Open Journal of Polymer Chemistry, 2017, 7, 33-42

http://www.scirp.org/journal/ojpchem
ISSN Online: 2165-6711
ISSN Print: 2165-6681

Factor Affecting Gel Time/Process-Ability

of Urea Formaldehyde Resin Based
Wood Adhesives

Ravindra V. Gadhave, Prakash A. Mahanwar, Pradeep T. Gadekar

Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology (ICT), Mumbai, India

How to cite this paper: Gadhave, R.V., Abstract

Mahanwar, P.A. and Gadekar, P.T. (2017)
Factor Affecting Gel Time/Process-Ability
of Urea Formaldehyde Resin Based Wood
Adhesives. Open Journal of Polymer Che-
mistry, 7, 33-42.
https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpchem.2017.72003
Received: July 20, 2016
Accepted: May 28, 2017
Published: May 31, 2017
Copyright 2017 by authors and
Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative
Commons Attribution International
License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Open Access
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin presents the most utilized adhesive system in
the manufacture of plywood, particleboard and fiberboard. At the tempera-
tures above 100C in the presence of hardener, this resin undergoes cross-
linking reaction and the formation of three dimensional cross linked struc-
tures takes place and bonding of wood particles in a hot press [1]. UF powder
resins show high reactivity and good performance in the production and by
their low price; however they lack in water resistance of the hardened resin
[2]. Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins are the most important type of adhesive
resins for the production of wood based panels but process-ability and curing
behavior of urea formaldehyde resin depended on various factors related to
resin properties, types of wood and their properties, amount & type of cata-
lyst, types and amount of polymers addition and environmental conditions
[3]. This factor decides the process-ability of UF resin based composite during
manufacturing of plywood, particle board and fiberboard. In this review pa-
per, various factors affecting gel time and process-ability of UF resin based
wood composite are reviewed.

Keywords
Urea Formaldehyde Resins, Catalysts, Gel Time, Wood, pH,
Polyvinyl Acetate, Composite

1. Introduction
Urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin is one of the most important thermosetting ad-
hesive systems of interior class with the largest tonnage consumption (approx-
imately 1 million metric tons/annum) in wood processing industry and particu-
larly in wood-based panel (WBP) production [4]. The resin is used in the pro-

DOI: 10.4236/ojpchem.2017.72003 May 31, 2017

R. V. Gadhave, P. T. Gadekar

duction of an adhesive for bonding particleboard (61%), medium density fiber-

board (27%), hardwood plywood (5%) and a laminating adhesive for bonding
(7%) for example, furniture case goods, overlays to panels and interior flush
doors [2].
Its relatively low costing and excellent processing features enable the produc-
tion of panels with required performance and competitive price. UF resin has
the main disadvantage of poor resistance to moisture and water, especially at
higher temperatures thus it is not recommended to use of UF resins for exterior
applications [5] [6].
Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) is a common and effective hardener used for
accelerating UF-resin curing. In this case, a higher molar ratio (1:1.6 - 1:2) of the
UF resin plays a role in supplying enough free formaldehyde to the system to
react with NH4Cl and release HCl. However, the UF resins currently used in the
wood product industry are all lower molar ratio resins (normally 1:1.05 to 1:1.1).
The limited free formaldehyde in the system limits the release of HCl by reacting
with added NH4Cl [7] [8] [9] [10] [11]. In presence of acid catalyst, urea for-
maldehyde powder resin undergoes following reactions is shown in Figure 1.
-Methylene bridges between amido nitrogens by the reaction of methylol and
amino groups on reacting molecules.
-Methylene ether linkages by the reaction of two methylol groups.
-Methylene linkages from methylene ether linkages by the splitting out of
formaldehyde.
-Methylene linkages by the reaction of methylol groups splitting out water and
formaldehyde in the process.
In Wood based composite production influence of wood component is also
important in the process of manufacturing. Change in fiber source, may have
detrimental effects on the mechanical and physical properties of the panel and

Figure 1. Condensation reactions.

34
 R. V. Gadhave, P. T. Gadekar

requires changes in the processing conditions, including the resin system used.
The acidity of wood and the acid catalyst mixed in the adhesive play a very im-
portant role in providing (or generating) the optimum combined pH environ-
ment at the inter-phase during UF resin curing. To obtain optimum bond
strength, the press time and temperature must be adjusted for the pH environ-
ment. If this correction is not precise, the glue line will be uncured or over-cured
and will result in poor bond strength [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]. Gel time is a pa-
rameter which can correlate with process-ability of manufacturing of wood-
based composite panels.

2. Factors Affecting Gel Time of UF Resin

Gel time of UF resin depends majorly on wood substrate, final properties of UF
resin and formulation components.

2.1. Wood Related Factors

The four major components of woody biomass are: cellulose, hemicelluloses,
lignin, and mineral components.

2.1.1. Wood Extractives

Some earlier studies have shown that the gel-time of UF adhesive is affected by
wood extractives (Albriton and Short 1979). Another study revealed that the gel-
time of UF adhesive for a defined temperature is strongly dependent on the pH
and the buffer capacity of wood extracts (Johns and Naizi 1980). Stefke and
Dunky (2006) have noticed only slightly retarding effect of cold water wood ex-
tractives on curing of UF adhesive. More detailed information about this prob-
lem, especially concerning kinetic analysis of UF adhesive curing, was obtained
by the differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry
(DSC) methods (Mizumachi 1973, Xing et al. 2005, Gao et al. 2008). Albritton
and Short (1979) as well as Slay et al. (1980) reported that both ethanol-soluble
and water-soluble extractives from pressure-refined fibers had a significant effect
on UF resin gel time. Some researchers have shown that wood extractives [12]
[17] [18] [19] [20] [21] strongly affect the gel time of UF resins. Barks showed
lower pH values and higher acid and alkaline buffering capacities than wood of
the same species, which may be due to its plentiful extractives.

2.1.2. Wood pH Values (Fiber Acidity)

Johns and Niazi (1980) and Peng and Li (1983) found that both wood buffering
capacity and pH were strongly related to the gel time of UF resin mixed with
wood flours. Park et al. (2001) revealed that fiber acidity strongly affected the
internal bond strength (IB) of MDF panels boned with UF resin. Some research-
ers have shown that wood pH values, and buffering capacities [17] [18] [19] [20]
[21] strongly affect the gel time of UF resins. Park et al revealed that the fiber
acidity strongly affected the internal bond strength of medium-density fiber-
board panels bonded with a UF resin [22]. Xing et al also reported that the pH
value and buffering capacities of refined fibers affect some properties of me-

35
R. V. Gadhave, P. T. Gadekar

dium-density fiberboard panels [23].

Key Points related to wood pH:
pH and buffering capacity varies depending on the type of raw material..
The softwood species studied had lower pH values than hardwood species.
It indicated that with increasing tree age, poplar wood pH value increased,
whereas acid buffering capacity decreased.
It is known that soil is mostly acid, which explains why the pH value of most
wood species is about 4 - 5 [12] [13] [14] [15] [16].
Wood pH value:
There are three procedures used, to obtain wood pH measurement.
1. Hot water extraction
2. Cold water extraction
3. Press chips to obtain pressed [17].
Buffering capacity of wood:
The aqueous extract is prepared by refluxing 25 g of dry furnish in 200 g of
distilled water for 20 min. Two replicates for each sample are prepared. After
refluxing, the mixture is filtered through a filter paper using a vacuum. The
aqueous extract is diluted to 500 ml and cooled to room temperature before ti-
tration. All pH and buffering capacity measurements are made with a pH meter.
Prior to each titration, the pH meter is calibrated with standardized buffer solu-
tion to a pH of either 4 or 7, depending on the type of measurement to be done.
After calibration, 100 ml of extract solution is pipette into a 200-ml beaker, the
initial pH of the solution is recorded, and it is then titrated to a pH of 3 or 8 with
nominal 0.025 N H2SO4 or 0.025 N NaOH solutions. For each titration, two rep-
licate measurements are done. Thus, the initial pH value for each sample is the
average of eight measurements, while each buffering capacity value (mmol ly1) is
the mean of four determinations [12] [13] [14] [15] [16].

2.1.3. Wood Particle Size/Fiber Dimensions

Medved and Resniksuggested that reducing the wood particle size/fiber dimen-
sions could reduce the gel time of UF resins [22]. Molecular weight of UF resin
is designed by considering wood structural properties.

2.2. Urea-Formaldehyde Resin Related Factors

2.2.1. Formaldehyde to Urea Ratio
Formaldehyde to urea ratio has been dramatically lowered to approximately 1.02
to 1 by addition of urea at the end of synthesis and by other methods. It is also
necessary to use more amount of catalyst when working with UF resin of lower
Formaldehyde: Urea molar ratio, as the gel time of resin is slower. If there is less
amount of free formaldehyde in system it will increase UF gel time and vice ver-
sa.

2.2.2. % Solid Content and pH

The gel time of the UF resin is strongly affected by its solid content and pH of
UF resin. The gel time of the UF resin decreased with increasing resin solid con-

36
 R. V. Gadhave, P. T. Gadekar

tent. It is also depended on final pH of UF resin and pH also depended on %sol-

id content. The concentration of the UF resin decreased with decreasing solid
content. More water in the system diluted the curing reactions and acted as an
energy barrier to resin curing. Therefore, the cure rate decreased, and this re-
sulted in a longer gel time. Thus, it is important to control the moisture content
of raw materials in the manufacture of wood-composite products. The effect of
the catalyst content on the gel time is more efficient for resins of lower solid
contents than those of higher solid contents [24].

2.3. Adhesive Formulation Related Factors

2.3.1. Type of Catalysts & Amount of Catalysts
Zanetti and Pizzi (2003) suggested that catalyst buffering action had strong ef-
fects on pH, hardening speed, degradation reactions, and the degree of network
formed of MUF resins. UO et al. (1998) suggested that the gel time of UF resin
was directly correlated to pH and acid buffering capacity and inversely corre-
lated to alkaline buffering capacity of six shrub species. The type and content of
the catalyst directly affect UF-resin curing and the performances of final prod-
ucts. Poblete and Pinto reported that increasing the level of the catalyst reduces
the pH and gel time of UF resins [25]. Myers suggested that the desirability of
neutralizing an acidic cure catalyst after wood bonding reduced formaldehyde
liberation and increased the durability of bonded products [26]. The results of
Elbert show that formaldehyde emissions from UF resins and particleboards are
affected by the type and content of the catalyst [27]. However, Lee et al. sug-
gested that the amount of the hardener, which in their case varied from 0.8 to
3.2% (based on a resin with 66% solids), had practically no influence on the re-
lease of volatile acids from particleboards [28]. Pinto and Poblete showed that
increasing the amount of the catalyst caused a reduction in the thickness swel-
ling and water absorption and an improvement in the mechanical properties of
particleboards [29]. However, the addition of an acid catalyst could increase the
degradation of a cured UF resin in particleboards [30]. Xing et al. indicated that
an optimal range of catalyst contents exists for the curing of UF resins [31]. Dif-
ferent acids are also used as curing catalyst.
Gel time measurement:
UF adhesive is diluted to 50% solid content and catalyst NH4Cl is added in
range from 0.2% to 2% w/w. The test tube is filled with 2 g of prepared adhesive
as above and immersed into boiling water at constant stirring speed throughout
the test. The elapsed time until the point when no further stirring is possible is
defined as the gel time for a given adhesive sample.

2.3.2. Other Polymer Addition

Extensive study have been conducted to review the use of extenders for UF resin
adhesive as several protein and starch based materials were in use. Most of the
plywood industries are already using the extenders and also mixture of extender
in their products which are cost effective.
Blending of UF resin with starch

37
R. V. Gadhave, P. T. Gadekar

UF resin was reactively blended with various concentration of starch [32], es-
terified starch [33] [34] [35] and oxidized starch [36] as wood and wood compo-
site adhesive. It is found that new system with UF-starch blending has advantag-
es of low brittleness, low formaldehyde emission and water resistance characte-
ristics [32]. In esterified-starch blended UF adhesive strength found to be com-
parable with synthetic resin adhesive system and content of free formaldehyde
was lower than 0.3% [23] [24] [25]. Oxidized starch blended UF resin adhesive
has good chemical stability, insulating properties, temperature resistance, aging
resistance, oil resistance and mildew resistance and environmentally-friendly
starch adhesive has no harm to the human body and can be applied to wood ad-
hesion [37] [38] [39]. UF resin and modified starch mutual react and form a net
structure, water resistance of starch glue was improved, and drying time was
shortened [40] [41] [42]. So ultimately in above all systems few parts of UF were
replaced by starch, because of which formaldehyde emissions were reduced and
cost is maintained.
Addition of cross-linker in starch-urea formaldehyde blends system
UF-Starch blended adhesives were modified with different cross-linkers for
improvement in performance properties. Starch adhesives were modified by
isocyanate as cross-linker [43] [44] [45] [46] [47] [48] as well as starch adhesive
with polyvinyl alcohol, borax, and carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) as system [4]
[49] [50] [51] [52] for wood composite can be prepared with isocyante as cross-
linker, influence factors on the bonding strength and water resistance of starch
adhesive were studied by different solid content, adding isocyanate and additives
like PVA, Acrylic emulsion. Bonding strength and water resistance were im-
proved significantly by adding additives and isocyanates to starch. An environ-
mentally friendly wood adhesive was developed by cross-linking cornstarch-UF
blend system with hexamethoxymethylmelamine (HMMM). It exhibited excel-
lent mechanical properties comparable to many of the commercially available
urea-formaldehyde plywood adhesives used for interior applications [53].
Blending of UF resin with polyvinyl acetate emulsion adhesive
The UF adhesive was modified with poly (vinyl acetate) to increase water re-
sistance.
Modification UF with the use of various natural derived materials like tannin,
lignin, cellulose, crude pyrolysis oil of wood, and soy have been carried out [54]
[55] [56] [57]. Also combination of UF and MF is used for plywood industries.

3. Conclusions
Process-ability/manufacturing of wood composite like medium density board,
particle board, plywood based on UF resin is a difficult task for manufactures
because various factors that can interfere with the curing process. From this re-
view paper, we concluded that gel time of urea formaldehyde resin is depended
on following factors:
1) Wood extractives
2) Wood pH values (Fiber acidity)

38
 R. V. Gadhave, P. T. Gadekar

3) Wood particle size/fiber dimensions

4) Formaldehyde: Urea ratio
5) %Solid content of UF resin
6) Type of catalysts & Amount of catalysts
7) Other polymer addition
This factor should be considered during manufacturing of wood composite.

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