cv = c p M pvT (4) and m is the gas mixture molar density, r is the reduced
where M denotes the molar mass of a gas mixture while density, B is the second virial coefficient and {Cn } are the
and are temperature dependent coefficients, while {bn }, {cn } and {kn }

 are the equation of state parameters given in ISO-12213-
1 p 2/1997. The gas molar density m and reduced density r
= (5)
p T v are defined by


1 v p
= . (6) m = , (12)
v T p RT Z
The ideal molar heat capacity c p I is calculated by and

N
j r = K 3 m , (13)
cpI = y j c pi (7)
j =1 where p, T and R are pressure, temperature and molar gas
where y j is the component j molar fraction of the gas constant R, respectively. The mixture size parameter K is
j calculated using the following equation:
mixture and c pi is the molar heat capacity of the
same component at flowing temperature. The molar heat  2
N
capacities of the ideal gas mixture components can be K5 =
5/2
yi K i
approximated by polynomials, or using the equations of i=1
AIChE 1986 [7], i.e. 
N1 
N
 
cj +2 yi y j (K i5j 1)(K i K j )5/2 , (14)
j
c pi = a j + b j exp d , (8) i=1 j =i+1
TK j
where yi denotes the molar fraction of the component i ,
j
where c pi is the molar heat capacity of the component j of while {K i } and {K i j } are the corresponding size parameters
the ideal gas mixture, a j , b j , c j and d j are the corresponding and the binary interaction parameters given in ISO-12213-
constants, and TK is the flowing temperature. The constants 2/1997. The second virial coefficient is calculated using the
a, b, c and d for some gases are shown in Table 1. following equation:
The fugacity coefficient of a real gas is defined by
 pf 
18 
N 
N

=
dp B= an T u n
yi y j Bni un
j E i j (K i K j )
3/2
(15)
(Z 1) , (9)
0 p n=1 i=1 j =1
 I. Maric et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16 (2005) 1320 15

}, {E } and {G } are defined by

and the coefficients {Bni ij ij 
18

the following equations

j
B = an u n T u n 1
n=1

j = (G i j + 1 gn ) (Q i Q j + 1 qn )
gn qn
Bni 
N 
N
un
1/2 1/2
(Fi F j + 1 f n ) f n (Si S j + 1 sn )sn yi y j Bni j E i j (K i K j )
3/2
(28)
i=1 j =1
(Wi W j + 1 wn )wn , (16)

18
Ei j = E ij (E i E j )1/2 , (17) B  = an u n (u n + 1)T u n 2
n=1
and

N 
N
un
Gi j = G i j (G i + G j )/2, (18) yi y j Bni j E i j (K i K j )
3/2
(29)
i=1 j =1
where T is temperature, N is the total number of gas 
Cn = an u n (G + 1 gn )gn (Q 2 + 1 qn )qn
mixture components, yi is the molar fraction of the un
component i , {an }, { f n }, {gn }, {qn }, {sn }, {u n } and {wn } (F + 1 fn ) fn U u n T u n 1 = Cn (30)
T
are the equation of state parameters, {E i }, {Fi }, {G i }, {K i }, 
{Q i }, {Si } and {Wi } are the corresponding characterization Cn = an u n (u n 1)(G + 1 gn )gn (Q 2 + 1 qn )qn
parameters while {E ij } and {G i j } are the corresponding (F + 1 f n ) fn U u n T u n 2
binary interaction parameters. The temperature dependent u n (u n + 1) u n + 1 
= Cn = Cn (31)
coefficients {Cn ; n = 1, . . . , 58} are defined by the T2 T

following relation: Dn = D1n m (32)

Cn = an (G + 1 gn )gn (Q 2 + 1 qn )qn Dn = D1n m + D2n m
2
(33)
u n
(F + 1 f n ) U T fn un
, (19) where
and the mixture parameters U , G, Q and F are calculated D1n = K 3 [bn2 cn kn (2bn + kn cn kn rkn )rkn ]
using the following equations: kn
 2 rbn 1 ecn r (34)
N
5/2
U =
5
yi E i and
i=1 

N1 
N D2n = K 3 D1n [(bn 1)r1 + kn r1 (1 cn rkn )]
+2 yi y j (Ui5j 1)(E i E j )5/2 , (20) kn

i=1 j =i+1 + K 3 kn (cn2 kn2 r2kn bn2 )rbn 2 ecn r . (35)

N
G= yi G i After substituting Eq. (13) in (10), the first derivative of
i=1 the compression factor with respect to temperature is

N1 
N
 
+2 yi y j (G i j 1)(G i + G j ), (21) 
18 
58
 
i=1 j =i+1 Z = m B K 3
Cn + Cn D1n

N
n=13 n=13
Q= yi Q i , (22)  

18
 
58


Cn Cn Dn .
i=1
+ m B K 3
+ (36)
and n=13 n=13

N Substituting Eqs. (12) and (24) in (36) results in
F= yi2 Fi , (23)
i=1
58 
R(T Z )2 Cn Dn + p Z (T Z 0 Z 1 )
where Ui j is the binary interaction parameter for mixture
Z =
n=13
, (37)
energy. R(T Z )2 + pT Z 1
The derived equations for the first and the second
derivatives of the Eqs. (12), (13), (15), (19) and (11) with where Z 0 , Z 0 and Z 1 are
respect to temperature are 
18

p Z+ T Z Z0 = B K 3 Cn (38)
m = (24) n=13
R (T Z )2

18
p 2(Z + T Z  )2 T Z (2Z  + T Z  )

Z 0 = B  K 3 Cn (39)
m = (25)
R (T Z )3 n=13

r = K 3 m (26) 
58
Z1 = Z0 + Cn D1n . (40)
r = K 3 m (27) n=13
16 I. Maric et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16 (2005) 1320

The second derivative of the compression factor with specific volume v and the gas mixture molar density m are
respect to temperature is related by
 
18 58 1
 
Z = m B K 3
Cn +
Cn D1n v= . (48)
Mm
n=13 n=13
  The fugacity coefficient, defined by (9), and its

18
 
58

+ 2m 
B K 3
Cn + Cn D1n derivatives with respect to T are
n=13 n=13  p
  dp

58 
18

= (Z 1) = Z 1 ln Z + Z 0 m
+ m Cn D2n 
Cn
2
+ m B K 3 0 p
58 kn
Cn rbn ecn r
n=13 n=13
+ (49)
58

 

Cn Dn .
n=13
+ (41)


  1
n=13 = = Z 1 + m Z 0 + Z 0 m
T Z
Substituting Eqs. (12), (24) and (25) in (41), we obtain
 58
 kn  58
+ Cn rbn ecn r + r Cn Dn (50)

Z =
1
2 p Z 1 [(Z + T Z  )2 T Z Z  ] n=13
r n=13
R(T Z )3 + PT 2 Z Z 1
  and
58


2 pT Z Z 0 + 
Cn D1n (Z + T Z  )  
=
n=13 T


[ p(Z + T Z  )]2 58
Z
2
1
+ Cn D2n + p(T Z )2 Z 0 = Z  1 + 2 + 2Z 0 m + m Z 0 + Z 0 m
RT Z n=13 Z Z


58  
58 kn 
58

+ R(T Z )3 
Cn Dn (42) + Cn rbn ecn r + 2r r1 Cn Dn
n=13 n=13 n=13


58
where Z 0 is
+ r2 r r r Cn Dn
2


18

n=13
Z 0 = B  K 3 Cn . (43) 
58
+ K 3 r r1 Cn D1n .
2
n=13 (51)
n=13
Eqs. (5) and (6) become


 The following section summarizes the programming
1 p 1 (RT Zm )
= = implementation of the calculation of natural gas isentropic
p T v  p T v  exponent using Eqs. (2)(51). It also describes the interface
Rm 58

= Z + T Z 0 m + Cn Dn (44) to the software object, which implements the procedure.
p n=13


1 v R
= = (Z + Z  T ). (45) 3. OOP implementation
v T p M pv
The partial derivative of pressure with respect to specific Table 2 outlines the procedure for natural gas isentropic
volume can be written as exponent solution. Prior to the calculation of the isentropic




p p m exponent, the compression factor of natural gas must be
= = M RTm2 calculated, as described in AGA8/1992. The false position
v T m T v T
   method has been used to find the roots of the equation
18 58
of state. In the instances when the false position method
Z + m B K 3
Cn + Cn D1n , (46)
n=13 n=13 did not converge, the successive bisection method has been
employed. Object-oriented realization of the measurement
where M denotes the molar mass of a gas mixture and D1n
standards and calculation procedures [8] enables their easy
is defined by (34). The molar mass is calculated by
integration into the measurement system. Fig. 1 illustrates

N the interface to the software object S, which calculates the
M= yi Mi , (47) isentropic exponent, compression factor and other related
i=1 parameters based on AGA8 [5] and ISO12213-2 [6]. The
where yi and Mi are the molar fraction and the molar mass object function Calculate maps the input into the output
of the component i in the gas mixture, respectively. The parameters.
 I. Maric et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16 (2005) 1320 17

Table 2
The input/output parameters and the calculation sequence for the computation of the natural gas isentropic exponent

Input parametersconstant:
molar gas constant (R = 8314.51 J/(kmol K))
natural gas equation of state parameters (an , bn , cn , kn , u n , gn , qn , f n , sn , wn ; n = 1, 2, . . . , 58),
characterization parameters (Mi , E i , K i , G i , Q i , Fi , Si , Wi ; i = 1, . . . , 21) and binary interaction
parameters (E ij , Ui j , K i j , G i j ; i = 1, 2, . . . , 21, j = 1, 2, . . . , 21) (see ISO 12213-2)
AIChE gas heat capacity constants (ai , bi , ci , di ; i = 1, 2, . . . , N )
Input parameterstime varying:
absolute pressure: p [MPa]
absolute temperature: T [K]
molar fractions of the natural gas mixture: yi ; i = 1, 2, . . . , N
Calculation sequence:
1. molar mass of a gas mixture M (Eq. (47))
2. mixture size parameter K (Eq. (14)), second virial coefficient B (Eqs. (15)(18)) and temperature
dependent coefficient Cn (Eqs. (19)(23))
3. compression factor Z (Eq. (10)) (see ISO-12213-2 for details of calculation)
4. molar density m (Eq. (12)) and reduced density r (Eq. (13))
5. coefficients Dn , D1n and D2n (Eqs. (11), (34) and (35), respectively)
6. specific volume v (Eq. (48))
7. 1st and 2nd derivative of the second virial coefficient B: B  (Eq. (28)) and B  (Eq. (29))
 
8. 1st and 2nd derivative of the coefficient Cn : Cn (Eq. (30)) and Cn (Eq. (31))
9. 1st and 2nd derivative of the comparison factor Z : Z (Eq. (37)) and Z  (Eq. (42))

10. 1st and 2nd derivative of the molar density m : m  (Eq. (24)) and  (Eq. (25))
m
11. 1st and 2nd derivative of the reduced density r : r (Eq. (26)) and r (Eq. (27))
12. coefficients (Eq. (44)) and (Eq. (45)) and partial derivative (p/v)T (Eq. (46))
13. 1st and 2nd derivative of the fugacity :  and  (Eqs. (50) and (51))
14. ideal molar heat capacity of a gas mixture: cpI (Eqs. (7) and (8))
15. molar heat capacity of a gas mixture at constant pressure: c p (Eq. (3))
16. molar heat capacity of a gas mixture at constant volume: cv (Eq. (4))
17. fugacity coefficient (Eq. (49))
18. isentropic exponent (Eq. (2))

4. Results and discussion
The natural gas isentropic exponent calculation proce-
dure, outlined in Table 2, has been embedded into the soft-
ware object (COM object), which can be easily included into
the new software developments either locally or as a remote
component. The procedure is applicable to the natural gas
mixtures satisfying the restrictions given in ISO12213/2 [6].
The main program accepts the natural gas composition and
the values of the flowing pressure and temperature as the in-
put variables, initiates the object function and retrieves the
results. The composition of the gas can be given in any of
the three forms including molar, volume or mass fractions.
If the composition is given in volume or mass fractions they
are converted into the corresponding molar fractions before
they are written into the COM object.
The isentropic exponents for both the pure methane and
the hypothetical natural gas mixture have been calculated
and the results are given in Figs. 2 and 3. Fig. 2 presents
a graphical interpretation of the calculated isentropic
exponents for methane in the range of pressure from 0 to
50 MPa in 1 MPa steps and for six discrete temperatures in
the range from 245 to 345 K. Figs. 2 and 3 clearly show
a minor effect of temperature on the isentropic exponent
of methane for the pressures up to approximately 3.5 MPa.
In this particular interval the value of increases slightly
with the decrease of temperature and is a little above the
value 1.3, which corresponds to the value of the isentropic
exponent of methane when considering it as an ideal
gas. By following the curves one can also conclude that,
for each particular pressure, the value of the isentropic
exponent always increases when decreasing the temperature.
That means that the value of the partial derivative
( p/v)T in Eq. (2) strictly decreases when decreasing the
temperature. This is physically comprehensible, because
all the considered temperatures are higher than the critical
temperature for methane (Tcr = 191.1 K; pcr = 4.64 MPa).
By positioning the analyzed temperatures into the available
pressureenthalpy ( p, h) diagram one can conclude that the
lowest temperature T = 245 K and the pressure P= 50 MPa
correspond to the methane in liquid state (compressed
liquid), while the highest temperature T = 345 K and
pressure P = 50 MPa correspond to the gas phase.
Therefore, the results obtained at higher temperatures and
pressures, at which the state of the methane corresponds to
the superheated vapor with the properties of real gas, are also
expected. However, with sufficient pressure decrease, all the
methane states in the selected temperature range correspond
to the superheated vapor that could be considered as ideal
gas with the isentropic exponent approximately the same
18 I. Maric et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16 (2005) 1320
Fig. 1. Interface to the software object, which implements the calculation
of the isentropic exponent and the natural gas properties in accordance with
ISO12213-2.
Fig. 2. Isentropic exponent for methane for pressures from 0 to 50 MPa
and temperatures from 245 to 345 K.
for all temperatures. At these conditions Eq. (2) transforms
into the well known equation for the isentropic exponent
of the ideal gas = c p /cv . Thus, the applied mathematical
model describes the behavior of the isentropic exponent
from the liquid to superheated vapor states for supercritical
temperatures.
Fig. 3. Isentropic exponent for hypothetical natural gas mixture with the
following molar fractions: 0.8methane, 0.15ethane and 0.05propane
and for pressures from 0 to 50 MPa and temperatures from 245 to 345 K.
Fig. 4. Relative error in the flow-rate of methane E = (q qi )/q measured
by an orifice plate with corner tappings when using the isentropic exponent
of real gas (q) instead of ideal gas (qi ). The pressure p varies from 5 to 50
MPa in 1 MPa steps, temperature T from 245 to 305 K in 20 K steps and
the differential pressure p from 10 to 90 kPa in 40 kPa steps.
Similarly, Fig. 3 presents calculations for the hypothetical
natural gas mixture (molar percentages: 80% methane 15%
ethane, and 5% propane) in the range of pressure from 0 to
50 MPa in 1 MPa steps and for six discrete temperatures
in the range from 245 to 345 K. The obtained results
are a considerable improvement on the results obtained
in [4] or by using the RedlichKwong compression factor
equation. This is primarily due to the high accuracy
of the compression factor calculation when using the
AGA8/1992 equation. The outlined procedure (Table 2)
is computationally intensive but, nevertheless, is easily
programmed on a digital computer. Since microprocessors
have become a common part of the advanced measuring
instruments, the implementation of such a computational
procedure in the flow algorithm may be considered.
Fig. 4 demonstrates the effect of the isentropic exponent
on the accuracy of flow-rate measured by an orifice plate
 I. Maric et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16 (2005) 1320 19

with corner taps [9]. The flow-rate through the orifice is Symbol Description Units
proportional to the expansibility factor, which is a function
of the isentropic exponent [9]. Fig. 4 shows a relative error in G i j Binary interaction parameter for
the mass flow-rate of methane E = (qm qmi )/qm obtained orientation
when using the isentropic exponent of ideal gas (qmi ) instead Gi Orientation parameter for i -th
of real gas (qm ). The errors are calculated by varying the component
pressure p from 5 to 50 MPa in 1 MPa steps, temperature T Gi j Binary orientation parameter
from 245 to 305 K in 20 K steps and the differential pressure K Size parameter
p from 10 to 90 kPa in 40 kPa steps. From Fig. 4 it can Ki Size parameter for i -th compo-
be seen that the relative error increases when decreasing nent
temperature or when increasing differential pressure. At Ki j Binary interaction parameter for
low differential pressures the isentropic exponent of ideal size
gas can be used with negligible effect on error but at M Mixture molar mass kg/(kmol)
higher differential pressures and lower temperatures the Mi Molar mass of i -th component kg/(kmol)
error increases significantly and the isentropic exponent of p Pressure MPa
real gas must be calculated in order to reduce the error. Q Quadrupole parameter
Qi Quadrupole parameter for i -th
component
5. Conclusion R Molar gas constant 8314.51 J/(kmol K)
Si Dipole parameter for i -th com-
ponent
The numerical procedure for the calculation of the T Temperature K
isentropic exponent of natural gas has been derived on U Mixture energy parameter K
the basis of the extended virial type characterization Ui j Binary interaction parameter for
equation specified in AGA8/1992. The calculated isentropic mixture energy
exponents show much better agreement with the known v Specific volume m3 /kg
data than the results obtained in [4] or by using the V Volume m3
RedlichKwong compression factor equation [2]. We Wi Association parameter for i -th
attribute this primarily to the higher accuracy of the component
AGA8/1992 equation. One possible real-time application of yi Molar fraction of i -th compo-
the procedure is in the measurements of flow-rate based on nent in gas mixture
differential pressure devices. Z Compression factor
Coefficient K1
Symbols and units Coefficient K1
Symbol Description Units p Differential pressure MPa
Density kg/m3
B Second virial coefficient Fugacity coefficient

Bni Mixture interaction coefficient
j Isentropic exponent

Cn Temperature and composition m Molar density kmol/m3
dependent coefficients r Reduced density
cp Molar heat capacity at constant J/(kmol K)
pressure
cv Molar heat capacity at constant J/(kmol K) References
volume
E ij Binary energy interaction pa- [1] D.A. Sullivan, Historical review of real-fluid isentropic flow models,
rameter for second virial coeffi- Trans. ASME 103 (1981) 258267.
[2] O. Redlich, J.N.S. Kwong, On the thermodynamics of solutions. V An
cient equation of state, fugacities of gaseous solutions, Chem. Rev. 44 (1949)
Ei Characteristic energy parameter K 233244.
for i -th component [3] R.W. Miller, Flow Measurement Engineering Handbook, McGraw-
Ei j Binary energy parameter for K Hill, New York, 1996.
[4] I. Maric, Derivation of natural gas isentropic exponent from AGA-8
second virial coefficient
equation of state, Strojarstvo 39 (1997) 2732.
F Mixture high-temperature pa- [5] AGA 8, Compressibility and supercompressibility for natural gas
rameter and other hydrocarbon gases, Transmission Measurement Committee
Fi High-temperature parameter for Report No. 8, AGA Catalog No. XQ 1285, Arlington, VA, 1992.
i -th component [6] ISO-12213-2, Natural gasCalculation of compression factorPart
2: Calculation using molar-composition analysis, ISO, Ref. No. ISO-
G Mixture orientation parameter
12213-2:1997(E), (ISO 1997).
20 I. Maric et al. / Flow Measurement and Instrumentation 16 (2005) 1320

[7] AIChE, Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds, [9] ISO-51671-2, Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure
Design Institute for Physical Property Data, AIChE, New York, 1986. differential devices inserted in circular-cross section conduits running
[8] I. Maric, Software objects in distributed flow measurements, ISA Trans. fullPart 2: Orifice plates, ISO, Ref. No. ISO-51671-2:2003(E), (ISO
42 (2003) 497504. 2003).