REACTION
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62 Slides
COMPETENCIES
Upon mastering the materials of this lecture,
students would be able to explain
1. The characteristics of light as a source of
energy in the process of photosynthesis
2. The process of NADPH formation in the
conversion of radiation energy to be chemical
energy
3. The process of ATP formation in the conversion
of radiation energy to be chemical energy
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LECTURE OUTLINE
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What is photosynthesis?
The process of converting solar energy
into chemical energy.
The process of CO2 reduction into
carbohydrates (sugars) at the expense of
NADPH & ATP
Responsible for removal of ~ 200 billion
tons of C from the atmosphere yearly.
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Primary
electron NADP
acceptor
Primary Energy
electron to make 3
acceptor
2
Light
Light
Primary
electron
acceptor PS I
Reaction-
center
chlorophyll
PS II NADPH-producing
photosystem
1
Water-splitting
photosystem
2 H + 1/2
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Solar energy is the ultimate source of energy for
life on earth
Solar energy is created at the core of the sun
when hydrogen atoms are fused into helium by
nuclear fusion .
Temperatures of the sun are
about 15,000,0000K at the core,
and
about 5,8000K at the photosphere
(radiative surface of the sun)
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The solar energy is then transmitted in the form of
electromagnetic radiation
Radiation is the transfer of energy through some
material or through space in the form of
electromagnetic waves
Electromagnetic waves are the self-propagating, mutual
oscillation of electric and magnetic fields.
Electromagnetic waves move electromagnetic energy
through space (either empty or filled with transparent
matter)
Most of the electromagnetic radiation emitted
from the sun's surface lies in the visible band
centered at 500 nm
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Longest wavelengths Shortest wavelengths
(Least energetic photons) (Most energetic photons)
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2.1 StefanBoltzmann Law
This law states that the power emitted per
unit area of the surface of a black body is
directly proportional to the fourth power of
its absolute temperature. That is
R=T4
R = radiation flux (W.m-2 = J.m-2.s-1)
= emissivity (01)
= Stefan-Boltzmann constant (5,67032 x 10-8 W.m-2.K-4)
T = absolute temperture (273 + 0C).
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Apply Stefan-Boltzmann Law To Sun and Earth
R=T4
Sun (6000 0K)
RS = (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4) * (5800 0K)4
= 64,164,532 W/m2
Earth (300 0K)
RE = (5.67 x 10-8 W/m2 K4) * (300 0K)4
= 459 W/m2
Sun emits about 160,000 times more radiation
per unit area than the Earth because Suns
temperature is about 20 times higher than
Earths temperature 6000/300 = 20
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Inverse Square Law
The amount of radiation passing through a specific area is
inversely proportional to the square of the distance of that
area from the energy source.
I = E(4R2)/(4r2)
I = Irradiance at the surface of
the outer sphere
E = Irradiance at the surface of
the object (Sun)
R = 6.96 x 105 km (Radius of the Sun)
r = 1.5 x 108 km (Average Sun-Earth Distance)
I = 64,164,532 W/m2 x(6.96 x 105 )2 /(1.5 x 108 )2
I = 1382 W/m2 (The generally accepted solar constant of
1368 W/m2 is a satellite measured yearly average)
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Radiation emitted by a human body
The net power radiated is the difference between
the power emitted and the power absorbed:
Pnet = Pemit Pabsorb
Applying the StefanBoltzmann law,
R = (T4-T04)
A = the total surface area of an adult is about 2 m,
= the mid- and far-infrared emissivity of skin and most
clothing is near unity, as it is for most nonmetallic
surfaces.
T = skin temperature is about 33C, but clothing reduces
the surface temperature to about 28 C when the
ambient temperature is 20 C (T0 )
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Hence, the net radiative heat loss with
= 0.97 and = 5.67108 W m2 K4
is about
Pemit =
0.97* 5.67108 W m2 K4 *2 m2(273+28)4
= 902.92 W.m-2 or J.s-1
Pabsorbed =
0.97* 5.67108 W m2 K4 *2 m2(273+20)4
= 810.69 W.m-2 or J.s-1
Pnet = 902.92-810.69 = 92.23 J.s-1
92.23 x 24 hours x 60 minutes x 60 seconds = 1
7,968,868 J/day
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Skin
temperature
and ambient
temperature
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36 The air temperature
Skin temperature (0C)
34 in Malang, on
32 average, is 270C
30
28 What is the
26 temperature of the
y = 0.362x + 23.07
24
R = 0.978 skin?
22
22 24 26 28 30 32 34
How much is the net
Ambient temperature (0C) radiative heat loss?
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WHY ARE
PLANTS GREEN?
Why are plants green?
Transmitted light
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2.2 Light
Light is an electromagnetic wave
What is the electromagnetic wave?
It is electricity and magnetism moving through the
space
Light was known to
be a wave
After producing
electromagnetic
waves of other
frequencies, it was
known to be an
electromagnetic wave
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as well. 19
LIGHT AS A WAVE
Wavelength (l) the distance between crests (or
troughs) of a wave
Frequency (v) the number of crests (or troughs) that
pass by each second.
Speed (c) the rate at which a crest (or trough) moves
(3.105 km/s).
l Crest
Maxwell calculated the speed of
propagation of electromagnetic
waves and found: Trough
19,878.10 17 J
E
l
dimana l dalam satuan nano meter (nm)
Sebagai contoh, kandungan energi cahaya
merah (l = 680 nm) adalah
For instance,
the energy of "green light" (= 550 nm) is:
E
A 6.02.10 23
photons mol h 6.62.10 34 J.s photon c 3.10 8 m s
l 550.10 9 m
E = 217376.7 J.s
a mol of blue light (l = 400 nm) = 298893.0 J.s
a mol of red light (l = 700 nm) = 170796.0 J.s
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l
Summary of Photons
Photons can be treated as
packets of light which behave
as a particle. Representation of a Photon
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Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic
organisms use light energy to make sugar and
oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water
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Molekul-molekul pigmen yang
telah menangkap foton akan
berada pada kondisi
tereksitasi.
Energi eksitasi yang
dimanfaatkan untuk
fotosintesis
Klorofil dan pigmen-pigmen
lainnya hanya dapat
tereksitasi dalam waktu
singkat singkat.
Energi eksitasi dapat hilang
karena dibebaskan.
Fluoresence adalah pancaran
cahaya yang diikuti oleh
degradasi cepat dari elektron
tereksitasi
Pada daun, fluorescence sangat sedikit karena energi eksitasi dimanfaatkan untuk
fotosintesis
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Chloroplasts
In most plants, photosynthesis occurs primarily in
the leaves, in the chloroplasts
The leaves have the most chloroplasts
The green color comes from chlorophyll in the
chloroplasts
The pigments absorb light energy
A chloroplast contains:
Stroma (a fluid)
Grana (stacks of thylakoids)
The thylakoids contain
chlorophyll
Chlorophyll is the green pigment
that captures light for
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photosynthesis 35
The location and structure of chloroplasts
Chloroplast
LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF
Mesophyll
Outer
membrane
Granum Inner
membrane
Grana Stroma Thylakoid
Stroma Thylakoid
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1. Light Absorption
2. Electron Exitation
Fluorescence
Phosphorescence.
3. Electron Transfer
4. NADPH Synthesis
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LIGHT ABSORBTION
AND TRANSFER
TO THE REACTION
CENTERS
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LIGHT ABSORBTION
AND TRANSFER
TO THE REACTION
CENTERS
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Resonance Energy Transfer - Radiationless
e- e-
Excited state e- e-
hv
e- e- e- e-
Ground state
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Pigment = a light absorbing molecule
Associated with the thylakoid
membranes
Chlorophyll
Chl a and Chl b (Chl c in some algae)
Xanthophylls
Carotenoids
-carotene
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Chl a has a methyl group (CH3)
Chl b has a carbonyl group (CHO)
Phytol tail
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Phytol
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Absorpsi foton mengakibatkan pengaturan
elektron intramolekul pada pusat reaksi yang
diikuti dengan tranfer elektron antar molekul
Pada mulanya, elektron
khlorofil pada pusat
reaksi tereksitasi pada
orbit yang menjauhi inti
atom dan molekul dengan
absorpsi foton langsung
atau lebih mungkin
melalui transfer energi
foton dari antena
pigmen
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Two types of
photosystems
cooperate in the
light reactions
ATP
mill
Water-splitting NADPH-producing
photosystem photosystem
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Dua orbit dipertimbangkan sebagai
tempat eksitasi elektron yaitu orbit I dan
II (eksitasi I & II)
Elektron yang tereksitasi tidak terikat
kuat pada molekul khlorofil dan mudah
ditransfer ke molekul lain disekitarnya.
Pusat reaksi yang tereksitasi adalah
reduktor yang kuat, dan bahkan cukup
kuat untuk mereduksi molekul lain yang
tidak siap menerima elektron.
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Fluorescence: Emisi cahaya dari molekul yang
sedang diiradiasi sebagai akibat dari penurunan
elektron dari orbait 1 ke orbit dasar. Proses ini
tidak tergantung suhu dan berlangsung cepat
(lifetime 10-8 detik). Panjang gelombang lebih
besar dari panjang gelombang yang diabsorpsi
(chlorophyll a mengabsorpsi cahaya pada 430 &
630 nm, dan mengemisi cahaya pada 668 nm).
Phosphorescence: Emisi cahaya dari molekul
sebagai akibat penurunan elektron dari triplet
state ke orbit dasar. Cahaya yang dihasilkan
berlangsung relatif perlahan (10-4 2 detik),
dan panjang gelombang relatif sangat panjang
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Red light absorbed by photosystem II
(PSII) produces a strong oxidant and a
weak reductant.
Far-red light absorbed by photosystem I
(PSI) produces a weak oxidant and a
strong reductant.
The strong oxidant generated by PSII
oxidizes water, while the strong
reductant produced by PSI reduces
NADP.
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Loss of energy due to heat
Excitation of chlorophyll causes the photons of light to be
in a chloroplast less energetic.
Less energy translates into
longer wavelength.
e Excited
2 state Energy = (Plancks constant) x
(velocity of light)/(wavelength of
light)
Transition toward the red end of
Light Heat the visible spectrum.
Light
(fluorescence)
Photon
Ground
state
Chlorophyll
molecule
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(b) fluorescence of isolated chlorophyll in solution
1. H2O 8. P700+ (PSI reaction
2. Z (PSII) center chlorophyll)
3. P680* (PSII reaction 9. A0 (chlorophyll ?)
center chlorophyll) 10. A1 (quinone?)
4. Pheo (pheophytin) 11. FeSx, FeSB, & FeSA
5. QA and QB (membrane-bound
(plastoquinone iron-sulfur proteins)
acceptors) 12. Fd (soluble ferredoxin)
6. Cytochrome b.-f 13. Fp (flavoprotein
complex ferredoxin-NADP
7. PC (plastocyanin) reductase)
14. NADP
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Noncyclic Photophosphorylation
Photosystem II regains electrons by splitting water, leaving
O2 gas as a by-product
Primary
electron acceptor
Primary
electron acceptor
Photons
Energy for
synthesis of
PHOTOSYSTEM I
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The red X indicates that protons
do not directly pass through the
cytochrome complex.
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1. Z is a tyrosine side chain on the reaction
center protein D1. Electrons are extracted
from water (H2O) by the oxygen-evolving
complex and rereduce Z+.
2. On the oxidizing side of PSII (to the left of
the arrow joining P680 with P680*), P680+
is rereduced by Z, the immediate donor to
PSII.
3. The excited PSII reaction center chlorophyll,
(P680*) transfers an electron to pheophytin
(Pheo).
4. On the reducing side of PSII (to the right of
the arrow joining P680 with P680*), the
pheophytin transfers electrons to the
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5. The cytochrome b.-f complex transfers
electrons to plastocyanin (PC), which in turn
reduces P700+.
6. The b,-f complex contains a Rieske iron-sulfur
protein (FeSR), two b-type cytochromes (cyt
b), and cytochrome f (cyt f).
7. The acceptor of electrons from P700* (A0) is
thought to be a chlorophyll, and the next
acceptor (A1) may be a quinone.
8. A series of membrane-bound iron-sulfur
proteins (FeSx, FeSB, and FeSA) transfer
electrons to soluble ferredoxin (Fd).
9. The flavoprotein ferredoxin-NADP reductase
(Fp) serves to reduce NADP, which is used in
the Calvin cycle to reduce CO2.
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10. The dashed line indicates cyclic electron flow around PSI.
11. PSII produces electrons that reduce the cytochrome b.-f
complex, while PSI produces an oxidant that oxidizes the
cytochrome b.-f complex.
P680 and P700 refer to the wavelengths of maximum
absorption of the reaction center chlorophylls in PSII and PSI
12. The electron of PSI is then excited upon absorption of
radiation energy and transfer to A0 (chlorophyll)
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13. The transfer of electron occurs from A0
to A1 (quinone), FeSx, FeSB, & FeSA
(membrane-bound iron-sulfur proteins),
Fd (soluble ferredoxin ), Fp
(flavoprotein ferredoxin-NADP
reductase) and finally to NADP+
14. It was found antagonistic effects of light
on cytochrome oxidation.
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H2O Z (PSII)P680* (PSII reaction center
chlorophyll) Pheo (pheophytin)QA and
QB (plastoquinone acceptors)Cytochrome
b.-f complex PC (plastocyanin)P700+
(PSI reaction center chlorophyll) A0
(chlorophyll ?)A1 (quinone?) FeSx,
FeSB, & FeSA (membrane-bound iron-sulfur
proteins) Fd (soluble ferredoxin )Fp
(flavoprotein ferredoxin-NADP
reductase)NADP
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1. Eksitasi 1 mol e pada setiap pusat reaksi (PSII &
PSI) membutuhkan 1 kuanta cahaya. Reduksi 1
mol NADP 1 mol NADPH membutuhkan 2 mol
e
2. Berapa kuanta cahaya dibutuhkan untuk
pembentukan 1 mol NADPH ?
3. Berapa NADPH dihasil dari hasil fotolisis air ?
4. Tingkat Cahaya di Malang sekitar 1 mmol.s-1,
berapa NADPH yang dihasilkan dengan tingkat
cahaya demikian ?
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1. Where does the light reaction happen ?
2. What is the function of water in
photosynthesis ?
3. What is the event to happen after the light
interception by pigments
4. What is the first molecule receiving
electrons from the pigments (chlorophyll)
excited at PS I
5. What is the first molecule receiving
electrons from the pigments (chlorophyll)
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excited at PS II 68
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