Couple:
Two forces those acts on equally,parallely & oppositely on two
separate points of same material.
Moment:
It is the amount of moving effect which is gained for action of turning
force.
Stress:
It is the force that can prevent equal & opposite force. That means, it
is the preventing force. If one force acts on outside of a material, then
a reactive force automatically acts to protest that force. The amount of
reactive force per unit area is called stress. e.g. Tensile Stress,
Compressive Stress, Thermal Stress.
Strain:
If a force acts on a substance, then in that case if the substance would
deform. Then the amount of deformation per unit length of that
substance is called strain.
Spring:
It is one type of device which is being distorted under certain amount
of load & also can also go to its original face after the removal of that
load.
Its function:
To store energy.
To absorb energy.
To control motion of two elements.
Stiffness:
Load per unit deflection. The amount of load required to resist the
deflection.
Specific Weight:
Weight per unit volume of the fluid.
Specific Volume:
Volume per unit mass of the fluid.
Specific Gravity:
It is the ratio of specific weight of required substance to specific weight
of pure water at 4 degree centigrade temperature.
Specific heat:
The amount of heat required to increase 1 unit temperature of 1 unit
mass.
Viscosity:
Dynamic Viscosity:
The amount of resistance of one layer of fluid over other layer of fluid.
Kinematic Viscosity:
It is the ratio of dynamic viscosity to density.
Buoyancy:
When a body is immersed in a liquid, it is lifted up by a force equal to
weight of liquid displaced by the body. The tendency of liquid to lift up
an immersed body is buoyancy. The upward thrust of liquid to lift up
the body is called buoyancy force.
Bernoulli's Equation:
P/ +V/2g +Z = Constant
Where, P = pressure,V = velocity,Z = Datumn Head
Devices for fluid:
Venturimeter:
It measures discharge of fluid.
Notches :
It measures discharge of fluid.
Orifice meter:
It measures discharge of fluid.
Pitot tube :
It measures velocity of fluid.
Mach Number:
It is the ratio of the velocity of fluid to the velocity of sound.
M=1 ----------------- Sonic flow
M> (1-6) ----------- Super-Sonic flow
M>6 ---------------- Hyper-Sonic flow
Hydraulic Machine:
Turbine,Pump,Compressor etc.
Draft tube:
It attaches with reaction turbine . Its function is to reduce energy loss
from reaction turbine & it also reduce pressure at outlet which is must
blow the atmospheric pressure.
Themodynamics Law:
Zeroth Law
First Law of Thermodynamic
Second Law of thermodynamic
Zeroth Law:
If two body are in thermal equilibrium with a third body then these two
body are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Entropy:
It is a thermodynamic property.
ds = dq/T
where, ds = change of entropy, dq = change of heat, T =
Temperature.
In adiabatic process, entropy can not change. Actually,lacking or mal-
adroitness of tranfering energy of a system is entropy.
Boiler/Steam
Generator:
It is a clossed vessel which is made of steel. Its function is to transfer
heat to water to generate steam.
Economiser:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to heat feed water which is supplied
to boiler.
Superheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its function is to increase temperature of steam
into boiler.
Air-Preheater:
It is a part of boiler. Its funtion is to preheats the air to be supplied to
furnace and it recover heat from exhaust gas.
Boler Draught:
It is an important term for boiler. It is the difference of pressure above
and below the fire grate. This pressure difference have to maintain
very carefully inside the bolier. It actually maintaind the rate of steam
generation. This depends on rate of fuel burning. Inside the boiler rate
of fuel burning is maintained with rate of entry fresh air. If proper
amount of fresh air never entered into the boiler, then proper amount
of fuel inside the boiler never be burnt. So, proper fresh air enters into
the boiler only by maintaining boiler draught.
Nozzle:
Nozzle is a duct of varying cros-sectional area. Actually, it is a
passage of varying cross-sectional area. It converts steam's heat
energy into mechanical energy. It is one type of pipe or tube that
carrying liquid or gas.
Scavenging:
It is the process of removing burnt gas from combustion chamber of
engine cylinder.
Supercharging:
Actually, power output of engine depends on what amount of air enter
into the engine through intake manifold. Amount of entry aiy if
increased, then must be engine speed will increased. Amount of air
will be increased by increasing inlet air density. The process of
increasing inlet air density is supercharging. The device which is used
for supercharging is called supercharger.Superchargeris driven by a
belt from engine crakshaft. It is installed in intake system.
Turbocharging:
Turbocharging is similar to the supercharging. But in that case
tubocharger is installed in exhaust system whereas supercharger is
installed in intake system. Turbocharger is driven by force of exhaust
gas. Generally, turbocharger is used for 2-stroke engine by utilizing
exhaust energy of the engine, it recovers energy otherwise which
would go waste.
Governeor:
Its function id to regulate mean speed of engine when there are
variation in the load. If load incrases on the engine, then engine's
speed must decrease. In that case supply of working fluid have to
increase. In the otherway, if load decrease on the engine, then engine'
speed must increase. In that case supply of working fluid have to
decrease.Governor automatcally, controls the supply of working fluid
to the engine with varying load condition.
Flywheel:
It is the one of the main parts of the I.C. engine. Its main function id to
store energy in the time of working stroke or expansion stroke. And, it
releasesenergy to the crankshaft in the time of suction stroke,
compression stroke & exhaust stroke. Because, engine has only one
power producing stroke.
Rating of fuel:
S.I. Engine:
Octane number. Octane number indicates ability of fuel to resist
knock.
C.I. Engine:
Cetane Number. Cetane number indicates ability of ignition of diesel
fuel. That means, how much fast ignites diesel fuel.
Stoichiometric ratio:
It is the chemically correct air-fuel ratio by volume. By which
theoratically sufficient oxygen will be gotten to burn all combustible
elements in fuel completely.
Heat Transfer:
It is a science which deals with energy transfer between material
bodies as a result of temperature difference.There are three way to
heat transfer such as-ConductionConvectionRadiation
Thermal Conductivity:
It is the quantity of heat flows between two parts of solid material by
conduction. In this case following consideration will be important fact-
Time------ 1 sec
Area of that solid material-------- 1 m
Thickness of that solid material------ 1m
Temperature difference between two parts of that material------ 1k
Heat Exchanger:
It is one type of device which can transfer heat from one fluid to
another fluid. Example- Radiator, intercooler, preheater, condenser,
boiler etc.
Refrigeration:
It is the process of removing heat from a substance. Actually,
extraction of heat from a body whose temperature is already below the
temperature of its surroundings.
1 tonne of refrigeration:
It is amount of refrigeration effect or cooling effect which is produced
by uniform melting of 1 tonne ice in 24 hours from or at 0 degree
centigrade or freezing 1 tonne water in 24 hours from or at 0 degree
centigrade.
Humidification:
It is the addition of moisture to the air without change dry bulb
temperatur.
Dehumidification:
It is the removal of moisture from the air without change dry bulb
temperature.
Gear Train:
Meshing of two or more gear. It can transmit power from one shaft to
another shaft.
Heat Treatment:
Operation involving heating and cooling of a metal in solid state for
obtaining desirable condition without being changed chemical
composition.Its object-increase hardness of metal.increase quality of
metal ( heat, corrosion,wear resistance quality )improve machinability.
Ferrous Metal:
1. Cast Iron - (2-6.67)%C, Si, Mn, P, S
2. Steel - (0-2)%C
3. Wrought Iron - 99.5% Fe
Non-Ferrous Metal:
1. Brass - (Cu+Zn)
2. Bronze -
(Sn+Cu) ------ Tin Bronze
(Si+Cu) ------- Silicon Bronze
(Al+Cu) ------- Aluminium Bronze
Allowance:
It is the difference between basic dimension of mating parts. That
means, minimum clearance between mating parts that can be
allowed.
Tolerance:
It is the difference between upper limit of dimension. It is also the
permissible variation above and below the basic size. That means
maximum permissible variation in dimensions.
Clearance:
It is the difference in size between mating parts. That means, in that
case the outside dimension of the shaft is less than internal dimension
of the hole.
Stiffness:
It is the ability to resist deformation.
Toughness:
It is the property to resist fracture.
Fatigue:
When a material is subjected to repeated stress below yield point
stress, such type of failure is fatigue failure.
Nuclear Fission:
It is a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous divided into two or
more nucleous.
Nuclear Fussion:
It is also a nuclear reaction by which one big nucleous will produced
by adding two small nucleous.
Welding:
It is the process of joining two similar or dissimilar metal by fusion.
Arc Welding -
* need D.C current
* produced (6000-7000) Degree Centegrade Temperature
Gas Welding -
* Oxy - acetylene flame join metals
* Oxygen & acetylene gas works
* produced 3200 Degree Centegrade Temperature
Machine Tool:
It is the power driven tool. It cut & form all kinds of metal parts.
Example - 1. Lathe2. Drill Press3. Shaper4. Planer5. Grinding6.
Miling7. Broaching8. Boring
Cutting Tool:
Jig:
It is one type of device which hold & locate workpiece and also guide
& control cutting tool. It uses in drilling, reaming and tapping.
Fixture:
It is one type of device which hold and locate workpiece. It uses in
miling, grinding, planning & turning.