Observation, Result and Discussion

Figure 1: Uncontrolled RL load

Uncontrolled RL load colour

Output Voltage Green
Input Voltage Red
Output current Blue
Input Current yellow

For an RL load, the method of analysis is similar to that for the half-wave rectifier with
the freewheeling diode. After a transient that occurs during start-up, the load current
reaches a periodic steady-state condition. For the bridge circuit, current is transferred
from one pair of diodes to the other pair when the source changes polarity. The voltage
across the RL load is a full-wave rectified sinusoid, as it was for the resistive load. The
 full-wave rectified sinusoidal voltage across the load can be expressed as a Fourier
series consisting of a dc term and the even harmonics.

Average output voltage:

2 2(130)
0 = = = 82.76

Average load current:

82.76
= = = 0.3065
270

For the peak-to-peak variation in load current based on the first ac term in the Fourier series, we have to
get the amplitude of the ac voltage terms. Thus, for n=2 and n=4,

2(130) 1 1
2 = ( ) = 55.17
1 3
2(130) 1 1
4 = ( ) = 11.04
3 5

Therefore, the amplitudes of first two ac current terms in the current Fourier series are

55.17 55.17
2 = = = 0.0688
|270 + (2)(250)(1.2)| 800.88

11.04 11.04
4 = = = 0.007
|270 + (4)(250)(1.2)| 1531.98

RMS current:

0.0688 2 0.007 2
= (0.3065)2 + ( ) +( ) +
2 2

0.310

Power absorbed by the load:

 2
= = (0.310)2 (270) = 25.95

Figure 2: Uncontrolled R load

Uncontrolled RL load colour

Output Voltage Green
Input Voltage Red
Output current Blue
Input Current yellow

The dc component of the output voltage is the average value, and load current is simply the resistor
voltage divided by resistance.
Average output voltage:

1 2
= sin () =
0

2 2(130)
0 = = = 82.76

Load current:

0 2
= =

2(130)
= = 0.3065
(270)

The figure 2 shows uncontrolled bridge rectifier with R load and figure 1 shows with RL load.
The average output voltage for both circuits are positive. However, the currents are not the
same. R load does not give continuous current and the current falls to zero in every half cycle.
RL load gives continuous current because of the presence of inductance that discharges its
energy when input cycle changes.
Figure 3: Controlled R load (45 degree)

controlled R load colour

Output Voltage Green
Input Voltage Red
Output current Blue
Input Current yellow

The results for phase angle lesser than 90o is shown above. The observations on the light bulb
shows that the light bulb has bright light.
Figure 4: Controlled R load (90 degree)

controlled R load colour

Output Voltage Green
Input Voltage Red
Output current Blue
Input Current yellow

When the phase angle changed to 900 as shown in Figure 4, the brightness of light bulb
reduced to medium brightness but still observable.
Figure 5: Controlled R load (135 degree)

controlled R load colour

Output Voltage Green
Input Voltage Red
Output current Blue
Input Current yellow

There are no longer observable light from light bulb when the phase angle is more than 90o.

The figures above show controlled bridge rectifier of R load at delay angle of 450 (figure 3), 900
(figure 4), and 1350 (figure 5). The output current is still discontinuous for all delay angle.
However, the average output voltage is reduced as delay angle increasing. This is because the
only small source voltage and current are conducted in each half period for larger delay angle.
Figure 6: Controlled R Characteristic Curve

Controlled R characteristic Curve colour

Rms Input Voltage Black
RMS output Voltage Red
Mean output voltage Green
Mean output current torquise
RMS output current Blue
Rms input current yellow
The control characteristics is not similar with the RL load characteristics where this figure shows
that there is decrease in RMS values when the phase angle increasing from time to time. In RL
load, the characteristics shows that the output waveform will be high at certain phase only
whereas the R load shows that the lower the phase angle the higher the output value.

Figure 7: Controlled RL (45 degree)

controlled RL load colour

Output Voltage Black
Input Voltage Red
Output current Blue
Input Current yellow
Mean output voltage of current Turqouise
The light bulb at the load is observed to be dim or no light when the phase angle is less than
90o. This is because the output voltage and current seems to be spiked instead of having
smoother waveforms

Figure 8: Controlled RL (90 degree)

controlled RL load colour

Output Voltage Black
Input Voltage Red
Output current Blue
Input Current yellow
Mean output voltage of current Turqouise
When the phase angle is changed to 900, it shows that the output voltage and current have
response after passing through 90o as well as causing light bulb to have medium light when
comes to observation of brightness of light. In this case, the graph showing that it is
discontinuous current and thus easier for determination of and .

Figure 9: Controlled RL (135 degree)

controlled RL load colour

Output Voltage Black
Input Voltage Red
Output current Blue
Input Current yellow
Mean output voltage of current Turqouise
As the phase is increased beyond 90o, it shows the same characteristics as the one with lesser
than 90o. The spike is still occurs and causing light bulb to have no light observable at the load
section.

The figures above show controlled bridge rectifier of RL load at delay angle of 450 (figure 7),
900 (figure 8), and 1350 (figure 9). It is observed that the current does not die to zero when
input cycle change in direction. The load current tends to keep flowing since the inductor
induces a voltage that acts to oppose an increase or decrease in current. Therefore, SCR keeps
conducting even though the voltage may have fallen to zero. The angle at which the current
dies to zero is called as extinction angle.

= 130

= 2 + ()2 = 2702 + (250(1.2))2 = 463.71

250(1.2)
= 1 ( ) = 1 ( ) = 0.949
270

= = 1.396

= 45 = 1.57

130
() = [sin( 0.949) + sin(0.949) 1.396 ] for
463.71
Figure 10: Controlled RL characteristic curve

Controlled R characteristic Curve colour

Rms Input Voltage Black
RMS output Voltage Red
Mean output voltage Green
Mean output current torquise
RMS output current Blue
Rms input current yellow

In RL load, the control characteristics shows that the firing angle of the output voltage and
current is approximately 15o. Next, the characteristics also shows that the output voltage and
current are higher when the angle is nearby 30o whereas other ranges showing low output
signals.

Figure 11: Controlled RL Power Component (45 degree)

The power component diagram is showing the component of power, reactive power and
apparent power obtained in the circuit and it is all labeled with different colours for better
observations. The value is shown in the below of the diagram.
Figure 12: Controlled RL Power Component (90 degree)

The power component shown in Figure 12 has higher values as compared to power component
in Figure 11 which represents the phase angle of lesser than 90o.
Figure 13: Controlled RL Power Component (135 degree)

When the phase angle increased more than 90o, the value in power component decreased
again. This also proves that the waveforms that shown earlier in Figure 7,8 and 9 are true
which the phase angle =90o shows better result as compared to other two conditions.

As for RL load, the active power is very small for any control angle above, and the power
become negative when angle=1450. Negative power shows that the RL load is supplying energy
to the source. The control characteristics in figure 10 shows that the presence of residue
voltage from previous cycle that stored in inductor and act as opposing the input source of the
new cycle, and the sudden rise shows that the residue voltage has completely gone and the
inductor start building up new charges to be release as opposing the input when input cycle
changes.
Figure 14: Controlled R Power Component (45 degree)

As compared to the same phase angle with the RL load, this power component in Figure 14
shows higher value as it has better output compared with that of RL load. It is also considered
as the highest power component when compared to other phase angles.
Figure 15: Controlled R Power Component (90 degree)

The power component at phase angle=90o is lower than the previous one as shown in Figure
14. This is because lesser input voltage is passed to the load and thus it caused lesser power to
be delivered.
Figure 16: Controlled R Power Component (135 degree)

When the phase angle is increasing, the power component is decreasing. It clearly shows that
all the aspects in the power component no matter power, reactive power and apparent power,
they all decreased.

Observed from the power component of bridge rectifier with R load at different control angle, it
is seen that the real power is getting smaller when angle is getting larger. From the control
characteristics curves above, the output voltages tends to approach zero as angle approach
1800. There is no any abnormal observation because all parameters decent to zero as angle
increase.
Conclusion

In conclusion, the uncontrolled and controlled bridge rectifier shows some different
characteristics such as the phase angle for optimization of light bulb brightness in RL load and R
load in controlled rectifier is different. There are continuous current occurs in the uncontrolled
bridge rectifier where it keeps on having an offset and not reduced to zero for every cycle in the
waveform. It is also important to understand the characteristics of power component where it
shows which configuration of phase angle can yield higher output in the circuit.