Suplemen for 8 level SMP N 2 Semarang

Particles of Matter
A. Atom
B. Molecule
C. Ion

A Atom

If a metal, for example a piece of iron, is cut into two and cut again continuously, there is the
smallest iron particle that still has the same characteristic as the original one. This smallest
particle is called iron atom. So, iron element consists of iron atoms. Another element, for
example gold, is also composed of gold atoms. The atoms that compose gold have different
characteristic from those composing iron. Atom is the smallest particle that cannot be
subdivided anymore. It was first stated by Greek philosophers Leukippos and Democritus who
lived in 4 BC (400-370 BC). At that time there was also another opinion, stated by Aristotle
(384-332 BC), that matter can be subdivided again and again without any limit. Aristotle’s idea
got more support than that of Leukippos and Demokritus.
In the 18th century many chemists accepted Leukippos and Demokritus’ opinion. In 1803, John
Dalton, an English teacher who is an expert in physics and chemistry, proposed a theory that
matter consists of atoms. Dalton’s theory of atom can be simplified as follows.
1. Every matter is composed of the smallest particles called atom.
2. An atom cannot be subdivided into smaller particles having the same characteristics.
3. Atoms of certain element have identical characteristic and mass. Different elements have
different mass of atoms.
4. Compound is composed of two or more different atoms.
5. Chemical reaction is the combination and separation of atoms of element or compound in a
reaction.
Atomic Structure
On further development, it was found that there are some facts that cannot be explained by
Dalton’s theory of atom, namely:
1. it cannot explain the electricity of matter.
2. it cannot explain the combining power of atoms.

Thomson’s Atom Theory : atom is the round that has

positive charge sphere , with electron spread throughout
it ( on the surface), so these theory also called Cismis
Theory.

Atom Ion and Molecule Suplement for 8 grade SMP N 2 Semarang 1

 Rutherford’s theory

Based on Rutherford’s experiment results, there are found smaller particles inside atom. Atom
has a positive charged nucleus, surrounded by negative charged electrons.
There are two types of particles in the atom nucleus, namely proton and neutron.
Electron moves around an atom nucleus. The nucleus contains almost all of atom mass. The
mass of a proton is approximately the same as the mass of a neutron. The mass of an electron is
only about 1/2000 the mass of a proton.

Nucleus consist of
proton and neutron

electron

Therefore, it can be ignored in

counting the mass of an atom.
Neutron is neutral, which means
that it has no charge. Proton has
positive charge. The size of the
positive charge of a proton is the
same as the size of negative
charge of an electron.

Even though atom is composed of smaller particles, they do not have the same characteristics as
the element they form. This makes scientists still assume that atom is the thing that forms a
substance.

The Comparison of Particles in an Atom

Particle Relative Charge Charge Position in the atom

s mass electric
Proton 1 +1 atom nucleus
Neutron 1 0 atom nucleus
Electron 0 -1 moving around atom nucleus

Niels Bohr Theory : fine- tuned Rutherford’s model of the atom by proposing that electrons
move around the nucleus in fixed orbits, that’s called atomic shell.

Ion
Ion is the atom that loses or accept the electron, if the atom los the electron, will form the
positive ion, but if accept the electron will form the negative ion.
If sugar is dissolved in water, it becomes dissociated into sugar molecules. Not all compounds
are composed of molecules. If sodium chloride is dissolved in water, it is decomposed into

Atom Ion and Molecule Suplement for 8 grade SMP N 2 Semarang 2

 positive ion (sodium ion) and negative ion (chloride ion). Some are composed of ions. Ion is an
atom having electric charge. A compound composed of ions is called ionic compound. An ionic
compound consists of positive ion (cation) and negative ion (anion).
If salt is dissolved in water, it is decomposed into positive and negative ions . Salt is an
example of ionic compound. The existence of ion in a solution enables the solution to transfer
electric current. The existence of ion in a solution can be detected using an electrolyte test kit.
If the light bulb of the electrolyte test kit is on, there are ions in the solution.

MOLECULE
Molecule is the smallest particle of a compound. It consists of two or more atoms. Generally,
molecule is composed of different atoms, but some molecules are composed of similar ones. A
molecule composed of different atoms is called compound molecule, for example the molecule
of water (H2O) and carbondioxide (CO2). Each molecule of water is composed of one oxygen
atom and two hydrogen atoms. Each molecule of carbondioxide is composed of one carbon
atom and two oxygen atoms .
A molecule that is composed of similar atoms is called element molecule, for example
hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), nitrogen (N2), and chlorine (Cl2) . Each molecule of oxygen is
composed of two oxygen atoms.

Isotop
Isotop are the atoms that have the same number, but different mass.
12 13
Example : 6C and 6C

Isobar
Isobar are the atoms that have the same mass, but different number
Example : 1H3 and 2He3
Isoton : the atoms that have the same of neutron
3 4
2He and 3 Li

EXERCISE
1. The incorrect statement in the following is ...........
a. atom is the smallest particle of an element
b. ion is an atom having electric charge
c. molecule is the smallest particle of a compound
d. compound molecule is composed of similar atoms

2. The following model is a model of:

a. atom
b. compound molecule
c. element molecule
d. ion
3. A particle having electric charge is called.......
a. atom and ion
b. ion
c. molecule and ion
d. atom
4. The composing particle of a compound is ....
a. element
Atom Ion and Molecule Suplement for 8 grade SMP N 2 Semarang 3
 b. atom
c. molecule
d. Ion

5. If dissolved in water, an ionic compound will be dissociated into...........

a. atom and molecule
b. cation and anion
c. atom and anion
d. element and compound

6. Atom nucleus is composed of..................

a. proton and electron
b. proton and neutron
c. neutron and electron
d. proton, electron, and neutron

7. Which of the substances below include

a. atom
b. element molecule
c. compound molecule
d. Ion

8. Which of the substances below, include the Isotop?

a. 1H1, 1H2, 1H3
b. 1H3, 2He3, 3Li3
c. 1H3, 2He4, 3Li5
d. 1H1, 2He2, 3Li3

9. Count , how many proton , electron and neutron the atom that has symbol 3Li 7?
Proton electron neutron
3 3 4
3 4 3
3 3 3
4 3 4

10. Which of the symbols below show the Sodium Cation ( +1)

A C

Atom Ion and Molecule Suplement for 8 grade SMP N 2 Semarang 4

 B D

11. Almost the entire mass of an atom is concentrated in the…….

a. Proton c. nucleus
b. Electrons d. neutrons

12. Electron was discovered by…..

a. Chadwick
b. Goldstein
c. Bohr
d. Thomson

13. An atom has a mass number of 23 and atomic number 11. The number of protons are…..
a. 11 c. 23
b. 12 d. 44

14. The mass of the atom is determined by…..

a. Neutrons
b. Neutrons and protons
c. Electron
d. Electron and neutron

15. The K, L and M shells of an atom are full. Its atomic number is….
a. 18 c. 10
b. 20. D. 12

16. Which of the air pressures is appropriate for the production of cathode rays in the
discharge tube?
a. 1 cm Hg c. 0,001 cmHg
b. 1 mm Hg d. 0,001 mmHg

17. Cathode rays are deflected towards….

a. Positive electrode
b. Negative electrode
c. Both electrode
d. None of the electrodes

18. The absolute charge of an electron is…..

a. -1,6 . 10 -19 C
b. +1,6 . 10 -19 C
c. 1,6 . 10 -19 C
Atom Ion and Molecule Suplement for 8 grade SMP N 2 Semarang 5
 d. 16 . 10 -19 C

19. The proton is heavier than an electron by…...

a. 1850 times
b. 1840 times
c. 1000 times
d. 100 times

20. 6Carbon12 atom has…..

a. 6 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons
b. 6 electrons, 12 protons, 6 neutrons
c. 12 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons
d. 18 electrons, 6 protons, 6 neutrons

21. Chadwick got the Nobel Prize for the discovery of …..
a. Protons
b. Neutrons
c. Electrons
d. Mesons
22. Mass number is equal to the…..
a. Number of protons + number of electrons
b. Number of protons + number of electrons
c. Number of electrons
d. Number of neutrons + number of electrons

23. The element X has 2 valence electrons. It is a…..

a. Metal
b. Non- metal
c. Gas
d. Metalloid

24. In Rutherford's alpha-scattering experiment, a foil of element that was used …..
a. Gold
b. Silver
c. Aluminum
d. magnesium.

25. An element has an electronic configuration of 2, 8, 7. Its valency is

a. 1
b. 7
c. 17
d. 8

26. The other name of is ….

a. Protium
b. Tritium
c. Deuterium
Atom Ion and Molecule Suplement for 8 grade SMP N 2 Semarang 6
 d. Proton

27. During a chemical reaction, atomic number….

a. Changes
b. Remains same
c. Changes and then is restored
d. Changes altemately

28. The fixed circular paths around the nucleus are called….
a. Orbits
b. Orbitals
c. Nucleons
d. mesons.

Atom Ion and Molecule Suplement for 8 grade SMP N 2 Semarang 7