Experiment #1 MICROSCOPY

Date Performed: July 30, 2014

Bio15L / B4
Members:

Rodriguez, Myron Dominic / 2014101943

Mendoza, Ronel / 2014103727
Arciaga, Marco / 2014111357

August 6, 2014

I. Background of the Story

As our progressing world becomes more modernized, a lot of operating

machineries and effective tools are being created. And microscope is a product of this
modernization. Scientists, specialist, biologist, chemist and students used this
microscope, which helps us see our specimens microscopically and scrutinize its
structure. A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are too small for the
naked eye.[1]

Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples and

objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye (objects that are not within the
resolution range of the normal eye).[2] And to have more knowledge about
microscopy, this experiment was made. This tackles about how microscope is being
used and how its parts function. It will let us observe on how matters look like if they
are magnified according to your desired magnification.

Microscopy uses advance concepts in optics, including utilization of focal length

magnification, reflection and refraction of light. It is indeed a very respectable tool in
terms of scientific research. It proved its worth in allowing us to observe smaller
forms of life and pave the way for a more detailed explanation of diseases and
lifeforms.

II. Objectives
To use the microscope properly and accurately
 To define the uses of each part of the microscope

To use different objectives for different fields of view of the specimen int the
microscope

To first-openhandedly experience the microscope

To observe the image formed by the specimen and the direction it is facing in the
image in contrast to the prepared slide.

III. Procedures

Step 1 Step 7
Obtain a compound microscope. Inspect
After observing the specimen under
and examine the parts and identify the uses
different objectives, clean the area and
of the examined parts.
return the microscope. Be sure to remove
the slide and dispose it after.

Step 2
Select the low power objective in the
microscope. See through the ocular to
discern whether the light will be adjusted
for a brighter, clearer view.
Step 6
Switch to the high power objective. Adjust
the coarse and fine adjustment as
needed. Then, observe the image formed.
Take notes of the difference in the field of
view of the low power objective and high
power objective.

Step 3
Cut a thin piece of newspaper, specifically
a lower case letter e, to be viewed under
the microscope as specimen. Then, drop
water to the letter before covering it with
the cover slip.
Step 5
Focus the e by placing it at stage clip. Use
the low power objective by rotating the
nosepiece. Turn the coarse and fine
adjustment depending on what should
suffice. Then, observe the image formed
under the microscope through the ocular.
 '
Step 4
Place the edge of the cover slip against the
water. With a pencil, gently lower the lower
case e.

IV. Data and Observations

Based on our visual observation under LPO lens, the inverted e placed
on the slide became upright. We can see some stain and scratches located on the
background of letter e. With a good adjustment and a magnification of 100X,
we clearly see the letter e and its background. The measurement of the e is
2mm. Under HPO lens with a magnification of 400X, we saw only a small portion
of e. Using the HPO lens is more complicated than using the LPO lens. Using
the HPO lens needs better and accurate adjustments. In additional to our
observation, we used a ruler to see what measurement can be visualized under the
LPO lens. According to our observation, the LPO lens covered 1mm.

V. Manual Answers

A. Label the parts of a compound microscope below.

Ocular Lens / Eyepiece

Coarse Adjustment Knob

Body Tube

Fine Adjustment Knob Nosepiece

Arm Low Power Objective

 Stage Clip High Power Objective

Stage
Inclination Joint
Iris Diaphragm

Illuminator
Base

B. Questions on Magnification and Power of the Microscope

1. What is the magnification power of the ocular lens and each objective lens of the
compound microscope you are using?

- The magnification power of the ocular lens is 10x. For the objective lens we
used, the Low Power Objective has 10x, the High Power Objective has 40x, and the Oil
Immersion Objective has 100x magnification.

2. Compare the length of each lens. Which lens is the longest and why should this be?

- The oil immersion objective was the longest objective. It is the longest because
the oil immersion objective uses a law of optics, which states that having a larger focal
length (the distance from the focus to the lens) will lessen the field of view of the
observer, however, magnifying further that field of view. This is one of the principles of
optics that highly contributed to the development of microscope.

3. Calculate the magnification for each lens combination on the microscope. Show your
calculations.

- LPO and Ocular Lens: (10x * 10x) = 100x.

- HPO and Ocular Lens: (40x * 10x) = 400x.
 - Oil Immersion Objective and Ocular Lens: (100x * 10x) = 1000x

4. Describe the position of the letter viewed through the microscope and compare its
position on the stage?

- The position of the letter viewed through the microscope is inverted. The
position on the stage is upside down, while in the microscope it is upright.

5. Compare the direction of movement of the specimen on the stage with the movement of
thee image as seen through the microscope.

- When the specimen is moved to the right, it moves to the left vice-versa. If it
moved upward, it then moves downward and vice-versa.

Questions on Measurements in Microscopy

1. What is the diameter of the field of your compound microscope in micrometer with the
10X objective in place? (Show your calculation including conversion factors)

- The diameter of the field is 1000 micrometer.

2. Calculate the diameter of the high power field of view on your microscope.

C. Applications
1. What are the two kinds of lenses on a compound microscope? What does each do?

- The lenses of the compound microscope are the ocular lens and the objectives
lenses. The ocular allows the user to view the specimen and also magnifies it, usually in
10x magnification. The objective lenses magnify further the specimen, depending on the
kind of objective.

2. How do you control the amount of light that passes through the specimen?

- The illuminator and the iris diaphragm control the amount of light that passes
the specimen. The illuminator creates the light that passes through depending on set
amount or intensity, while the iris diaphragm controls the amount of light passing through
by closing the path of the light to the specimen.

3. What is the relationship between the movement of the specimen on the stage and the
movement of image seen through the lens?

- The relationship of the specimen on stage and seen on the lens is inverted. When
the specimen on the stage moves left, the image moves to the right and vice-versa. On the
other hand, if the specimen on the stage moves upward, the image moves downward and
vice-versa.

4. How does one determine the magnification of a microscope?

- One can determine the magnification of a microscope by multiplying the

magnification of the ocular lens with that of the objective being used.

VI. Discussion and Conclusion

The microscope was used to view the specimen with specific magnifications.
Under the low power objective, it has a diameter of 1 millimeter or 1000 micrometers.
The direction in which the specimen moves under the microscope in consonance with the
prepared slide is inverted due to the nature of the lenses. According to the observations,
one can deduce that the low power adjective is used if an all-over view is needed while
the high power objective is used when a specific, magnified view of the specimen is
needed.

Microscope can definitely help us on scrutinizing our specimens. As we continue

to use microscope, we figured out how things are not impeccable on the inside.
 Discussing microscopy will give us a knowledge about the structure of our specimen. We
figured out what are the ups and downs of the microscope. A microscope contains may
parts that help contribute to a functional magnification system. It has two knobs for
adjustment, the coarse and the fine, in which the coarse affects the body of the
microscope while the fine affects the quality and clearness of how the microscope
perceives the image. It also has the illuminator and iris diaphragm that both regulate the
amount of light the specimen receives. The microscope has the stage and the stage clip
for firm placing of the specimen. Last but not the least, it has the lenses, ocular and
objectives, the main parts to magnify the image with specific settings.

VII. Recommendation
We recommend that the microscope be recognized by science-inclined students
as well by society as a prominent, useful tool for scientific research. We recommend to
use the best light setting that can be utilized, whether lesser or greater light since
experimental specimens have different clearness of view. We also recommend that the
microscope objectives be used at optimal views and be based on what the data needs to
suffice. If an all-over view is necessary, LPO should be used. On the contrary, if a closer
view of the specimen is needed, then HPO should be used. If an even greater focus in
detail is required, otherwise, use the oil immersion objective.

VIII. References
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscope
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy