INDEX Ex.No Date Name of the Experiments Page Signature no 1 introduction to ansys 2 ‘truss analysis, 3 stress and deflection analysis in different beam 2). stress analysis on cantilever beam )b) .stress analysis of simply supported beam, ay ‘stress analysis of fixed beam, 4 stress analysis of flat plate 5 Stress analysis of an axi-symmettic =e 6 heat transfer analysis, Q 2).conduetive heat transfer analy8 ‘component b). convective heat trans ysis of a 2d ‘component 4°, 7 thermal stress ag 5 * 2» 8 modal azidghbcns \ Lon of cantilever beam dal analysis of simply supported beam iodal analysis of fixed beam 9 harmonic analysis of a 2d component 10. introduction to matlab il. ‘Vibration based simple problems solve by mat lab 2) simulation of an accumulator b). linear damping foree 12. simulation of cam and follower mechanism www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ INTRODUCTION TO FEA AND ANSYS. Ex. No: 1 Date: What is FEA? y Finite Element analysis is a way to simulate loading conditions on a design and determine the designs response to those conditions. > The design is modeled using discrete building blocks called elements. > Bach element has exact equations that deseribe how it responds to a certain load > The “Sum” of the response of all elements in the model gives the total response of the design. > The clements havea finite number of unknowns, hence the name finite elements. > The finite clement model, which has a finite number of unknowns, can o: oximate the response of the physical system which has infinite unknowns. SY How good is the approximation? 8 v Unfortunately, there is no easy answer to this question, it depend: are simulating and the tools you use for the simulation. ~~ « rely on what you Why is FEA needed? > To reduce the amount of prototype testing. > Computer Simulation allows multiple “what if‘scenagioal Ne ested quickly and effectively. > To simulate designs those are not suitable for A. testing. E.g, Surgical Implants such as an artificial knee. « About ANSYS: ANSYS is a complete FEA softfg(™hackage used by engineers worldwide in virtually all fields of enginecring, ANSYS fy Wvirual Prototyping technique used to iterate various scenarios to optimize the produit. v General Proced te Element Analysis: 1 continuum using preprocessor. try or continuum using preprocessor. Solving or analyzing using solver auren 3 B. 2 z g 5 = 3 g a 3 @ 3 g 3 4 g Viewing of Results using postprocessor. Build Geometry: Construct a two (or) three dimensional representation of the object to be modeled and tested using. vi the work plane co-ordinate system in Ansys Define Material Properties: rd Define the necessary material from the library that composes the object model which includes thermal and mechanical properties. Generate Mesh: » Now define how the model system should be broken down into finite picces. 41 www. Vidyarthiplus.comApply Loads: > The last task in preprocessing is to restrict the system by constraining the displacement and physical loading, Obtain Solution > The solution is obtained using solver available in ANSYS. The computer can understand easily if the problem is solved in matrices. Present the Result: > After the solution has been obtained there are many ways to present Ansys result either in graph or in plot. Specific Capabilities of ANSYS Structural Analysis: > Structural analysis is probably the most the common application of the finite ang method such as piston, machine parts and tools. Ss > It is the used to determine displacement, stress etc. under static SF Ansys can compute linear and non-linear types (e.g. the large strain hyper elasti ‘creep problems). ‘Transient Dynamic Analysis: > tis used to determine the response of a structure to time Buckling Analysis: > It is used to calculate buckling load and to = jape of the component after applying the buckling load. Both lincar buckling and non, buckling analysis are possible. ‘Thermal Analysis: > The steady state analysis of any solid ru boundary conditions calculates the effeet of steady thermal load on a aster lip Smponent that includes the following. a) Convection. b) Radiation. \ »Y ©) Heat flow rates an. ©) Heat generation rates. oundaries. > The fers comprehensive tools for analysis of two-dimensional and three dimensi flow fields. Magnetic: > Magnetic analysis is done using Ansys / Electromagnetic program. It ean caleulate the magnetic field in device such as power generators, electric motor etc. Interest in magnetic analysis is finding magnetic flux, magnetic density, power loss and magnetic forces. Acoustic / Vibrations: > Ansys is the capable of modeling and analyzing vibration system. Acoustic is the study of the generation, absorption and reflection of pressure waves in a fluid application 2 www. Vidyarthiplus.com> Few examples of acoustic applications are a) Design of concert house, where an even distribution of sound pressure is possible, b) Noise cancellation in automobile, c) Underground water acoustics. 4) Noise minimization in machine shop. e) Geophysical exploration. Coupled Fields: > A coupled ficld analysis is an analysis that takes into account the interation between two (or) more fields of engineering analysis, Pressure vessels, Induction heating and Micro electro mechanical systems are few examples. Result: ‘Thus the basics of FEA and ANSYS are studied. www. Vidyarthiplus.comTRUSS ANALYSES Ex. No: 2 Date: AIM To conduct the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system shown below (E=200GPa, A=3250mm?). SYSTEM CONFIGURATION Ram: 2GB Processor = Core 2 Quad / Core 2 Duo Operating system: Window XP Service Pack 3 Software : ANSYS (Version 12.0/12.1) PROCEDURE S The three main steps to be involved are ot 1. Pre Processing . ~ 2. Solution’ 3. Post Processing Ss wuncher ~ Set the Start - All Programs ~ ANSYS 12.0/12.1 - Mechanical APD) Working Directory as E Drive, User - Job Name as Roll N —Click Run. a 4, ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor>Real Constants > Add/Edit/Delete> Click Add... and select “LINK1°> Click on ‘OK’. The Real Constants window will appear input AREA ~3250>Click on ‘OK’. ‘Sct I now appears in the dialog box. Click an 'Close’ in the ‘Real Constants’ window: 5. ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor>Material Props > Material Models>Structural>Linear>Elastic>Isotropic>in the Linear elastic isotropic material model window, input E=200000 and Poisson’s ratio-0.3, in Nom: Proferences > Structural Click OK" icnu: Preprocessor~Element Type > Add/Edit/Delete > in the window Add>select Link (sub window 1)> 2d spar (sub window 2)> Click ‘OK’ 4 www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ 6. ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor > Modeling > Create > Keypoints > In Active CS, in the ereate key points in active coordinate system, type key point no. and its coordinates, we x i 2 Rombepdllanfimeciinlan deter pli ylies 1 0 0 0 (Click “apply’) 2 1800 3118 0 (Click ‘apply’) 3 3600 0 0 (Click ‘apply’) 4 5400 3118 0(Click ‘apply’ 5 7200 0 0 (Click ‘apply’) 6 9000 3118 0 (Click apply’) 7 10800 0 0(Click ‘ok’) AN 7. Inthe Command window bar, type = i L,L,2 (enter) Ly1,3 (enter) 1,23 (enter) 1.24 (enter) LM4Menter) 14,5 (enter) 1.3.5 (enter) L.5,6 (enter) L46 (enter) L, eH mater) % _ ANSYS Main Menu: Preprocessor>Meshing > 5 Manual Size> Lines > All Lines,in the Element sizes on Alll selected Line: a input in the “NDIV’ — No. of divisions field= 1, Click ‘OK? 9. ANSYS Main Menu: Percent Nk > Lines, Click 'Pick All" in the “Mesh Lines' Window. e 10, ANSYS Main Menu: Sasion> wep» Now Amb Tk S.Ct ‘OK LI. ANSYS Main Menu: Solutiofig B@fine Loads > Apply > Structural > Displacement > On Key points, Type key point 1,7'imthe Apply U, ROT on KPs window click ‘OK’, then select ‘All dof” in the Ay ROT on KPs window (Check Apply as field with . Constant value? nag 0), then Click ‘OK’ 12, in Menu: Solution >Define Loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment s, Type key point 3 in the Apply F/M on KPs window click ‘OK’, in the Solve > Current LS> Click Solve. 15. Click ‘Close’ in Solution is Done window. 16. ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc> List Results > Reaction Solution, in the List Reaction Solution window, select “All Struc force F’, Click ‘OK’, 17. Print Solution window will show the Reaction results. 18. ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc> Plot Results > Deformed Shape, in the Plot Deformed shape window, Tick deformed + undeformed edge (shows the deformed shape of the structure in the ANSYS main window). 19. ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproe> Plot results > Contour Plot > Nodal Solution, in the Contour Nodal Solution Data, click DOF solution > Displacement vector sum, Click ‘OK’, (Shows the displacement contour of deformed structure in the ANSYS main window). 5 www. Vidyarthiplus.com20. ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc> Element Table > Define Table, in the Element table data window, Click *ADD’. 21. In the Additional Element table items window, in the User defined label field, type “SAXL', and select “By sequence numb’ in the Item, Comp Results data item field (sub window) and ‘LS’ (sub window2), then type *LS, 1° in the field below the sub window2 and Click ‘OK’. 22. ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc> Element Table > Plot Elem Table, in the Item to be plotted field, select “SAXL” and click ‘OK’. (Shows the Axial load contour of deformed structure in the ANSYS main window). 23. ANSYS Main Menu: General Postproc> Element Table > List Element Table. 24. Print Solution window will show the Axial load results on each element Results: Thus the nodal deflections, reaction forces, and stress for the truss system is done by using the ANSYS Software 6 www. Vidyarthiplus.com— mL 208 sub = 1234] raat Fig: Deformed andbingg yrmed Shapes ‘a a ANSYS 4® =o SS mame sci ae 70.938 -30.356 20.13; 3 ves* 91.199 men.189 Fig: Stresses in Truss Element 7 www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ STRESS ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM Ex.No:3.a Date: AIM: To do the analysis of a cantilever beam using ANSYS software. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for cantilever beam is given for analysis, there by the corresponding shear force and bending moment diagram is to be drafted. Ex=210 ,Gpa=210000N/mm? + PRXY-0.3 1000N 10 ; ° All the dimensions throughout the oie in “millimeters” PROCEDURE: wy ° 1, PREFERENCES ( Main menu — preferences — struct 2, PRE PROCESSOR ~ Define the Ps A (i) Main menu — Pre Proce Pe type — add / edit /delete— add — beam 2D elastic 30k > ii) Main 100, (iii)Main jocessor — Material props + Material models — structural linear > clastié > iSotropic > Ex = 210000, PRXY=.3 close (iv)Main menu — Pre Processor + modeling — create + key points + In active CS kp1=0,0. apply— kp:=100,0 + OK (v) Main menu —> Pre Processor —> modeling —> ereate —Lines—line—> straight lines—> click kpl, kp2— press ok (vi)Main menu — Pre Processor —+ meshing — size entrls > manual size > lines — all lines —> no of element divisions > 200 8 www. Vidyarthiplus.com(vii) Main menu — Pre Processor — meshing + mesh + lines — click the line + press ok (viii) Main menu — Pre Processor loads — define loads apply > structural > displacement on key points — select kp— elick ok — all DOF=0. (ix)Main menu — Pre Processor loads + define loads Apply — structural force / moment = select kp2 > ok— Fy= -1000. 3. SOLUTION — Solve the problem (i) Solution — solve + current LS—> ok 4. GENERAL POST PROCESSOR — Obtaining results (i) General Post Processor— plot results —> deformed shape —> def + undeformed —> click ok Note DMX: (ii) Utility Menu — Plot controls —> animate — Deformed shape — time delay 2 & ima; itility Menu Plot controls —> write meta file — invert black! white—> <0 wwe in local drives (iv)General Post Processor—> clement table —> define table —> add—> jence number —> node | SMISC 2 apply + node J SMISC 4 49%0K (¥) General Post Processor—> Plot results Contour plot Res — node I SMISC 2 —nodeJ SMISC 8 OK ~ (vi)Utility Menu > Plot controls —> write meta fil Aire black/ white save the image in local drives KM ° (vii) General Post Processor—> Plot vate plot Line Elem Res — node I SMISC 6 —nodeJ SMISC S Utility Menu Plot contr Sy tteMeta file —> invert black! white» save the image in local drives “=> RESULT: ‘Thus the shear stress and bending moment diagrams of cantilever beam was drawn and analysis is carried out using ANSYS software. 9 www. Vidyarthiplus.comFig 2.1: Maximum Deflection Diagram: Cantilever Beam Fig 2.3: Bending Moment Diagram: Cantilever Beam 10 www. Vidyarthiplus.comSTRESS ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM Ex.No:3.b Date: AIM: To do the analysis of a simply supported beam using ANSYS software. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for simply supported beam is given for analysis, there by the corresponding shear force and bending moment diagram is to be drafted Ex=210 Gpa = 210000N/mm? * PRXY=0.3 1000 .N | = 100 - — Alll the dimensions throughout the analysis Sic PROCEDURE: XX 1. PREFERENCES ~~ ° (i) Main menu — preferences + structural 9“, > 2. PRE PROCESSOR — Define the Problent\ CO) Main menu > Pre Processor Elegant type — add / edit delete add — beam 2D elastic 3 — ok — close (ii) Main menu 100, 1Zz (iii)Main essor + Material props —> Material models — structural —slinear elastic (iv)Main Apply—kp2=50,0 Apply > kp3=100,0 + OK Ex = 210000, PRXY=.3— close u > Pre Processor —> modeling — create —> key points > In active CS—> kp1-0.0. (v) Main menu — Pre Processor — modeling + create Lines + line straight lines— click kpl, kp2— press apply— click kp2, kp3— press ok (vi)Main menu — Pre Processor — meshing — size entrls + manual size — lines — all lines > no of element divisions —» 200 (vii) Main menu — Pre Processor —> meshing —> mesh — lines —> click the line + press ok (viii) Main menu — Pre Processor —rloads — define loads —> apply — structural —> displacement + on key points —> select kp1,kp3 select UX,UY =0 — click ok 14, www. Vidyarthiplus.com(ix)Main menu — Pre Processor loads + define loads Apply + structural force / moment — select kp2 — ok» Fy=-1000. 3. SOLUTION ~ Solve the problem (ii) Solution —> solve > current LS—> ok 4. GENERAL POST PROCESSOR ~ Obtaining results (ix)General Post Processor plot results > deformed shape + def + undeformed — click ok Note DMX= (x) Utility Menu — Plot controls —> animate —> Deformed shape —> time delay 2 (xi)Utility Menu Plot controls — write meta file — invert black/ white— save the image in local drives (xii) General Post Processor clement table — define table — add— by RN mber —+ node 1 SMISC 2—apply — node J SMISC 8 —OKE > eC (xiii) General Post Processor— Plot results Contour plot Line a cy me I SMISC 2 —nodeJ SMISC 8 OK (xiv) Utility Menu — Plot controls —> write meta file — in S. save the image in local drives < (xv) General Post Processor— Prt Com ine Elem Res — node I SMISC 6 —nodeJ SMISC 12 OK ° (xvi). Utility Menu — Plot controls —> write naa > invert black/ white—> save the image in 4 oi, ww . local drives RESULT: Thus the shear force and bending moment diagram for simply supported beam was drawn and analysis is carried out using ANSYS software. 12 www. Vidyarthiplus.comFig 3.3: Bending Moment Diagram: Simply Supported Beam 13 www. Vidyarthiplus.comSTRESS ANALYSIS OF FIXED BEAM Ex.No:3.¢ Date: AIM: To do the analysis of a fixed beam using ANSYS software, PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for fixed beam is given for analysis, there by the corresponding shear force and bending moment diagram is to be drafted. Ex=210 Gpa=210000N/mm? ,PRXY=0.3 1000 N All the dimensions throughout the analysis aoe PROCEDURE: RS 1. PREFERENCES, (i) Main menu — preferences > structural ww 2. PRE PROCESSOR — Define the Problem 9 &, 4 (i) Main menu — Pre Processor > El — add / edit /delete— add —> beam 2D elastic 3 ok — close “ye i) Main menu > Pre ran constants — add /edit /delete add — ok + AREA = 100, 122 = 1041 vessor — Material props —> Material models — structural linear —> Ex = 210000, PRXY=.3— close sessor + modeling — create + key points > In active CS kp1=0.0. (iv)Main Applykp2=250,0 Apply — kp3=500,0 OK (¥) Main mem —+ Pre Processor — modeling — create —rLines —-line—> straight lines— click kp1, ‘kp2—+ press apply—> click kp2, kp3—> press ok (vi)Main menu —> Pre Processor — meshing — size entrls > manual size — lines — all lines no of element divisions —> 200 (vii) Main menu — Pre Processor —> meshing —> mesh — lines — click the line —> press ok (viii) Main menu — Pre Processor loads > define loads — apply — structural > displacement — on key points — select kp! and select kp3— click ok — all DOF-0. (x)Main menu > Pre Processor loads > define loads Apply > structural force / moment = select kp2 + ok— Fy=-1000. 14 www. Vidyarthiplus.com3. SOLUTION — Solve the problem (i) Solution + solve —+ current LS—+ ok 4, GENERAL POST PROCESSOR ~ Obtaining results (i) General Post Processor—> plot results —> deformed shape + def + undeformed — click ok Note DMX= (ii) Utility Menu + Plot controls + animate + Deformed shape — time delay .2 (ii)Utility Menu— Plot controls + write meta file — invert black/ white— save the image in local drives (iv)General Post Processor clement table — define table — add by sequence number node T SMISC 2 apply + node J SMISC 8 OK &. (v) General Post Processor Plot results Contour plot Line Elem Res > 2 —node} SMISC 8 OK Cc (vi)Utility Menu — Plot controls + write meta file + invert black! whiten ‘the image in local drives wy (il) General Post Processor—> Plot results» Contour ne Res node I SMISC 6 node] SMISC 12 + OK ii Menu — Plot controls — write meta Se Dlack/ white— save the image in local drives ~ Ss ww . Isc RESULT: Thus the shear force and bending moment diagram for fixed beam was drawn and analysis is carried out using ANSYS software. 45 www. Vidyarthiplus.comFig 4.1: Maximum Deflection Diagram: Fixed Beam z : raga Diagram: Fixed Beam nl, y a Fig 43: Beading Moment Diagram: Fixed Beam 16. www. Vidyarthiplus comSTRESS ANALYSIS OF A PLATE WITH CIRCULAR HOLE Ex No :04 Date AIM: To conduct the stress analysis in a plate with a circular hole using ANSYS software PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for plate is given for analysis, Ex=2XE*S PRXY=0.3 ;— @20 All the dimensions throughout the analysis are in ‘nitincg NY PROCEDURE ° 1. Preference - Structural- h-Method - Ok. \ 2. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Deletes" Add” Solid, 8 node 82 ~ Ok ~ Option~ Choose Plane stress w/thk - Close. ¢ S 3. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete — As R2 THK 0.5 — Ok - Close. 4. Material props - Material Mogels,* ral — Linear ~ Elastic ~ Isotropic - EX 205, PRXY 03 -Ok Ay 5. Modeling — Cr Aad cionsle ~ by 2 comer - X=0, Y=0, Width=100, Height=30 Je - X=50, Y=25, Radius=10 - Ok, Operate “Booleans ~ Subtract ~ Areas ctangle) — Ok — Ok - Select Circle— Next —Ok - Ok. Area — Set - Select the object - Ok - Element edge length 2/3/4/5— Ok - ‘ct TRI or QUAD - Free/Mapped~ Mesh - Select the object -Ok. 7. Solution — Define Loads ~ Apply — Structural — Displacement - On lines - Select the boundary where is going to be arrested — Ok - All DOF - Ok.Pressure - On lines - Select the load applying area ~ Ok - Load PRES valve = INimm?-Ok. 8. Solve — Current LS ~ Ok ~ Solution is done ~ Close. RESULT. ‘Thus the stress analysis of rectangular plate with a circular hole is done by using the ANSYS Software. 17, www. Vidyarthiplus.comwww..vidyarthiplus.com Fig 5.2: Nodal Displacement Plot Fig 5.3: Vou-Mises Stress Stresses in Plate With Circular Hole 18 www. Vidyarthiplus.comSTRESS ANALYSIS OF AN AXI - SYMMETRIC COMPONENT. Ex.no:5 Date: AIM: ‘To obtain the stress distribution of an axisymmetric component. The model will be that of a closed tube made from steel. Point loads will be applied at the center of the top and bottom plate PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for hollow cylinder is given for analysis, there by the stress is calculated below. Ex = 2E5, PRXY = 0.3. met st All the dimensions throughout the analysis are: As fimeters’ PROCEDURE 1. Utility Menu > Change Job Nam Job Name: Utility Menu > File >Changoot iN iter New Title. \S 2. Preference > Structural 3. Pr 1 type > Add/Edit delete > solid 8node 183 > options> axisymi 4, Prep: ial Properties > Material Model > Structural > Linear > Elastic > sotto PRXY = 0.3. 5 _Preprocessor>Modeling>create>Areas>Rectangle>By dimensions Reta =X X YY ql 0 2 0 5 2 1 2 °0 1 3 0 2 9 1 6. Preprocessor > Modeling > operate > Booleans > Add > Areas > pick all > Ok, 7. Preprocessor > meshing > mesh tool > size control > Areas > Element edge length =2 mm > Ok > mesh > Areas > free> pick all. 8. Solution > Analysis Type>New Analysis>Statie 19 www. Vidyarthiplus.com9, Solution > Define loads > Apply Structural > displacement > symmetry B.C > on lines, (Pick the two edger on the left at X= 0) 10. Utility menu > select > Entities > select all 11, Utility menu > select > Entities > by location > Y = 50 >ok.(Select nodes and by location in the scroll down menus. Click Y coordinates and type 50 in to the input box.) 12, Solution > Define loads > Apply > Structural > Force/Moment > on key points> FY > 100> Pick the top left comer of the area > Ok 13, Solution > Define Loads > apply > Structural > Force/moment > on key points > FY > -100 > Pick the bottom left comer of the area > ok. 14, Solution > Solve > Current LS 15. Utility Menu > select > Entities 16. Select nodes > by location > Y coordinates and type 45, 55 in the(min, ‘max. box, as shown below and click ok. 17. General postprocessor > List results > Nodal solution > =e ents SCOMP. 18. Utility menu > plot controls > style try expansion > 2D ‘Axisymmetric>%expansion ° “ay Result: ‘Thus the stress dist tion of the axi symmetric component is studied. 20 www. Vidyarthiplus.comStren Analysis of Axi-Symmetric Components 21 www. Vidyarthiplus.comCONDUCTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT Ex No :6,a Date : AIM: To conduct the conductive heat transfer analysis of a 2D component by using ANSYS sofiware PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for square component is given for analysis there by the corresponding temperature distribution is to be drafied. e&O rey 500° 100° Loo” 500" thermal conductivity of the material=10 wim Dimension of the object ~2m x 2m PROCEDURE, I, Preference — Thermal - h-Method - Ok. 4 ©. 2. Preprocessor - Element type - A si Deer — Add — Solid, Quad 4 node 55 — Ok — Close - Options — plane nese 3. Real constants - vacating ‘Add ~ Ok ~ THK 0.5 ~ Ok ~ Close, 4, Material | Models Thermal — Conductivity — Isotropic - KXX 10 — Ok. 5, Modeli as - Rectangle by 2 comers-Enter the coordinate values, width - Ok. 6. Meshin ~ Areas, set — select the object ~ Ok — Element edge length 0.05 - Ok — Mesh tool- Tri, free - mesh ~ Select the object Ok. 7. Solution ~ Define Loads ~ Apply ~ Thermal — Temperature - On lines ~ Seleet the right and left side of the object Ok — Temp. Value 100 — On lines ~ select the top and bottom of the object ~ Ok—Temp 500 Ok. 8. Solve ~ Current LS ~ Ok ~ Solution is done ~ Close 9, General post proc ~ Plot results — Contour plot - Nodal solution — DOF solution ~ Nodal ‘Temperature ~ Ok. 10, File-Report Generator-Choose Append-OK-Image Capture-Ok ~ Close RESULT Thus the conductive heat transfer analysis of a 2D component by using ANSYS is studied. www. Vidyarthiplus.com—_____www.vidyarthiplus.com————____ Heat Transfer analysis 2D Coduction 23 www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT Ex No :6.b Date: AIM: To conduct the convective heat transfer analysis of a 2D component by using ANSYS software PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for square component is given for analysis there by the corresponding temperature distribution is to be drafted. K=16w/m°e PROCEDURE, 1, Preference ~ structural - h-Method - Ok. « 2. Preprocessor - Element type - Add/EdivDelete ~ lid, Quad 4 node $5 — Ok ~Close 3. Real constants - Add/Eidit/Delete — Add — Ok ~ 4, Material props - Material Models “Thermal —@onductivity ~ Isotropic ~ KXX 16 ~ Ok. $.Modeling ~ Create ~ Key points - In act ive i in the drawing. Lines — lines- Straight line - Connect for 8 key points to form the Shag st enter the key point number and X, Y, Z location all the key points to form as lisdes “Areas — Arbitrary - by lines - Sclect all lines - ok. [We can create symmetrical shape] reas, set ~ select the object ~ Ok ~ Element edge length 0.05 - Ok — = Select the object -Ok. is— Apply — Thermal — Temperature - On lines ~ Select the lines-Ok~ Temp. wweetion — On lines ~ select the appropriate line ~Ok — Enter the values of film coefficient 50, bulk temperature 40 — Ok. 8, Solve ~ Current LS — Ok ~ solution is done ~ Close. 9, General post proc — List results —Nodal_ Soluti Ok. DOF Solution —Nodal temperature — 10, Plot results ~ Contour plot - Nodal solution - DOF solution - Nodal Temperature ~Ok. 11, Bile— Report Generator ~ Choose Append — OK — Image Capture ~ Ok - Close. RESULT Thus the convective heat transfer analysis of a 2D component is done by using the ANSYS Software 24 www. Vidyarthiplus.comwww.vidyarthiplus.com Heat Transfer analysis 2D Convection 25 www. Vidyarthiplus.comTHERMAL STRESS ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT ExNo:7 Date : AIM To conduct the thermal stress analysis of a 2D component by using ANSYS software. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for square component is given for analysis there by the corresponding temperature distribution is to be drafted. PROCEDURE 1. Preference — Thermal - h-Method - Ok. 2. Preprocessor - Element type - Adaveaiupere Add ~ Solid, Quad 4 node 42 ~ Ok ~ Options — plane strsw/thk ~ Ok ~ Close. NY > 3. Real constants - AdavedivDele Ok —THK 100 — Ok ~ Close. 4. Material props - Materia! Mags “Structural ~ Linear ~ Blastic - Isotropic ~ EX 2e5, PRXY 0.3- Ok—Thei — Sceant coefficient — Isotropic — ALPX 12ce-6 - Ok. 5. Mode! as - Rectangle — by 2 comers ~ Enter the coordinate values, height, width - Ok. 6. Meshi (ool — Areas, set ~ select the object - Ok — Element edge length 10 - Ok -Mesh tool- Tr, free - mesh — Select the object 7. Solution — Define Loads — Apply — Structural — Displacement - On lines ~ Select the boundary on the object -Ok — Temperature — Uniform Temp — Enter the temp. Value 50 — Ok. Solve ~ Current LS — Ok ~ Solution is done ~ Close, General post proc ~ Plot results ~ Contour plot ~ Nodal solution ~ Stress ~ Ist principal stress — Ok — Nodal solution - DOF Solution ~ Displacement vector sum - Ok. 10. File ~ Report Generator — Choose Append ~ OK ~ Image Capture ~ Ok - Close. RESULT Thus the thermal stress analysis of a 2D component is done by using the ANSYS Software 26 www. Vidyarthiplus.comThermal Stress Analysis 27 www. Vidyarthiplus.comMODAL ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER BEAM, Ex No: 8.a Date: AIM: To do the dynamic analysis of a cantilever beam using ANSYS software. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for cantilever beam is given for analysis, there by the corresponding mode shape is to be drafted. Ex=210 Gpa=210000N/mm* PRXY=0.3 , Density=7.85 *10° N/mm’ IO SS ° All the dimensions throughout the analysis are in ‘millimet PROCEDURE: I. PREFERENCES we ° (i) Main menu — preferences + structural 2. PRE PROCESSOR — Define the Problem ay (i) Main menu — Pre Processor — Element type > Atdd,/€dit /dclete—> add — beam 2D elastic 3 > ok — close ¢ (ii) Main menu — Pre Processor — real cont “+ add /edit /delete— add + ok > AREA = 100, ZZ. = 10'/12, HEIGHT=10. ° “3 props —> Material models > structural linear —> }000, PRXY=.3-> close (i)Main menu — Pre Proce; elastic > isotro (iv)Main der (v) Main x Processor — Material props — Material models = structural + close sessor —+ modeling > create + key points + In active CS kp;=0, 0. apply kp=100.0 + OK (vi)Main menu — Pre Processor — modeling — create —rLines —+ line— straight lines—> click kpl, ‘kp2— press ok (vii) Main menu — Pre Processor —+ meshing —» size entrls > manual size —> lines — all lines —+ no of clement divisions — 200 (viii) Main menu —> Pre Processor —> meshing — mesh — lines — click the line —> press ok (ix)Solution > analysis type + new analysis > modal > ok (x) Solution + analysis type —> analysis options —> sub space + No of modes to extract =3 + No of ‘modes to expand=5 ok — ok 28 www. Vidyarthiplus.com(xi)Main menu + Pre Processor loads + define loads > apply + structural + displacement > on key points —> select kp1— click ok — all DOE-0. 3. SOLUTION — Solve the problem (i) Solution + solve + current LS— ok 4. GENERAL POST PROCESSOR - Obtaining results (i) General Post Processor— results summary — click ok (ii) General Post Processor—> read results — first set (i Note DMX= \General Post Processor—> plot results > deformed shape —> def + undeformed — click ok (iv) Utility Menu — Plot controls —> animate + Deformed shape — time delay 2 (v) General Post Processor— read results + next set (vi)General Post Processor—> plot results —> deformed shape —> def + undefo kok Note =DMX= eo wd (vii) Utility Menu — Plot controls —+ animate —> Deformed shape aitimetelay 9 (vill) Utility Menu— Plot controls + write meta file mag White save the image in local drives « (ix)General Post Processor— read results > next set yy (x) General Post Processor plot results — deforr — def + undeformed + click ok Note DMX= S. (xi)Utility Menu —+ Plot controls > animatg Pos formed shape —> time delay .2 (ail) Uilty Menu-+ Plot controls» yrtemetile invert black! white-» save the image in local drives a, YQ ° (xiii) General Post Processong+ read Fesults — next set (xiv) General Post 1» plot results —> deformed shape —> def+ undeformed — click ok Note ow) U controls + animate —> Deformed shape — time delay .2 (xvi) Uti jot controls — write meta file + invert black/ white—> save the image in local (xvii) General Post Processor read results > next set (xviii) General Post Processor— plot results > deformed shape — def + undeformed — click ok Note ~DMX= (xix) Utility Menu + Plot controls + animate — Deformed shape — time delay 2 (xx) Utility Menu Plot controls + write meta file — invert black/ white— save the image in local drives RESULT: ‘Thus the modal analysis has been done on cantilever beam and mode shapes have been obtained. 29 www. Vidyarthiplus.comBe sm " ie a weg) | si ea es me mw ' 1 CY a Me —— 858.294 pie =6. 569 Cantilever Beam Modes Shapes 30 www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ MODAL ANALYSIS OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM. Ex 1 Date: AIM: To do the dynamic analysis of a cantilever beam using ANSYS software. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for simply supported beam is given for analysis, there by the corresponding mode shape is to be drafted. Ex=210 Gpa=210000N/mm? PRXY=0.3 , Density=7.85 *10° N/mm? ani All the dimensions throughout the analysis are in ‘milli PROCEDURE: ~ 1, PREFERENCES 4 “YY @ Main menu — preferences > structural Q 2. PRE PROCESSOR ~ Define the Problem wy (i) Main menu —+ Pre Processor —> Element ty} mS J edit ‘delete add —+ beam 2D elastic 3 — ok > close (i) Main menu — Pre Processor ~ real eqns — add/edit elete—~ add — ok — AREA 100, IZZ = 10/12, HEIGHT=10. An, (iii) Main menu — Pre Process8r itefial props —* Material models — structural —linear clastic —+ isotropic > ex?! (000, PRXY=.3— close (iv) Main Processor —> Material props — Material models — structural 10) — close (vy) Mai rocessor — modeling + create + key points + In active CS— kp 1=0,0. — OK (vi) Main menu. — Pre Processor — modeling + create —>Lines —> line straight lines— click kp, kp2— press ok (vii) Main menu — Pre Processor > meshing —> size entrls + manual size — lines —> all lines —> no of clement divisions —> 200 (viii) Main menu — Pre Processor —> meshing —> mesh — lines — click the line —+ press ok (ix) Solution + analysis type > new analysis + modal > ok (x) Solution — analysis type — analysis options > sub space —> No of modes to extract =3 > No of modes to expand=5 ok + ok (xi), Main menu — Pre Processor —>loads —> define loads > apply > structural —> displacement > on key points — select kp1 and kp2— click ok > Ux,Uy=0.. 34 www. Vidyarthiplus.com3. SOLUTION ~ Solve the problem (i) Solution + solve + current LS— ok GENERAL POST PROCESSOR — Obtaining results (i) General Post Processor— results summary — click ok (ii) General Post Processor read results — first set General Post Processor—+ plot results — deformed shape — def + undeformed — click ok Note | DMX= (iv) Utility Menu — Plot controls — animate —+ Deformed shape — time delay .2 (v) General Post Processor— read results > next set (vi) General Post Processor— plot results + deformed shape + def + undeformed —click ok Note DMX= ~ Menu — Plot controls = animate + Deformed shape — time delay (viii) Utility Menu— Plot controls —> write meta file + invert black/ white—-sa¥e,the image in local drives & (ix) General Post Processor—> read results > next set (x) General Post Processor plot results > deformed sl = undeformed — click ok Note | DMX= “nN Gi) Ut (xii) Uti Menu — Plot controls > animate —+ oe — time delay .2 Menu Plot controls —> write meta these black’ white— save the image in local drives (xiii) General Post Processor— read results: n8xt set (xiv) General Post Processor plot ei deformed shape — def + undeformed — click ok Note DMX= A (4x) Uility Menu ~ Plot cota + animate + Deformed shape ~ time delay 2 (xvi) Utility M jontrols ~>+ write meta file + invert black/ white— save the image in local drives (xvii)Ger 1+ read results + next set (xviii) Ge ssor— plot results — deformed shape — def'+ undeformed — click ok Not (xix) Utility Menu — Plot controls > animate —> Deformed shape — time delay .2 (xx) Utility Menu— Plot controls —> write meta file + invert black/ white— save the image in local drives RESULT: ‘Thus the modal analysis has been done on simply supported beam and mode shapes have been obtained www. Vidyarthiplus comaren sm mast mas sux] | am wee] | we La ma easy wey rac z DISPLACE! STEP=1 FREQ-140: Da =.07 Simply Supported Beam Mode Shape 33, www. Vidyarthiplus.comMODAL ANALYSIS OF FIXED BEAM Ex 1 AIM: Date: To do the dynamic analysis of a fixed beam using ANSYS software, PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for fixed beam is given for analysis, there by the corresponding mode shape is to be drafted Ex=210 Gpa~210000N/mm? , PRXY=0.3 ,Density-7.85 #10? Nimm* A\ll the dimensions throughout the analysis are in ‘millifii@ters’ PROCEDURE: L “YY 1, PREFERENCES (i) Main menu + preferences + structural ‘~~ 2. PRE PROCESSOR = Define the Problem > / edit /delete— add — beam 2D elastic 3 (i) Main menu — Pre Processor > Element t = ok — close i) Main menu — Pre Processor — real a + add /edit delete add + ok + AREA = 100, IZZ= 104/12, HEIGHT=10. | Ww > Main menu — Pre Prose Sa props — Material models — structural linear > isotropi 10000, PRXY=.3— close Processor — Material props — Material models — structural ) + close ‘ocessor —+ modeling —> create — key points — In active CS kp1=0, 0. — OK (vi) Main menu — Pre Processor > modeling — create —rLines —+ line— straight lines— click kpl, kp2— press ok (vii) Main menu — Pre Processor + meshing — size entrls —> manual size — lines —+ all lines —> no of element divisions —> 200 (viii) Main menu — Pre Processor —> meshing —> mesh — lines — click the line > press ok (ix) Solution + analysis type + new analysis > modal > ok (x) Solution — analysis type — analysis options + sub space — No of modes to extract =5 —> No of modes to expand=5 ok — ok (xi) Main menu — Pre Processor —>loads —» define loads + apply — structural —+ displacement —> on key points select kpl and kp2— click al All DOF=0 3 www. Vidyarthiplus.com3. SOLUTION — Solve the problem (i) Solution + solve > current LS— ok 4, GENERAL POST PROCESSOR ~ Obtaining results (i) General Post Processor— results summary — click ok (ii) General Post Processor read results — first set (ii)General Post Processor plot results + deformed shape + def + undeformed — click ok Note = DM: (iv) Utility Menu — Plot controls — animate —> Deformed shape —> time delay .2 (¥) General Post Processor— read results — next set (vi)General Post Processor» plot results —+ deformed shape —» def + undeformed — click ok Note DMX= > (vii) Utility Menu — Plot controls > animate —> Deformed shape — time dela (viii) Utility Menu Plot controls > write meta file > invert black/ = the image in local drives (ix)General Post Processor— read results — next set (x) General Post Processor plot results + deformed a undeformed — click ok Note DMX= (xi) Utility Menu > Plot controls > animate > pager rape — time delay .2 (xii) Utility Menu Plot controls > write meta < vert black/ white— save the image in local drives (xiii) General Post Processor— read res} iD Iext set (xiv) General Post Processor Boal deformed shape — def + undeformed — elick ok Note DMX= A contféls animate —> Deformed shape — time delay .2 ‘ontrols > write meta file —+ invert black/ white—r save the image in local ‘essor— read results — next set .essor— plot results +> deformed shape — def + undeformed — click ok Note DMX= (xix) Utility Menu + Plot controls + animate + Deformed shape — time delay 2 (xx) Utility Menu Plot controls write meta file + invert black/ white» save the image in local drives RESULT: ‘Thus the modal analysis has been done on fixed beam and mode shapes have been obtained, 35 www. Vidyarthiplus.com1 ‘SEP 07 2016 e952 rere SEP 07 2018 wists Haeat he r err SEP 07 2016] sree He maowze, toi aad Fixed Beam Mode Shapes 36 www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ HARMONIC ANALYSIS OF A 2D COMPONENT Ex no:9 Date : AIM To conduct the harmonic analysis of a 2D component by using ANSYS software PROBLEM DESCRIPTION: Here the specification for cantilever beam is given for analysis, there by the corresponding harmonic response is to be drafted. a PROCEDURE | Preprocessor - Element type - Add/Edit/Delete ~ Add ~ mene 2. Real constants - Add/Edit/Delete — Add — Ok — Area eA‘ '3e-9, Height 0.01 — Ok.Close. ° * Isotropic — EX 206e9, Prx 3.Material props - Material Models —Structural — Linear — Ff 0.25 ~ Ok Density ~ DENS 7830 - Ok. oY ter the coordinate values - Ok. Lines —lines. — 4.Modeling ~ Create ~ Key points ~ Inactive CS Straight Line — Join the two key points ~ Ok”, 5. Meshing ~ Size Cntrls ~ manual si iwi ~all lines ~ Enter the value of no of element divisions 25 —Ok.Mesh ~ Lines ~ Sele «te Os: i analysis — Harmonie — Ok. Analysis type — Analysis options ‘Ok- Use the default settings ~ Ok — Apply — Structural — Displacement - On nodes ~ Select the node point Force/Moment ~ On Nodes ~ select the node 2 Ok ~ Direction of 6. Solution - Analysis — Full, Re: 7. Solutio: Ok ~ foree/m: part of force/mom -100 — Ok. Load step Opts —Time/Frequency — Freq and Substps — Enter the values of Harmonic freq range 1-100,Number of sub steps 100, Stepped - Ok. 8. Solve Current LS ~ Ok ~ Solution is done ~ Close. 9, TimeHistpostpro — Variable Viewer ~ Click “Add” icon — Nodal Solution ~ DOF Solution — Y- ‘Component of displacement ~ Ok — Enter 2 ~ Ok. Click “List data” ieon and view the amplitude list. Click “Graph” icon and view the graph. To get a better view of the response, view the log scale of UY. Plotetrls—Style— Graphs ~ Modify axes~ Select Y axis scale as Logarithmic — Ok. Plot — Replot —Now we can see the better view. 10, File-Report Generator-Choose Append-OK—Image Capture-Ok - Close.(Capture all images) RESULT Thus the harmonic analysis of 2D component is done by using the ANSYS Software ww Vidyarthiptu omrz postae — y oe we Ss ‘se 1s 205| Harmonic Analysis 38 www. Vidyarthiplus.comINTRODUCTION TO MATLAB Ex. No: 10 Date: Introduction: The MATLAB high-performance language for technical computing integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical Notation. Typical uses include + Math and computation + Algorithm development * Data acquisition * Modeling, simulation, and prototyping + Data analysis, exploration, and visualization * Scientific and engineering graphics + Application development, Including graphical user interface building MATLAB is angie system whose basic data clement is an array that does not require dimensionin he you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and Anion, ina fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar no ito such as C or FORTRAN. The name MATLAB stands for matrix@laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix sofiware develnoby the LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix computation,” input and output devices such as fimetion generators and oscilloscopes. Simulink is integrated with MATLAB and data can be easily transferred between the programs. In these tutorials, we will apply Simulink to the examples from the MATLAB tutorials to model the systems, build controllers, and simulate the systems. Simulink is supported on Unix, Macintosh, and Windows environments; and is included in the student version of MATLAB for personal computers. The idea behind these tutorials is that you can-view them in one window while running Simulink in another window. System model files can be downloaded from the tutorials and opened in Simulink. You will modify and extend these system while learning to use Simulink for system modeling, control, and simulation. 39 www. Vidyarthiplus.comDo not confuse the windows, icons, and menus in the tutorials for your actual Simulink windows. ‘Most images in these tutorials are not live - they simply display what you should see in your own Simulink windows. All Simulink operations should be done in your Simulink windows. 1. Starting Simulink Model Files Basie Elements Running Simulations yee N Building Systems Starting Simulink Simulink is started from the MATLAB command prompt by entering the following command: >> Simulink Pigments Disuratee Mouel Veuication Pe sageenre Suretestt) Mluck Discontinuitiss Looky | abies Math Anerations Model Yonica Maro! Wire tins Signal Autiibutes Signe! Nouring, Sinke UeeeD ela Pursues Open the modeling window with New then Model from the File menu on the Simulink Library Browser as shown above. This will bring up a new untitled modeling window shown below. www. Vidyarthiplus.comModel Files In Simulink, a model is a collection of blocks which, in general, represents a system. In addition to drawing a model into a blank model window, previously saved model files can be loaded cither from the File menu or from the MATLAB command prompt, You can open saved files in Simulink by entering the following command in the MATLAB command window. (Alternatively, you can load a file using the Open option in the File menu in Simulink, or by hitting Ctrl+O in Simulink.) >> filename The following is an example model window. A new model can be created by selecting New from the File menu in any window (or by hitting Crl+N), Basic Elements @ 8 There are two major classes of items in Simulink: blocks¢and@lines. Blocks are used to generate, modify, combine, ouput, and display signals. Lingsaf@ystd to transfer signals from one block to another. ~~ Blocks There are several general classes of blocks: ©. e = Conti + Discontinuous + Discrete Look-Up Tables Math Operations Model Verification E 2 2 a + Sinks: Used to output or display signals + Sources: Used to generate various signals * User-Defined Functions + Discrete: Linear, discrete-time system elements (transfer fimetions, state-space models, etc.) + Linear: Linear, continuous-time system elements and connections (summing junctions, gains, etc.) + Nonlinear: Nonlinear operators (arbitrary functions, saturation, delay, ete.) + Connections: Multiplex, DE multiplex, System Macros, ete, 41 www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ Blocks have zero to several input terminals and zero to several output terminals, Unused input terminals are indicated by a small open triangle. Unused output terminals are indicated by a small triangular point, The block shown below has an unused input terminal on the left and an unused output terminal on the tight. Lines Lines transmit signals in the direction indicated by the arrow. Lines must always transmit signals from the output terminal of one block to the input terminal of another block. One exception to this is a line can tap off of another line, splitting the signal to cach of two destination blocks, as shown below. Lines can never inject a signal into another line; lines must be combined through the use of a block such as a summing junetion. A signal can be cither a scalar signal or a vector signal. For angi ane Output systems, scalar signals are generally used. For Multi-Input, Multi-Output syStenis, vector signals are often used, consisting of two or more scalar signals. The lines use insmit scalar and vector signals are identical. The type of signal carried by « line is det the blocks on either end of the line. Simple Example ~~ The simple model (from the model files ba) Yonsits of three blocks Step, Transfer Fen, and Scope. The Step is a souree block fro a step input signal originates. This signal is 4 transferred through the line in on linear block. ‘The Transfer Function (nde its input signal and outputs a new signal ona line to indicated by the arrow to the Transfer Function the Scope. The Scope isa sig HloaMpsed to display signal much like an oscilloscope pre types of blocks available in Simulink, some of which will be discussed later. Righ amine just the three we have used in the simple model. A block ‘can be modified by double-clicking on it, For example, if you double- click on the"Transfer Fen" block in the simple model, you will see the following dialog box.This dialog box contains fields for the numerator and the denominator of the block's transfer function. By entering a vector containing the coefficients of the desired numerator or denominator polynomial, the desired transfer function can be entered, For example, to change the denominator to s*2+2s+1, enter the following into the denominator field:{1 2 1Jand hit the close button, the model window will change to the following:which reflects the change in the denominator of the transfer function.The "step" block can also be double-clicked, bringing up the following dialog The default parameters in this dialog box generate a step function occurring at time=I sce, from an initial level of zero to a level of 1. (in other words, a unit step at t-1). Each of these parameters can be changed. Close this dialog 42 www. Vidyarthiplus.combefore continuing ‘The most complicated of these three blocks is the "Scope" block. Double clicking on this brings up a blank oscilloscope screen When a simulation is performed, the signal which feeds into the scope will be displayed in this window, Detailed operation of the scope will not be covered in this tutorial. The only function we will use is the autoscale button, which appears as a pair of binoculars in the upper portion of the window. Running Simulations To run a simulation, we will work with the following model file: simple2.mdl Download and open this file in Sinmulink following the previous mci file. ‘You should see the following model window. o Before running a simulation of this system, first open thaseope window by double- clicking on the scope block. Then, to start the simulation, éithe?sclect Start from the ‘Simulation menu (as shown below) or hit Ctrl-T in the model sn The simulation should run very quickly and the & \dow will appear as shown below. Tf it doesn't, just double click on the block labeled " Eo Note that the simulation output (shown wd at a very low level relative to the axes of the scope. To fix this, hit the auto scale ww inoculars), this will rescale the axes as shown betow. Fenn Note thatthe step respons om Begin until (1. This can be changed by double-clicking ill on the "step" block. Now, ~<' ange the parameters of the system and simulate the system again, Double~ ranster Fen” block in the model window and change the denominator lation (hit Ctrl-T) and you should see what appears as a flat line in the scope window. Hit the autoscale button, and you should see the following in the scope window.Drag the Step block from the sources window into the left side of your model window. From the Simulink Library Browser, drag the Sum and Gain from "Math Operations" option found under the Simulink title. 43 www. Vidyarthiplus.comBis Edt View Simian Fmat Toole Hobs a Oe ae) OMe > = eel aoe os ‘Res eS Switch to the "Continuous" option and drag two instances of the Transfer Fen(de it two times) into your model window arranged approximately as shown below. The ¢: jgnment is not important since it can be changed Inter. Just try to get the correct relativew Magis. Notice that the second Transfer Function block has a | after its name. Since no two, biog knay have the same name, Simulink automatically appends numbers following the 1 > blocks to differentiate on the "Sinks" option then drag over na Follow these steps to properly modify the blocks in between them.C! Modify Blocks > Double-click your Sum block. Since y oo want the second input to be subtracted, center +- into the list of signs field. Close tiPdialog box. > Double-click your Gain block. Chapg@the gain to 2.5 and close the dialog box. To tap off the output line, hold seca i line where you want to tap o While dragging the mouse from the point on the existing se, start just to the right of the Plant. Drag until you get to the lower left co} jred feedback signal line as shown below. Finally, y s in your model to identify the signals. To place a label anywhere in your model, dot leading f 12 point you want the label to be. Start by double clicking above the line ep block. You will get a blank text box with an editing cursor as shown below > Double-click the leftmost Transfer Function block. Change the numerator to [1 2] and the denominator to [1 0]. Close the dialog box. > — Double-click the rightmost Transfer Function block. Leave the numerator [1], but change the denominator to [1 2.4]. Close the dialog box. Your model should appear as: % — Change the name of the first Transfer Function block by clicking on the words "Transfer Fen". A box and an editing cursor will appear on the block’s name as shown below. Use the keyboard (the mouse is also useful) to delete the existing name and type in the new name, "PI Controller". Click anywhere outside the name box to finish editing. Similarly, change the name of the second Transfer Funetion block from "Transfer Fen!" to "Plant". Now, all the blocks are entered 44 www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ properly. Your model should appear as: Now that the blocks are properly laid out, you will now connect them together. Follow these steps. Drag the mouse from the output terminal of the Step block to the upper (positive) input of the Sum block. Let go of the mouse button only when the mouse is right on th iput terminal. Do not worry about the path you follow while dragging, the line will route itself, You should see the following. The resulting line should have a filled arrowhead. Ifthe arrowhead is open, as shown below, it means it is not connected to anything. You can continue the partial line you just drew by treating the open arrowhead as an output terminal and drawing just as before. Alternatively, if you want to nay line, or if the line connected to the wrong terminal, you should delete the line and ey delete a line (or any other object), simply click on it to select it, and hit the delete v The line remaining to be drawn is the feedback signal connecting output of the Plant to the negative input of the Sum block. Thi line is different in fiyo ways. First, since this line loops around and docs not simply follow the shortest (ri Pde so it needs to be drawn in several stages. Second, there is no output terminal a existing line, > ‘Type aa rin this bor, Ibeling the reference signajMMy Mek outside it to end editing. Label the error (e) signal, the contro} al, and the output (y) signal in the same manner. Your final mode! should appear as: 4 4%), To save your model, select Sav€ File menu and type in any desired model name. mm, so the line has to tap off of an Simulation Now Kiel is complete, you can sinulate the model. Select Start from the the simulation, Double-click on the Scope block to view its output. binoculars) and you should see the following. MATLAB In some eases, parameters, such as gain, may be calculated in MATLAB to be used in a Simulink model. If this is the case, it is not necessary to enter the result of the MATLAB calculation directly, MATLAB in the vat le K. Emulate (0 Simulink. For example, suppose we calculated the gai this by entering the following command at the MATLAB command prompt.K=2.5 This variable can now be used in the Simulink Gain block. In your Simulink model, double-click on the Gain block and enter the following in the Gain field.Close this dialog box. Notice now that the Gain block in the Simulink model shows the variable K rather than a number.Now, you ean re-run the simulation and view the output on the Scope. The result should be the same as before. 45, www. Vidyarthiplus.comSIMULATION OF SPRING ~ MASS SYSTEM Writing Matlab Funetions: Damped spring system In this example, we will create a Simulink model for a mass attached to a. i a spring with a linear damping foree. A mass on a spring with a velocity-dependant damping force -* dependant force acting upon it will behave according to the following equation: Mxtextkx= FO The model will be formed around this equation. In ge "is the equivalent mass of the systems? is the damping constant; and (is the cogstag, Wythe stiftness of the spring, First we ant to rearrange the above equation so that itis i Ne acceleration; then we will integrate to get the expressions for velocity and position. Refitranging the equation to accomplish this, we get: |, we start with a ‘Step’ block and a ‘gain’ block. The gain block represents e equal to 5. We also know that we will need to integrate twice, that we tations together, and that there are two more constants to consider. The act on the velocity, that is, after the first integration, and the constant 'k! will act 61 the position, or after the second integration. Let ¢ = 0.35 and let k= 0.5. Laying all these block out to get an idea of how to put them together, we get: By looking at the equation in terms of acceleration, it is clear that the damping term and spring term are summed negatively, while the mass term is still positive. To add places and change signs of terms being summed, double-click on the sum function block and edit the list of | signs: Once we have added places and corrected the signs for the sum block, we need only connect the lines to their appropriate places. To be able to see what is happening with this spring system, we add a'scope’ block and add it as follows: 46 www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ The values of 'm’,'c’ and ‘k' can be altered to test cases of under-damping, critical- damping and over-damping. To accurately use the scope, right-click the graph and select "Auto scale SIMULATION OF AIR-CONDITIONING OF A HOUSE Air Conditioning of a House: Simulation of Room Heater Thi illustrates how we can use Simulink to ereate the Air Conditioning of a house- Room Heater. This system depends onthe outdoor environment, the thermal characteristies of the house, and the house heating system. The air_condition1.m file initializes data in the model workspace. To ‘make changes, we can edit the model workspace directly or edit the m-file and re-load the model workspace. Opening the Model “a . code and In the MATLAB window, load the model by executing the following code ( press F9 to evaluate selection). mdI~ open system(ndl); we & When the model is opened, it loads the infor The House Heating Model >. the house from the air condition lm fille, The M-file does the following: at Defines the house geometry (size, m wl indows) Specifies the thermal properties of house condition01”; Model Initialization materials Calculates the ther mal rit 1e@ of the house Provides the heater characteristics (temperature of the hot sss i the cost of electricity (Rs.4.00/kWhr) Specifies the deg initial room tem ‘elsius = 50 deg. Fahrenheit) Note: Tim (not per its of hours. Certain quantities, like air flow-rate, are expressed per hour "Set Point” is a constant block. It specifies the temperature that must be maintained indoors. It is, set at 86 degrees Fahrenheit which is equal to 30 degrees Centigrade. By default, Temperatures are given in Fahrenheit, but then are converted to Celsius to perform the calculations. Thermostat "Thermostat" is a subsystem that contains a Relay block. The thermostat allows fluctuations of 5 degrees Fahrenheit above or below the desired room temperature. If air temperature drops below 81 degrees Fahrenheit, the thermostat tums on the heater.We can see the Thermostat subsystem by the following command in MATLAB Command window. Open system({madl, Thermostat’); 47 www. Vidyarthiplus.com—___www..vidyarthiplus.com———___ Ucater "Heater" is a subsystem that has a constant air flow rate, "Mdot", which is specified in the air_condition.m M-file, The thermostat signal tums the heater on or off. When the heater is on, it blows hot air at temperature T Heater (50 degrees Celsius = 122 degrees Fahrenheit by default) at a constant flow rate of Mdot (1kg/see = 3600kg/hr by default).The heat flow into the room expressed by the Equation |: (dQ/dt) = (T heats Troom)*Mdot*e Where ¢ is the heat capacity of air at constant pressure, We can see the Heater subsystem by the following command in MATLAB Command window. Open system ({mdl,/Heater')); Cost Calculator a "Cost Calculator" is a Gain block. "Cost Calculator” integrates the heat flow time and Sore House w "House" is a subsystem that calculates room temperature variations, dt Re multi ies it by the energy cost.The cost of heating is plotted in the "Plot Re: to consideration the time derivative are expressed by Equation 2. é heat flow from the heater and heat losses to the = losses and the temperature Equation 2.(dQ/dt)Iosses=(Troom ~ Tout) / Req, a h Where Req is the equivalent thermal resistance o tem by the following command in MATLAB Command window. Ss A We model the environm: Den sink with infinite heat capacity and time varying use. We can see the House subs ‘open_system({mdl,/House']); constant block "Avg Outdoor Temp" specifies the average air and visualize the results Open the "PlofResults" scope to visualize the results. The heat cost and indoor versus outdoor temperatures are plotted on the scope. The temperature outdoor varies sinusoidally, whereas the indoors temperature is maintained within 5 degrees Fahrenheit of "Set Point". Time axis is labeled in hours. evale(‘sim(mdl)); Open system({mdl /PlotResults'), Remarks:This particular model is designed to calculate the heating costs only. If the temperature of the outside air is higher than the room temperature, the room temperature will exceed the desired "Set Point”. Result: Thus the basics of MATLAB are studied, 48 www. Vidyarthiplus.comSIMULATION OF AN ACCUMULATOR Ex. No: La) Date: Ai To perform simulation of an accumulator using C Problem Statement: ‘An accumulator is loaded with 400 KN weight. The diameter of rum is 300 mm and has a stroke length of 6 m. If friction is taken as 5%, It takes two minutes to fall through full stroke, Find the total work supplied and power delivered using C or Matlab. The flow rate of the fluid is 0.0075 m/sec while accumulator descends with stated veldRity. Take density of fluid as 1000 Nim? Programming Language: C Program: #includecstdio.h> 4 #inelude O #inchude #ineludecmath. h> int main() { float s1=0.0,w=0.0,d=0.0,£-0.0,a=0.0,p=0.0,h=0.0,ds=0.0, float Is=0.0,t=0.0,nl=0.0,ws=0.0,tw=0.0,p printf("\nEnter stroke length"); scanft"%F",&sl); printf("\nEnter time taken for completion of strok@s> ' scanft"%6f",&t); # printi("\wEnter the piston foree seantt"4P'w); as printf("\nEnter friction value seantt"%l" seantt"%P", printf(" scanf("%t 11/100; an(3.14/4)*(d*d); nl=w*(1-t); we=nl¥(slt); p>(al/a); h=p/(10009.81); ws-(9810"ls) "hi; tw=wd ws; print{("»Total work supplied to the hydraulie machine in kNm=%P",0"); pa=twit printf("'nPower delivered in kw= %f"spd); getch(s 1 "J; 49 www. Vidyarthiplus.comInput Parameters: Stroke length Time taken for completion of a stroke Piston force Friction value Diameter of ram Flow rate Output Parameters: Total work supplied to the hydraulie machine in kNmn = 59.339699 Power delivered in kw = 0.494497 Result: ‘Thus simulation of an accumulator has been done using C 50 www. Vidyarthiplus.comLINEAR DAMPING FORCE Ex.no:1L.b) Date: Aim ‘The model for a mass attached to a spring with a linear damping force Problem Statement: The response of an undamped single degree of freedom oscillator subject to varied mass and stiness parameters. Here we will do the same for a damped single degree of freedom system. Again, we begin with the equation of motion, given the system of Figure 3.1, A simple static analysis ...nds that ‘our equation is: If we divide through by m, we introduce the dimensionless parameters! And In the above, !n represents the undamped natural frequency, and is neous damping ratio. For the purposes of this example, we will assume the under dees (<1). The solution x(t)=Ae ™ sintat+): “YY In Equation 3.3, fa is the damped natural frequency, wat 1 This equation is more useful if we write all of the ROG tions of parameters! PROGRAM Programming Language: C o A to this equation is: Initial value entry. %4The while loop in the zeta =e prevents %certain values for zeta from being entered, since such Yovalues ‘the program. x0=input( displacement. *); yO=input locity. "); for 2i-1:3 while(zeta(zi)<0 j zeta(zi}>—1) % The pipe (j) means “or”. zeta(zi)-input(["Enter damping coeg cient value ; num2str(zi),’."); if (zeta(zi)>=I j zeta(zi)<0) fprintf(’Zeta must be between 0 and 11”); zeta(zi)=12; end eng eng. % 51 www. Vidyarthiplus.com‘%Now, having ta and , the ta values can be found. % for i-1:3 wa(i)-wn" sqrt(1-zeta(i)"2); end % ‘%Solving for the response. Note the use of the array Yommultiplication command (.*) in the expression for x(t). “This command is necessary, else the program gives a %mmultiplication error. % t=0:191000:tF, for j=1:3 aasqrt((wn*x0*zeta(j)+v0)2+(x0" wd ()))2)/wd (i); phi=atan2(wd(j)*x0,v0+zeta(j)*wn*x0); x(j,:)=a7exp(- zeta(jy*wn*t).*sin(waGj)*t-phi); 7 > a 9 %Now, the program plots the results in a subplot format. c % subplot(3,1,1) plot(tx(1,2)) title({’ Response for zeta~’ num2str(zeta(1))]) ylabel(’ Response yy grid subplot(3,1,2) plot(t,x(2.2)) a title({’Response for zeta~", num2str(zeta(2))]) ylabel(’Re: e grid subplot(3,1,3) plot(t,x(3,2)) title([’Response for zeta", num2str(zeta(3))]) sg Rie x) xlabel(*Time, seconds’) grid < Result: The model for a mass attached to a spring with a linear damping force has been done using C. 52 www. Vidyarthiplus.comSIMULATION OF CAM AND FOLLOWER Ex. No: 12 Date : Ai To perform simulation of cam and follower using C. Problem Statement: A cam is to operate a flat faced follower having uniform acceleration and deceleration. The least radius of cam is 50 mm. During descent the deceleration period is half of the acceleration period, The ascent liftis 37.5 mm, The ascent is for one fourth period, dwell for one third and remaining is descent. The cam rotates at 600 rpm, Simulate using C or Matlab to determine the maximum velocity during ascent and descent. > Programming Language: C . 9 Program: we #include ‘inelude we & b> int main) ay t PS < float n,w.s1.s,out.n,outr,inr,vo.a0,vr.ar: » printf("\nEnter speed of waranty i O - scanf("%f",&n); w=(2*3.14*n)/€ es printf("wnEnter the cam Tiffen’) scanf(""t" 4 #includestdlil int al,a2; t period "); seanf("%t",Sin); outr=(3.14/180)*out; inr=(3.14/180)*in; vo=(2*w*s)fout; 20=(4*w4w's)(outr*outr); vi-(2*w*syinr; ar=(44w*w's)(inr*inr); printf("\nAngular velocity = %f "w); printf("\n\nOUTWARD STROKE"); printf("\n Maximum velocity = %f ",vo); 53 www. Vidyarthiplus.comprintf("\nMaximum acceleration =%f ",a0); print{(""\\uRETURN STROKE") printi("\nMaximum velocity =f ".vr); print{("\nMaximum acceleration = %f ",ar); geteh(); 1 Input Parameters: Speed of rotation Cam lift ‘Cam ascent period Cam descent period Output Parameters: Angular velocity = 25.120001 OUTWARD STROKE — Maximum velocity = 1.280000 Maximum acceleration ~404 RETURN STROKE, sy Maximum velocity ~ 1.920000 Maximum acceler 160011 Result: ‘Thus simulation of an cam and follower has been done using C 54 www. Vidyarthiplus.comww vidyarthiplus.com ——s——e—E VIVA QUESTIONS 1. Theories of failure. a. Maximum Principal Stress Theory- A material in complex state of stress fails, when the maximum principal stress in it reaches the value of stress at elastic limit in simple tension. b. Maximum Shear Stress Theory- A material in complex state of stress fails when the maximum shearing stress in it reaches the value of shearing stress at clastic limit in uniaxial tension test. c. Maximum Principal Strain Theory-Failure in a complex system occurs when the maximum strain in it reaches the value of the strain in uniaxial stress at elasti limit. 4d. Maximum Strain Energy Theory- A material in complex state of stress fails when the maximum strain energy per unit volume at a point reaches the value of strain energy per unit volume at elastic limit in simple tension test. €. Maximum Distortion Energy Theory-This theory is also known as Von-Mises caifStig, Yor failure of clastic bodies. According to this theory part of strain energy causes only cea volume of the material and rest of it causes distortion. At failure the energy causing dis\é#u®n-per unit volume is equal to the distortion energy per unit volume in uniaxial state of stress af elaStie Timit 2. What is factor of safety? . ‘The maximum stress to which any member is designed is sale ess ‘han the ultimate stress and this stress is called working stress, The ratio of ultimate stressto R@rking stress is called factor of safety What is Endurance li The max stress at whi endurance limit. 4. Define: Modulus of rigidity, Bulk modulus Modulus of rigidity: It is defined as the > aa g Stress to shearing strain within elastic limit, Bulk modulus: It is defined as the ratio. oftidentical pressure ‘p*acting in three motwally perpendicular direotions to corresponding volumetrig stiains \ 5. What is proof resilience? “tg, The maximumestraim Energy which can be stored by a body without undergoing permanent deformation is elses resilience. 6. Whatis, shear foree di A Diner eos dinate se epresent shear force and abscissa represents the position of the section is called SED. 7. Whats bending moment diagram? A Diagram in which ordinate represents bending moment and abscissa represents the position of the section is called BMD. 8. Assumptions in simple theory of bending. The beam is initially straight and every layer of it is free to expand or contract. b. The material is homogeneous and isotropic. ©. Young’s modulus is same in tension and compression. 4. Stresses are within elastic limit, e £ Plane section remains plane even after bending. The radius of curvature is large compared to depth of beam. 9. State the three phases of finite element method. Preprocessing, Analysis & Post processing www. Vidyarthiplus.comwww.vidyarthiplus.com 10, What are the h and p versions of finite element method? Both are used to improve the accuracy of the finite element method. In h version, the order of polynomial approximation for all elements is kept constant and the numbers of elements are increased. In p version, the numbers of elements are maintained constant and the order of polynomial approximation of element is increased. 11, Whatis the difference between static analysis and dynamic analysis? Static analysis: The solution of the problem does not vary with time is known as static analysis. B.g.: stress analysis on a beam. Dynamic analysis: The solution of the problem varies with time is known as dynamic analysis. B.g: vibration analysis problem. 12. What are Global coordinates? The points in the entire structure are defined using coordinates system is known ‘al coordinate system. 13. What are natural coordinates? A natural coordinate system is used to define any point inside the émenf’ by a set of dimensionless number whose magnitude never exceeds unity. This system is ven in assembling of stiffness matrices. ° Three node triangular elements are known as constant tai ‘riangular element. It has 6 unknown degrees of freedom called ul, vi, u2, v2, u3, v3. Th¥elément is called CST because it has constant strain throughout it, e AY 14, What is a CST element? ~. 0 15, Define shape function. In finite element method, field variables oe element are generally expressed by the following approximate relation:® (x.y) = i 2(x,y) O2+N3(x,y) O3+NA(x,y) ©4 where Ol, 02, 63 and 4 are the values of tea ables at the nodes and NI, N2, N3 and N4 are interpolation function, N1, N2, N3, N4 are’all€d,3Bape functions because they are used to express the geometry or shape of the element. a) 16. What are ics of shape function? Fthe Shape functions are as follows: fn fras unit value at one nodal point and zero value at the other nodes. shape flinctions is equal to one. 17. Why polynomials are generally used as shape function? . ion and integration of polynomials are quite easy. + The accuracy of the results can be improved by increasing the order of the polynomial. + Ibis easy to formulate and computerize the finite element equations 18, State the properties of a stiffness matrix. The properties of the stiffness matrix [K] are: + Iisa symmetric matrix. + The sum of the elements in any column must be equal to zero. + Itis an unstable element, so the determinant is equal to zero. www. Vidyarthiplus.comwww vidyarthiplus.com ————___, 19. What are the difference between boundary value problem and initial value problem? ‘The solution of differential equation obtained for physical problems which satisfies some specified conditions known as boundary conditions. If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with initial conditions then it is known as initial value problem. If the solution of differential equation is obtained together with boundary conditions then it is known as boundary value problem. 20. What is meant by plane stress? Plane stress is defined as a state of stress in which the normal stress (a) and the shear stress directed perpendicular to plane are zero. 21, Define plane strain, Plane strain is defined to be a state of strain in which the strain normal to the xy plane and the shear strains are assumed to be zero, “sy 22. Define Quasi-statie response, eS When the excitations are varying slowly with time then itis called quasi-stati@arésponse. 23. What is a sub parametric element? [n° If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry is less shanith®ntimber of nodes used for defining the displacements is known as sub parametric ele1 24, What is a super parametric element? ° If the number of nodes used for defining the geometry, ny ‘than the number of nodes used for defining the displacements is known as ream lement. , 25, Whatis meant by isoparametric element? If the number of nodes used for defining, the Beometry is same as number of nodes used for defining the displacements then it isteall@dkparametric element. 26. What is the purpose of isopar: wegheete It is difficult to represent the\cilfyed!” boundaries by straight edges finite elements. A large ‘fim used to obtain reasonable resemblance between original body to overcome this drawback, iso parametric elements are used i.e for in igen ved boundaries, a family of elements ‘isoparametric elements’ are used. ln 27. What are cand orthotropic materials? ‘isotropic if its mechanical and thermal properties are the same in all direction pic materials can have homogeneous or non-homogeneous microscopic structures. Orthotropic materials: A material is orthotropic if its mechanical or thermal properties are unique and independent in three mutually perpendicular directions. 28. What is discretization? Discretization is the process of dividing given problem into several smal] elements, connected with nodes www. Vidyarthiplus.com