Rasia-Filho
Advan Physiol Educ 30:9-12, 2006. doi:10.1152/advan.00022.2005
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Adv Physiol Educ 30: 9 12, 2006;
doi:10.1152/advan.00022.2005. A Personal View
THE TERMS autonomous or autonomic are commonly used the action of others in a multicellular organization. And this
to identify one part of the nervous system that deals with dynamic relation is in the core of homeostasis, a fundamental
adjustments of widespread physiological variables needed for concept in physiology (4 6). Unfortunately, the term auto-
maintenance of life and occurrence of behaviors. The so-called nomic itself should not be even considered didatic, and, al-
autonomic nervous system (ANS) has been divided in two though it might be considered a subtle incorrectness and a
broad parts: sympathetic and parasympathetic. In addition, a historical contribution, it is actually a conceptual mistake about
third component has been included and is called the enteric nervous organization (3).
nervous system, which differs in structure and function from When thinking of another nomenclature to be employed, the
the two foregoing divisions (2). second term usually used to describe the sympathetic, para-
The definition found in dictionaries for autonomic refers to sympathetic, and gastrointestinal tract neural components is
something that has autonomy, self-government. Autonomy, by vegetative. For example, vegetative nervous system, neu-
its turn, is something that is independent (7, 25). However, rovegetative, or vegetative responses are sometimes em-
there is nothing in our whole indivisible body that is literally ployed instead of ANS or autonomic responses. Notwithstand-
independent, that works without being affected by any other ing, when looking for the meaning of vegetative, one is
system or that can decide, by individual desire, when to addressed to something that is involuntary or passive (like
execute (or not) a given function. If so, imagine what a the growth of plants) or showing little mental activity.
coincidence it must be to behave as we normally do if all parts Involuntary is something that is not done of ones own free
of our organism were embodied with own free will. As will, unintentional, accidental, not consciously controlled, au-
stated, The autonomy of this part of the nervous system is tomatic (7, 25). Let us consider this definition further. The
illusory, since it is intimately responsive to changes in somatic effects of these neurons are not unintentional or passive or
activities (2). All body systems are dependent and affected by involving little mental activity. And these terms are not
synonymous and do not imply the same as not consciously
controlled or unconscious. In sharp contrast with this def-
Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: A. A. Rasia-
Filho, Fundacao Faculdade Federal de Ciencias Medicas, Fisiologia, R.
inition, neural activities are intentionally activated for the
Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre RS 90050-170, Brazil (e-mail: adequacy of the physiological variables according to the on-
rasiafilho@pesquisador.cmpq.br). going needs of the behaving animal. They are not merely
1043-4046/06 $8.00 Copyright 2006 The American Physiological Society 9
A Personal View
10 AUTONOMY IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM?
passive ones or side effects; rather, they should represent the that control blood pressure but also by reciprocal inhibitory
best (or, sometimes, the possible) combination for the organic innervations in the heart wall (1, 15, 17, 22). Both divisions
variables at each moment. These homeostatic adjustments are tonically active and operate in conjunction with each other
(with the afferent and efferent pathways they involve) are and with somatic motor system to regulate most behavior, be it
purposeful and organized concomitantly with behaviors to normal or emergency. Although several visceral functions are
provide basic conditions for their executions, including controlled predominantly by one or other division . . . it is the
those ones with no apparent somatic motor activity modifi- balance of activity between the two that helps maintain an
cations (3, 23). internal stable environment in the face of changing external
In addition, consciousness would not to be an epiphenome- conditions. (14)
non of neuroglial processing of information. Rather, it appears Indeed, these counteractions have to be emphasized because
to be an activity needed for data interpretation and for choice it would be puzzling to find the general purpose for some
decisions (24), although it is very likely that most of nervous physiological variables changes when they are studied isolated.
system function occurs without conscious awareness. If not Integrated, in the context of the need of an adequate behavior,
consciously controlled was considered as a need for being they are logically linked. An animal that is faced with a
considered vegetative, the neurochemical control of body threatening situation has to decide, among different strategies,
weight, basal ganglia implicit memories (10), and the percep- what is apparently the best choice for the conservation of its
tion of backwardly masked fearful faces by the amygdala (9) life and, in a broad sense, of its species. For example, when
should also be included in this same category (and they never sympathetic activation occurs, cardiac output and systemic
occur. Ample and physiological variations can be found in ciated with anticipatory behavioral and physiological re-
some parameters along time (e.g., those described as circadian sponses, and are vulnerable to physiological overload and the
rhythms) or in certain sleep phases, after eating sustaining breakdown of regulatory capacities (16, 20). It is the viability
food, or even in the early days of babyhood. Being repetitive of the internal milieu that is aimed toward when the needs
and under normal situations, a healthy body should bear the exceed the limiting capacity of the system. They can lead to
brunt of them safely during certain periods of time. Obviously, acute adaptations or to chronic situations and can have dam-
some events can be out of control and lead to serious health aging side effects by imposing the establishment of different
hazards; but, should these changes always be harmful to an ranges for some variables, as in the endocrine and immuno-
animal whenever it is faced with a new situation, probably then logical systems (21) or in obesity-related hypertension (12). On
ours and other species would not be here. Cannon (4), in his the other hand, these adaptations would represent that control
book The Wisdom of the Body, addressed this topic: In 1907, systems must be capable of radically reorganizing themselves
Metzer, in an important and suggestive paper, drew attention to in response to long-term changes in circumstances . . . . called
a group of facts which he had gathered to throw light on the ultrastability, the ability to maintain homeostasis not by local
question whether our bodies are organized on a generous or on
hill climbing, small incremental changes in the models param-
a narrowly limited plan. He pointed out that when an engineer
eters, but by a sort of leap to a neighboring peak. (for details,
estimates the weights which a bridge or beam must support, or
see Ref. 5)
the pressures to which a boiler will be subjected, he does not
provide merely for those stresses in building the structure. The Finally, taking into account the end targets that are under
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS man JG, Limbird LE, and Gilman AG. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: McGraw
Hill, 2003, p. 89 117.
Author remains deeply indebted to Dr. Cesar Timo-Iaria (in memoriam) for
14. Iversen SD, Iversen L, and Saper CB. The autonomic nervous system
his incentive and valuable conceptual comments added in the present version
of this manuscript. The author is also grateful to Drs. Katya Rigatto and Pedro and the hypothalamus. In: Principles of Neural Science, edited by Kandel
DallAgo (Fundacao Faculdade Federal de Ciencias Medicas) for their opin- ER, Schwartz JH, and Jessell TM. New York: McGraw Hill, 2000, p.
ions and suggestions on this work. 960 981.
15. Longhurst JC. Neural regulation of the cardiovascular system. In: Fun-
GRANTS damental Neuroscience, edited by Squire LR, Bloom FE, McConell SK,
Roberts JL, Spitzer NC, and Zigmond MJ. San Diego, CA: Academic,
A. A. Rasa-Filho is a Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e 2003, p. 935966.
Tecnologico investigator. 16. McEwen BS and Wingfield JC. The concept of allostasis in biology and
biomedicine. Horm Behav 43: 215, 2003.
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