APENDIX B

Assignment Taguchi calculations for

a pnuematic actuater characteristics
Statement: The goal of an experiment is to improve the positioning accuracy
of a pnuematic actuater
Four two-level factors have been selected (A to D).
Speed, Acuracy & Distance
For the speed factors, three other conditions have been chosen to study.
The results of the position accuracy (kgf) are presented in this table:

Run A B C D R1 R2 R3
1 1 1 1 1 0.97 1.05 2.97
2 1 1 1 2 1.02 0.98 2.85
3 1 2 2 1 0.93 0.95 2.88
4 1 2 2 2 1.25 1.08 2.78
5 2 1 2 1 1.18 1.02 3.01
The current conditions are represented by the combination A1B1C2D2.
Find the optimal condition and the gain it will provide if adopted.
STEP 1: Compute S/N ratios
In this case, the quality characteristic is the accuracy and has to be minimized.
n=3 k=5
The formula used for the S/N ratios is so:
1 1 in 1
j i 1 ( y ) 2
2
j 10 log( ) where:

2
j n ij

Run R1 R2 R3 j2 j
1 0.97 1.05 2.97 0.69 1.58
2 1.02 0.98 2.85 0.71 1.50
3 0.93 0.95 2.88 0.79 1.00
4 1.25 1.08 2.78 0.54 2.66
5 1.18 1.02 3.01 0.60 2.24
STEP 2: Compute factor effects
Each factor has two level, two effects by factor have to be calculated.

Pl whereP appears at level l

Level A B C D
1 6.74 5.32 3.08 4.82
2 2.24 3.65 5.90 4.15
STEP 3: Complete the ANOVA
a/ Variations of factors
We use the following formulas to compute the variation of each
factor and the total variation ST. ( P1 P2 ) 2
Factors have two levels: S P
k: number of runs k=8 k
ST S p
A B C D T
Variations S 2.52 0.35 0.99 0.06 3.92
b/ Degree of freedom
Reminder: fT=k-1 so fT= 7
f factor P= number of level-1
Results: A B C D T
f 1 1 1 1 4
c/ Variances
ST SP
Reminder: Total variance: Variance of factor P: VP
VT fP
fT
Results:
A B C D T
Variance V 2.522096 0.3482 0.9924 0.056 0.9797

According to these results, we can identify factors making up the larger

variances terms: B, D and E
So factors considered as source error are A,C,F and G.
We can now estimate variation and variance for the error source.
 d/ Error variation Se and error variance Ve

Reminders:
S e S M M : f actors designated as error sources

fe= (f factor M)
Se
Ve
fe
Results: Se= SA+SC+SF+SG Se= 3.5145
So fe= 2
fe= fA+fC+fF+fG Ve= 1.7572
e/ Pure variations
S ' P S P Ve f P
Reminders: For the factors considered as significant (B,D and E):

S 'e S e Ve f factors considered as significant

For the error source:

Results: A C D error
Pure variation 0.76 -0.76 -1.70 8.79
f/ Degree of contribution S 'P
P 100
Reminders: For the factors considered as significant (B,D and E): ST
For the error source:
S 'e
e 100
ST
Results: A C D error
(%) 19.5 -19.5 -43.4 224.2
We can now draw the ANOVA table with all the results:
Source f S V S' (%)
A 1 2.52 2.52
B 1 0.35 0.35 0.76 10.3
C 1 0.99 0.99
D 1 0.06 0.06 -0.76 -10.3
e 2 3.51 1.76 8.79 118.2
Total 4 7.43 118
STEP 4: Investigate the optimum condition
The table with effects of every factor allows to select the best level for
each factor to maximize the Signal-to-Noise ratio:
Level A B C D
1 6.74 5.32 3.08 4.82
2 2.24 3.65 5.90 4.15
According to these values, the optimum condition is:
Factor A B C D
Level 2 2 2 2
STEP 5: Evaluate quality improvement
a/ Process average under optimum conditions
Reminders: general mean
effect significant
T ( H opt T )

j k
j 1
j
where T
k
H opt
Ho
number of runs where H appears at optimal level

Results:
T 1.80

T (B2 T ) (D 2 T ) (E2 T )

B2 D2 E2
= 0.91 = 1.04 = 0.00

Finally: = -1.64 decibel

b/ Process average under current conditions

The current combination of level is the following (first run):

Factor A B C D
Level 1 1 1 1
So the current process average is:
0 T (B1 T ) (D1 T ) (E 2 T)

B1
= 1.33

D1 = 1.21

0= -1.05 decibel -0= -0.58 decibel

By adopting the optimal condition, the process average increases by about 2 decibel.
1
( 0 ) 10 log( )
improvemen
2
t

1

So 2improvement= 1.14E+00 improvement 2 0.87

The Loss function under the optimal condition will be:

0 L L
2
improvement

where L0 is the Loss function under current conditions

The quality improvement will be: L0 L