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Foreword V

Introduction vi i
Chapter
1 Fundamental MeteoroloRical Princi-ples

5 1 Calculation of the gradients of meteorological

elements and their components 1

5 2 Relationship between individual and local time

derivatives 7
0 3 QrQr of magnitude estimates of meteorological
elements and their derivatives 10

6 4 Divergence and vorticity of the wind field 15

$ 5 The application of statistical data on the

structure of atmospheric fields 20

11 Thermodynmic Processes in Dsy Air

The first principles of thermodynamics 27
Adiabatic and polytropic processes in the atmos-
phere 29

Vertical stability criteria 34

The convection level 38

The entropy of air Al

111 Thermodynamic Processes in Moist Air

5 1 The preseure of saturated water vapour in relation
-
to temperature (Ciausius Ciapeyron's equation) 43

$ 2 The variation o the thermodynamic state of moist

air. The condensation level 47
5 5 Thermohydrometrical aharacteristics of moist air 50
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Pagf?
4 Graphical methods in thermodynamical calculations
of atmospheric processes 57

Chapter
IV Radiant Energy 65

V Statice
9 1 Barometric formulas. Reduction of pressure to mean 75
sea leve1

$ Z The geopotential and its applications 82

VI The Wind in the Free Atmosphere

9 1 The geostrophic wind

0 2 The thermal wind

9 3 The geostrophic advection of temperature

$ 4 The vorticity of the geostrophic wind
5 The non-geostrophic wind
$ 6 The gradient wind

VI1 S?rfaces of Discontinuity and Waves

4 i Surfaces of discontinuity 117
6 2 Gravitational waves 121
$ 3 Rossby waves 125

VI11 Non-Deriodic variations of Pressure and Temperature

4 i fitrapoiation techniques 131
5 2 Application of the vorticity equation 137

IX Atmospheric Surface Layer

9 1 Non-stratified ilow. No vertical flow of heat 141
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Tape
9 2 Power iaw for stratified flow 145
6 3 "Logarithmic + linear" laws for the profiles of
meteorological elements 1.50

Chapter
X Atmospheric boundary layer
$ 1 The variation of wind with height in the atmospheric
boundary layer (Ekman spiral) 154

4 2 Determination of the turbulent exchange coefficient 156

3 Determination of the vertical velocity 160

9 4 Diurna1 variation of temperature 165

5 5 Numerical forecast of the nocturna1 variation of
temperature 173

5 6 Modifications af temperature and moisture fields

over a water surface 161

XI The Eneray Budget and Circulation of the Atmosphere

6 1 The energy budget of the atmosphere 184

8 2 The circulation theorem 189

Appendices :

1 Astronomical and geodesic constants 194

2 Mean values of meteorologicai elements and their derivatives
(After Fridman and Hesselberg) 196
3 Ballard's table for computation of potential temperature 197
4 Parameters at normal pressure 198

5 Flux of black body radiation 199

6 Black body radiation intensity at different wa-ve-lengths 199

7 Radiation diagram 2O0

8 Standard atmosphere 2 O1
(+)E4

9 Table o f -17 = f (k,

E) 2 o5
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Appendices
10 The table for calculation of diurnal variation of
temperature (after Shveta) 2O6
11 Simplified method of calculation of diurnal variation
of temperature 210
12 Night minimum temperature prediction (After
Luterstein and Chudnovsky)
13 Vaiues of coefficients 6 1 and 2

14 Prediction of night temperature decreaae after Berlend

15 Thermal characteristics of different materiale

16

17
Values of the functionr(n)
I e d
n-1
dd

Integral of probabilitg, Kranof function

18 Mantiesas of logarithms

An 8 ver8
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