BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY

Mass transfer boundary layer equation

2
. +. = . (N. Ebeling, n.d.)
2

A boundary layer may be a thin layer of viscous fluid near the solid surface of a enclose contact
with a moving stream during which (within its thickness ) the flow speed varies from zero at the
wall (where the flow sticks to the wall as a result of its viscosity) up to Ue at the boundary, that
some (within 1 percentage error) corresponds to the free stream rate (see Figure 1). to be precise,
the value of is an arbitrary value as a result of the friction force, looking on the molecular
interaction between the fluid and also the solid body, decreases with the distance from the wall
and becomes equal to zero at infinity (Epifanov,2011)

Figure 1: Growth of a boundary layer on a flate plate

According L. Prandtl (1904), to the fundamental conception of the boundary layer was
recommended ( cited in Epifanov,2011) it defines the boundary layer as a layer of fluid developing
in flows with very high Reynolds Numbers Re, that's with comparatively low viscosity as
compared with inertia forces. this can be discovered once bodies are exposed to high speed air
stream or once bodies square measure very massive and therefore the air stream rate is moderate.
during this case, in an exceedingly comparatively thin boundary layer, friction Shear
Stress(viscous cut force): = [u/y] (where is that the dynamic viscosity; u = u(y) profile
of the boundary layer longitudinal rate element, see Figure 1) is also terribly large; specifically,at
the wall where u = zero and w = [u/y]w though the viscousness itself is also rather little
(Epifanov, 2011).
Momentum boundary layer equation:

2
. + . = .
2

The simplest example of a boundary layer is that the one shaped at the surface of a flat plate within
the limit of high Reynolds number. A flat plate of width L and infinitesimal thickness is placed on
the yz plane from x = zero to x = L in a fluid stream that features a uniform speed U within the x
direction way upstream of the plate(CHAPTER 11. BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY). The mass
and momentum conservation equations for the fluid at steady state are,

. = 0

= + 2

The naive method for scaling the mass and momentum equations is to use scaled co-ordinates x*
= (x/L), y* = (y/L) and u* = (u/U), since L and U are the only length and velocity scales in the
problem. The appropriate scaled pressure in the high Reynolds number limit is p* = (p/_U2)
(CHAPTER 11. BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY. Expressed in terms of the scaled velocity and
pressure, the mass and momentum conservation equations are,
= 0
= + 1 2

The potential flow equations will satisfy only the normal speed condition at the surface of the flat
plate, and can't satisfy the condition on the tangential velocity Ux in equation Ux = 0 at y = 0and x
>0

This can be a similar problem we've faced in flows where convection is large compared to
diffusion, and is caused by the very fact that when we neglect the distributive effects, the
conservation equation is regenerate from a second order to a first order equation. Consequently, it
is not possible to satisfy all the boundary conditions that were fixed for the original second order
equation (CHAPTER 11. BOUNDARY LAYER THEORY). The mass and momentum equations
for the two-dimensional flow are,

( + )=0

2 2
( + )= + ( 2 + )
2
2 2
( + )= + ( 2 + )
2

=0


=0

2
( + )=
2

Thermal boundary layer

Conservation equation for heat:

2
. . ( + . ) = . 2 + . ()2 (N. Ebeling, n.d.)

convection

(). . ( . ) > 0

conduction

(. . )


(. (). ) . < 0

friction

= . . . > 0

( heat from friction neglected )

2
. (. + . ) = . 2 (N. Ebeling, n.d.)

Continuity equation

(N. Ebeling, n.d.)

References

Chapter 11 Boundary layer theory. (2017). Chemeng.iisc.ac.in. Retrieved 9 November 2017,

from http://chemeng.iisc.ac.in/kumaran/courses/chapblp.pdf

Ebeling, N. (2017). Boundary Layer Theory Lecture notes. Retrieved 9 November 2017,
from https://www.thesisscientist.com/docs/Dr.BenjaminClark/9bfb8190-5fff-4e81-aad5-
9a21d159ba53.pdf

Epifanov, V. BOUNDARY LAYER. A-To-Z Guide To Thermodynamics, Heat And Mass

Transfer, And Fluids Engineering. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/atoz.b.boundary_layer