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TRIPLE INTEGRALS

Let f (x, y, z) be the mass density of a threedimensional solid G at the point (x, y, z)
inside the solid, i.e., the mass density of the solid is not even but varying everywhere
over the solid. If the shape and the dimension of the solid are known, how to calculate
the total mass of the solid? If we subdivide the solid G into small boxes with dimensions
of its side be x, y and z. The volume of each small box is

V = x y z .

Think of the boxes as being arranged in layers, with each layer arranged into rows and
columns. We can then index the boxes so that box ijk refers to the box in the ith row,
the jth column, and the kth layer. For each box, we pick a point in the box to represent
that box. For box ijk, we call that point (xijk , yijk , zijk ). Assuming that the density of
box ijk is constant, i.e., the mass density is f (xijk , yijk , zijk ) everywhere inside the box
ijk. The mass of box ijk is its mass density times volume of the box,

M = f (xijk , yijk , zijk ) V .

The total mass of the solid G is estimated to be the sum of all masses of each box. We
obtain the Riemann sum

M= M = f (xijk , yijk , zijk ) V .
ijk ijk

Let the total number of small boxes go to innity by letting x 0, y 0, and


z 0. The Riemann sum approaches the triple integral over the solid G,

M= lim f (xijk , yijk , zijk ) V = f (x, y, z)dV .
x,y,z0 G
ijk

The triple integral is the total mass of solid G.

Fubinis Theorem
If f (x, y, z) is a continuous function on the cuboid G dened by a x b, c y d,
r z s, then triple integral can be written as an iterated integral. We could rst
integrate x from a to b, then integrate y from c to d, and nally integrate z from r to s,
s( d( b ) )
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dx dy dz .
G r c a

Just as with double integrals, other orders of integration are possible if the solid G is
a cuboid. We could, for example, rst integrate with respect to z, then integrate with
respect to x, and lastly integrate with respect to y,
d( b( s ) )
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dz dx dy .
G c a r

1
z
s

. c d y

a
b

The integration always proceeds from the inside to the outside. The integration order
coincides with the order that the dierentials appear, e.g. dx, so we can specify the
integration order by a list of the dierentials. The previous integral is in the order
dz dx dy. With this understanding, the parentheses become optional, and we usually
omit them, writing the previous integral as
d b s
f (x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z) dz dx dy .
G c a r

Note: The iterated integral can be replaced with any of the ve other iterated integrals
that result by altering the order of integration.

Properties of Triple Integral

Triple integrals enjoy many properties of single and double integrals:



cf (x, y, z) dV = c f (x, y, z) dV (where c is a constant)
G G

[ ]
f (x, y, z) + g(x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z) dV + g(x, y, z) dV
G
G
G
[ ]
f (x, y, z) g(x, y, z) dV = f (x, y, z) dV g(x, y, z) dV
G G G

If the region G is subdivided into two sub regions G1 and G2 , then



f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dV + f (x, y, z)dV
G G1 G2

2
Example

Evaluate the triple integral


12xy 2 z 3 dV
G
over the rectangular box dened by 1 x 2, 0 y 3, 0 z 2.

Example
1 2 1
Evaluate (xz y 3 )dzdydx
1 0 0

Evaluating Triple Integrals Over More General Regions

Next, we consider how triple integrals can be evaluated over solids that are not rectan-
gular box. In general, the solid region can be of any shape and thus very dicult to
write down the surface equation of the solid. As such, we will limit out discussion to
solids of special type.

3
Solid Type I

Let G be a simple solid with upper surface z = u2 (x, y) and lower surface z = u1 (x, y)
and let D be the projection of G on the xyplane,

z
z = u2 (x, y)

G
z = u1 (x, y)
.

D y
x

The triple integral of this type of solid is


[ u2 (x,y) ]
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA
G D u1 (x,y)

After the inner integral (integrated over z) is calculated, the triple integral is reduced to
a double integral for variables x and y, and then following the technique that is already
studied from previous lessons to solve the rest parts of integral.

Solid Type II

Let G be a simple solid with lower surface x = u1 (y, z) and upper surface x = u2 (y, z)
and let D be the projection of G on the yzplane, then

z
z = u1 (y, z)

G D

z = u2 (y, z) .
y
x
[ u2 (y,z) ]
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dx dA
G D u1 (y,z)

4
Solid Type III

Let G be a simple solid with lower surface y = u1 (x, z) and upper surface y = u2 (x, z)
and let D be the projection of G on the yz-plane, then

z y = u1 (x, z)
.

D G

y = u2 (x, z)
y

x
[ u2 (x,z) ]
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dy dA
G D u1 (x,z)

Note:
Just remember these rules when writing the limits of integration, which are analogous
to the rules we had for limits on double iterated integrals.

1. The outer limits have to be constant. They cannot depend on any of the variables.

2. The middle limits can depend on the variable from the outer integral only. They
cannot depend on the variable from the inner integral.

3. The inner limits can depend on the variable from the outer integral and the variable
from the middle integral.

Example
1 2x y
Evaluate 2xyz dz dy dx.
0 x 0

Example

is cut from the cylindrical solid y + z 1


2 2
Let G be the wedge in the rst octant that
by the planes y = x and x = 0. Evaluate z dV .
G

5
Example

Evaluate 2x dV , where E = {(x, y, z), 0 x 1, 0 y x, x z 2x}.
E

Example

Find 6xy dV where E is the solid lies under the plane z = 1 + x + y and above the
E
xyplane bounded by the curves y = 0, x = 1, and y = x.

Example

Compute the volume of the solid that is bounded by the parabolic cylinder x = y 2 and
the planes z = 0 and x + z = 1.

Example

Evaluate xy dV where E is the tetrahedron with vertices (0,0,0), (1,0,0),(0,2,0) and
E
(0,0,3).

z
(0,0,3)

. y
(0,2,0)
(1,0,0)
x

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