Tizn Garca
(Neuro-psiquiatra, psiclogo clnico, psicoanalista)
INTERVENCI
INTERVENCI PRECO
PRECO
desprs de linici de la psicosis
En la fase
prodrmica
ARMS
FE
UHR
IN IP IS ITF ?
Fase PREMRBIDA o de SMPTOMES PRIMER SMPTOMES RESIDUALS ?
SMPTOMES PRODRMICS PSICTICS TRACTAMENT
IN: Inici Smptomes Negatius SRP: Subjectes en Risc DUP: Duraci de la Psicosi no Tractada
de Psicosi
IP: Inici Smptomes Positius
PE: Primers Episodis
IS: Inici Sndrome Psictic
ITF: Inici Tractament Farmacolgic
Institut Catal de la Salut
Servei dAtenci Primria
SAP Dreta de Barcelona
EAPPP, 2006
Cundo comienzan las psicosis?
Desde la vida cotidiana, desde la teora, desde los estudios
empiricos
Posibilidad de combinar:
Experiencia clnica privada y pblica
Relaciones internacionales
Becas de Investigacin
Grupo de investigacin sobre esquizofrenia iniciado en 1999:
Gavin B, Cullen W, Foley S et al. Integrating primary care and Institut Catal de la Salut
early intervention in psychosis services: a general practitioner Servei dAtenci Primria
perspective. Early Intervention in Psychiatry. 2008; 2: 103- 07. SAP Dreta de Barcelona
Prevalencia de esquizofrenia y otras psicosis
en La Verneda y La Mina 1982-2000
General population At-risk population aged 15-54 years
La Verneda La Mina La Verneda La Mina
(n=79 958 ) (n=23 657) (n= 45 071) (n=13 859)
N Prevalence N Prevalence Difference N Prevalence N Prevalence Difference
per 10 000 per 10 000 (95%CI) per 10 000 per 10 000 (95%CI)
Schizophrenia * 296 37.01 180 76 39.1 262 58.1 161 116.1 58 (38.9-
(27.2- 77.2)
50.9)
Other psychoses 223 27.88 139 58.7 30.9 131 29.1 82 59.1 31.8 (17.9-
(20.5- 45.8)
41.3)
Delusional 145 18.13 64 27 8.9 (1.6- 99 21.9 45 32.4 10.5 (0.09
Disorder 16.2) 20.9)
Others 47 5.87 46 19.4 13.6 (7.7- 32 7 37 26.6 19.6 (10.7-
Psychoses in 19.4) 28.5)
Adulthood
Psychoses in 31 33,6 29 72.6 39 (10.1-
Childhood ** 67.8)
Total 519 64.9 319 134.8 69.9 393 87.6 243 177.5 89.9 (66.3-
(54.2- 113)
85.7)
0Mental Health Unit of Sant Mart * Includes the cases of schizophrenia, schizophreniform and schizoaffective disorder; Includes brief psychotic, shared
psychotic, non-specified psychotic disorder, psychotic disorders due to medical disease and due to substance abuse; ** Population aged 0-14 years: La
Verneda = 9 211, La Mina = 3 993 person
Diferencias en la prevalencia del diagnstico de esquizofrenia y
otras psicosis en el barrio de La Verneda y en el de La Mina de
la Unidad de Salud Mental de Sant Mart-La Mina (Barcelona).
Muestra: 1982-2000. (N/10.000 habitantes en PG o infancia)
Tizn, J.L., et al., Neighborhood differences in psychoses: Prevalence of psychotic disorders in two socially-differentiated metropolitan
areas of Barcelona, Schizophr. Res. (2009), doi:10.1016/j.schres.2009.04.008. Schizophr Res. 2009;112(1-3): 143-148.
120
100 "Esquizofrenia"
80
Trastornos delirantes
60
Otras Psicosis del
40 adulto
Psicosis en la infancia
20
*** Psicosis en la Infancia: Considerando para
0 la prevalencia la edad de 0-14 aos (N en La
P. General LV P. General LM P. de Riesgo P de Riesgo de Verneda= 9.211; N en La Mina = 3.993)
LV LM
schizophrenia or other3.107.572
Male
Total
psychosis,
6.343.110
(49,0%) 101 (48,3%)
209
67 (46,2%)
145
34 (53,1%)
64
Statistics
P
209 patients fulfilled DSM-IV definition of delusional disorder,
x =0,214
0,6435
2 x =0,681
0,4094
defined
2
x =0,146
0,7022
2
Los pacientes, sus familias y sus clnicos declaraban muchos ms episodios que
ingresos.
Ingresos X= 1,54 5 17
Ds= 1,33 22,72% 77,27%
IC= 261
INGRESOS Y EPISODIOS en el estudio SASPE-B
(Primeros resultados del estudio con la Entrevista estructurada IRAOS-ERIE:
Interview for Retrospective
Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia- Evaluacin Retrospectiva del Inicio de la Esquizofrenia:
H. Hfner, A. Riecher-Rssler; B. Ftkenheur; K. Maurer; S. Meissner; W. Lffer, traduccin inglesa G. Paton; Traduccin al
castellano J.L. Tizn, F. Pareja y A. Alvarez.-- N=22)
Pero sobre todo, si los episodios fueran muchos ms que los ingresos,
como parece que apuntan nuestros datos provisionales,
Sntoma Prevalencia
%
Ausencia de terminologa
El sujeto puede no encontrar palabras para describir los fenmenos que siente.
Puede considerarse
la forma ms precoz del trastorno
o un sndrome que confiere una mayor vulnerabilidad (un
estado precursor)
Institut Catal de la Salut
Servei dAtenci Primria
SAP Dreta de Barcelona
Prdromos prodromus: Un concepto retrospectivo
(que precede, los antecedentes de un evento)
Enfeme-
dad de
Gilbert Sndrome de Dubin-Johnson
Sd. de Crigler-Najar II Carcinoma de
Disminuye y
persiste pancreas
desaparece
Se resuelve
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A
subclnica
Sd.
Esquizofrnico
Disminuye persistse
y Trastorno
desaparece Esquifreniforme
Sntomas
APS: Sntomas empeora psicticos Tr. del estado de
Psicticos desarrollados nimo con sntomas
Atenuados psicticos
Se resuelve
Yung A, Phillips L, MCGorry P. Treating the Schizophernia in the Prodromal Phase. London: Taylor & Francis 2004 (Herder 2009).
Prdromos prodromus: Un concepto retrospectivo
(que precede, los antecedentes de un evento)
4. Diagnstico de la tuberculosis
4.1. Diagnstico de la infeccin
4.1.1 Prueba de la tuberculina
4.1.2 Deteccin de gamma-interfern (IGRA)
Es decir:
El Congrs
Nivel 2
Sintomas basicos
Primeros
sintomas
Nivel 1
Sintomas basicos
3,3 aos
10 aos
Tiempo
Indicadores de riesgo aumentado
de esquizofrenia
Joachim Klosterktter
DEVELOPMENT
Deambulation-Walking retard Developmental retard
Cognitive disorders Minor neurological symptoms
SOCIALIZATION
Solitary habits. Social relationship avoidance
History of solitary plays. Passivity in social relationship
Early separations form the parents. Less than two friends
Early Institutionalization. Difficulties in peer relationship.
Mothers increase of educative problems when child is He child strongly chooses the little group socialization.
4 years Family dynamics disorders: parental functions impoverished.
Antecedentes familiares
Assessed n=63
Insufficient information at time to prepare the
paper n= 8
Figure. 1 Numbers of referrals and evaluations of the team in the first year of functioning (ARMS, at-risk mental state; FEP,
first episode of psychosis; HVC, Highly vulnerable children; APS, Attenuated positive symptoms; BLIPS, Brief limited intermittent
psychotic symptoms). Results:
20 of 55 referred people fulfilled the at-risk mental state criteria, showing an
incidence of 2.4 cases per 10,000 inhabitants
At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) detection in a Community
Service Center for Early Attention to Psychosis in
Barcelona (first year).
Quijada Y, Tizn JL, Artigue J, Parra B. Early Intervention in Psychiatry . 2010; 4(3): 257-262.
A- Attenuated positive symptoms: Presence of at least one of the following SOPS? symptoms with a score between 3 and 5
and an appearance of several times per week for a period of at least one week: Unusual thought content / delusional ideas,
Suspiciousness / persecutory ideas, Grandiosity, Perceptual abnormalities / hallucinations, Disorganized communication, Odd
behaviour or appearance.
B- Brief limited intermittent psychotic symptoms: Presence of at least one of the following PANSS symptoms, score >= 4,
that resolve spontaneously in 7 days and an interval between episodes with these symptoms of at least one week: Delusions,
Conceptual disorganization,Grandiosity, Hallucinations, Suspiciousness.
C- Familial risk plus reduced functioning: A change in mental state or functioning leading to a reduction of 30% or more on
the GAF for at least one month within the last year compared to the highest level of previous functioning, plus at least one of
the following risk indicators: 1- One first- or second-degree relative with a history of any DSM-IV psychotic disorder (not due to a
medical factor or substance induced) (EPOS criteria)13, 2- A schizotypal personality disorder of the index person according to
DSM-IV.
Results: 20 of 55 referred people fulfilled the at-risk mental state criteria, showing an incidence of 2.4
cases per 10,000 inhabitants
At-Risk Mental State (ARMS) detection in a Community
Service Center for Early Attention to Psychosis in
Barcelona (first year).
Quijada Y, Tizn JL, Artigue J, Parra B. Early Intervention in Psychiatry . 2010; 4(3): 257-262.
GAF : mean (IC) 50.8 (46.9-54.6)
ERIraos %
Depressed mood 85
Reduction of motivation and poor work and school performance 80
Decrease in the ability to maintain or start social relationships. 70
Social withdrawal 55
Manic and dysphoric symptoms 30
Disturbed body functions 30
Suspiciousness / distrust 28.6
Feeling of slowing down, reduced energy and affect 23.8
Odd behaviour 23.8
Rumination (without inner resistance) 14.3
Depersonalization and derealization 14.3
Ideas of reference and paranoid symptoms 9.5
Preoccupation with mysterious things / unusual thought contents 4.8
(Pre-)psychotic thought disorders 4.8
Abnormal perceptions and hallucinations 4.8
Retraimiento social
Humor depresivo
100
90
80
70
60
50
55 75
40
85 80
30
20
10
0
Quijada Y, Tizn JL, Artigue J, Parra B. (2010). At-risk mental state (ARMS)
detection in a community service center for early attention to psychosis in
Barcelona. Early Intervention in Psychiatry 4(3): 257262.
Institut Catal de la Salut
Servei dAtenci Primria
SAP Dreta de Barcelona 46
PROCESO DE DERIVACIN y EXPLORACION
Servicios Pedaggicos
Serveis Pedaggics Centros de Atencin Servicios de Salud
Servicios Sociales:
Serveis Socials Primaria de Salud Mental
45 % PE; 619 % EMAR
Interconsultas
+ Cuestionario
ERIraos
No cumple
criterios: EAPPP : explora y aplica criterios de
devolucin al inclusin.
NO
servicio de
procedencia o a la
red de salud SI
mental
Tizn, J. L. , Artigue, J. , Quijada, Y. , Oriol, A. and Parra, B.(2010). A Institut Catal de la Salut
psychological and communitarian approach to treating early psychoses: a Servei dAtenci Primria
service description with some initial findings', Psychosis. First published SAP Dreta de Barcelona
on: 01 October 2010 (iFirst). DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2010.516839
A psychological and communitarian approach to treating early
psychoses:
a service description with some initial findings
Included in programs 99
FEP 17 1.01
Others 17
Depresin 1 5,26 7
TOTAL 19 100
* IRAOS-SCAN definition: Interview for the Retrospective Assessment of the Onset of Schizophrenia (Hfner & Maurer, 2006; Tizn et al, 2006)
** Interpretacin: De los 19 pacientes incluidos, 6 experimentaron aislamiento social como primer sntoma; 3 conducta extraa, etc.
Aos atrs en que aparecieron los sntomas 1, 2
y 3 y de los sntomas en general. (Estudio SASPE 2010)
% 26
Aislamiento social
24
22
20
18
16
14
Relaciones
Suspicacia/perjuicio
12 conflictivas
10
Conducta extraa
8
Interpretaciones
Ansiedad
delirantes T. sueo
6
alimentacin
4 Depresin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
INTERVENCIN
INTERVENCIONES INTERVENCIN PRECOZ PREVENCIN TERCIARIA
PRECOZ
PREVENTIVAS
Despus del inicio de la psicosis REHABILITACIN PSICOSOCIAL Y
INESPECFICAS En la fase
NEUROCOGNITIVA
prodrmica
MAV SRP-EMAR PE
IN IP IS ITF ?
FASE SNTOMAS CUADRO CLNICO PSICTICO PRIMER SNTOMAS RESIDUALES ?
PREMRBIDA PRODRMICOS TRATRAMIENTO
INICIO del INICIO del PRIMEROS EPISODIOS FINAL DEL PRIMER TRATAMIENTO
TRASTORNO? TRASTORNO
IN: Inici Smptomes Negatius MAV: Menors Altamente DUP: Duracin de la Psicosi no Tratada
Vulnerables per acumulaci
IP: Inici Smptomes Positius DPUP: Duracin de la Psicosis Psicosocialmente no
de factors de risc
Tratada
IS: Inici Sndrome Psictic
SRP: Subjectes en Risc
D-EMAR: Duracin del EMAR
ITF: Inici Tractament Farmacolgic de Psicosi
PE: Primers Episodis
EAPPP, 2006-2009
SUJETOS EN RIESGO DE
PSICOSIS
Criterios:
1. Descenso en el GAF > 30 % en un ao
+ Riesgo familiar.
2. Sntomas psicticos intermitentes (BLIPS)
3. Sntomas psicticos atenuados (APS)
4. Positivo en screening ERIraos.
5. Factores de riesgo segn LISMEN (>10).
6. Desvinculacin de las redes asistenciales.
7. Familia desestructurada, en mosaico y/o con FP
gravemente deficitarias.
8. Perturbaciones cognitivas (o consecuencias de)
1.b. Riesgo familiar (familiares de primer grado con Sd. Psictico o esquizotipia previa) .
Sntomas psicticos Bentall transitorios
R, Fernyhough o incipientes:
Ch. Social Predictors of Psychotic Experiences :
2.Sntomas Specifity psicticos and Psychological(BLIPS
intermitentes Mechanisms.
): el sntomaSchizophrenia Bulletin. 2008 ; 34(6) :
se resuelve espontneamente
en un mximo 1012-1020.
de 7 dias y con un intervalo mnimo de aparicin de dichos sntomas de una semana.
a. Alucinaciones Conus(PANSS P3>4); S, Schimmelmann BG, McGorry PD, Lambert M. The First-
P, Cotton
b. Delusiones Episode
(PANSS - Psicosis
P1,P5,P6 > Outcome
4); Study: premorbid and baseline characteristics o fan
epidemiological
c. Desorganizacin conceptual (PANSScohortof P2661
> 4) first-episode psychosis patients. Early Intervention in
Birchwood
P2 Desorganizacin conceptualM, Juckel G, et al. The European Prediction of Psychosis Study
P5 Grandiosidad (EPOS): integrating early recognition and intervention in Europe. World Psychiatry
2005; 4: 1617.
P3 Conducta alucinatoria
Larsen TK. Poor social and interpersonal functioning prior to diagnosis predicts
P6 Suspicacia/Perjuicios.
D1 Conducta o apariencia extraa
poor outcome for people with first episode psychosis. Evid Based Ment Health.
4. Positivo en screening2006; 9(1):(ERIraos)
5.
Maurer K, Hrrmann F, Schmidt G. The early recognition inventory ERIraos: a
5. Factores de two-step riesgo segn procedure LISMEN (>10)
for detection of "at-risk mental states". Schizophr Res suppl
6. Desvinculacin 2004; de70:lass76.
redes asistenciales con conocimiento del caso en servicios de alta complejidad o
especializacin en SM
Olsen KA, Rosenbaum B. Prospective investigations of the prodromal state of
7. Familia desestructurada,
schizophrenia:en mosaico
review of studies.y/o conActaFP gravemente
Psychiat Scan 2006;deficitarias.
113: 247-272.
8. Perturbaciones cognitivas (o consecuencias de)
Attachment style predicts 6-month improvement in psychoticism
in persons at-risk mental states for psychosis
Quijada Y, Tizn JL, Artigue J, Kwapil T , Barrantes-Vidal N.
(En prensa)
Fase premrbida o de
Psicosis: La evolucin de un sntomas
concepto inespecficos.
en treinta
aos
Fase prodrmica Fase prodrmica (con
Una ruptura en la biografa de la persona
algunos sntomas psicticos)
Pre-psicosis
Sin ninguna relacin con PEP
la vida anterior
Psicosis: Fase inicial Psicosis incipiente o trema
El brote
Psicosis: Fase tarda PEP: Fase aguda
(Salvo para el psicoanlisis)
Pospsicosis Fase tarda: EP siguientes,
recuperaciones y recadas.
Recuperacin o defecto
Diversas perspectivas sobre las fases del
desarrollo de las psicosis no afectivas
Cullberg (2004) Yung, Phillips y Mc McGorry et al (2007) & Tizn et al (2008, 2010)
Gorry (2004) Kloterktter 2008
0.Fase de vulnerabilidad I. Fase premrbida o
Fase prodrmica Fase premrbida sin sntomas de sntomas
inespecficos.
Fase I. II. Fase prodrmica
Fase prodrmica
Pre-psicosis Sntomas (con algunos sntomas
inespecficos o leves psicticos)
Sntomas psicticos III. PEP (primer episodio
Psicosis: Fase inicial Fase psictica
precoces (atenuados psictico)
y/o transitorios) Psicosis incipiente o
Psicosis: Fase tarda Recuperacin
trema
Fase II. FEP Fase aguda
Se retrasa la instauracin de
tratamientos eficaces
Las intervenciones iniciales suelen ser
bruscas, traumticas, alienantes
Con poca continuidad de la atencin
Con escasa colaboracin del paciente (y, a
veces, de la familia) en el tratamiento.
Consecuencia:
Los jvenes no reciben asistencia hasta que:
Presentan un riesgo severo para s mismos o
para los dems
O desarrollan un patrn crnico del
trastorno
Y diversas discapacidades bio-psico-
sociales
Higher Risk of Offspring Schizophrenia
Following Antenatal Maternal Exposure
to Severe Adverse Life Events
Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2008;65(2):146-152
Ali S. Khashan; Kathryn M. Abel; Roseanne McNamee; Marianne G. Pedersen;Roger T. Webb; Philip N. Baker; Louise C.
Kenny; Preben Bo Mortensen (UK & Irl)
Results: The risk of schizophrenia and related This finding is consistent with
disorders was ecological evidence from whole
raised in offspring whose mothers were exposed populations exposed to severe
to death of a relative during the first trimester stressors
(adjusted relative risk, 1.67 [95% confidence and suggests that environment
interval, 1.02-2.73]). may influence neuro-
Death of a relative during other trimesters or up development at the fetoplacental
Institut Catal de la Salut
to 6 months before pregnancy were not linked -maternal
Serveiinterface
dAtenci Primria
with a higher risk of schizophrenia. SAP Dreta de Barcelona
El mundo interno
y las relaciones en
la ruptura
psictica
Propuestas para la reflexin y
para la prctica
La psicosis es el resultado La esquizofrenia, el
sndrome esquizofrnico o la
psicosis desintegrativa
de la acumulacin de diversos postpuberal es el resultado
factores de riesgo biolgicos, clnico (bio-psicosocial)
psicolgicos y/o sociales
de una psicosis
progresivamente deletreos
mal tratada y
para la estructuracin maltratada a lo largo de aos
neurobiolgica, psicolgica y
psicosocial. en condiciones psicosociales
disociadoras.
El
Conduce a Y, junto con la
sufrimiento marginacin,
psictico formas
particulares refuerza
engendra la disociacin,
de
repliegues marginacin el retraimiento
psquicos y y el dao
(en los intersticios
retraimiento sociales)
biolgico,
psicolgico y social
social,
eappp.bcn.ics@gencat.cat
Institut Catal de la Salut
Servei dAtenci Primria
SAP Dreta de Barcelona
Conceptos fundamentales para la
prevencin en salud mental
Disposiciones
Factores de Innatas + Factores de
Riesgo contencin o
(internos/externos) Relaciones y resiliencia:
contingencias 1.Desde el Mundo
Vulnerabilidad iniciales
Interno
de los sistemas 2.Capacidades
Vulnerabilidades yoicas
. social +
. familiar 3. Cuerpo
+ Contingencias 4. Familia
. individual
. mental
biopsicosociales 5. Trabajo-Escuela
posteriores 6. Redes
Profanas
7. Redes
Seales de alerta Profesionalizadas
Freud S. (1895). Proyecto de una psicologa cientfica. Obras Completas, I (pp. 323-441). Buenos
Aires: Amorrortu 1989
Freud S. (1911). Puntualizaciones psicoanalticas sobre un caso de paranoia ("Dementia
Paranoides") descrito autobiogrficamente (caso "Schreber"). Obras Completas, XII (pp. 11-73).
Buenos Aires: Amorrortu 1989
Freud S. (1914). Introduccin al Narcisismo. Obras Completas, XIVI (pp. 65-99). Buenos Aires:
Amorrortu, 1989.
Freud S. (1918). De la historia de una neurosis infantil. Obras completas, XVII. (pp. 1-113). Buenos
Aires: Amorrortu, 1988.
Freud S. (1923). La prdida de la realidad en la psicosis y la neurosis. Obras Completas 19. (pp.
191-199) Buenos Aires: Amorrortu 1989.
The researchers found 209 gene transcripts (the first step in the
making of a protein) were differentially expressed between the
two groups, with 78 being overexpressed and 131
underexpressed.
"Leukocyte (white blood cell) gene expression appears to be
remodelled in chronically lonely individuals"
"We found that changes in immune cell gene expression were specifically linked to the
subjective experience of social distance," said Cole, who is also a member of the
Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center.
"The differences we observed were independent of other known risk factors, such as
health status, age, weight, and medication use. The changes were even independent
of the objective size of a person's social network.
This study was supported by the National Institutes of Health, the Mind, Body, Brain and Health Initiative of the John D and Catherine T MacArthur
Foundation, the Norman Cousins Center at UCLA, the John Templeton Foundation, and the James B Pendelton Charitable Trust. Other authors
included Louise C Hawkley, Jesusa M Arevalo, Caroline Y Sung, Robert M Rose, and John T Cacioppo.
MBE y tratamiento de las psicosis
Adams CE, Tharyan P, Coutinho
ESF, Scott TS. Editorial: The
schizophrenia drug-treatment
paradox: pharmacological
treatment based on best
possible evidence may be
hardest to practise in high-
income countries. Brit J
Psych 2006;11:391-2.
(Univ Leeds-UK, Vellore-
India; Ro de J- Brazil y
Univ. North Carolina).
Most people with
schizophrenia live in low-
and middle-income countries
in
which clinicians/policy
makers are not the first
targets of marketing.
-Factores de riesgo
- Vulnerabilidades
- Contencin
- Resiliencia
Tr. DELIRANTE
Con Tr. de
DE LA VIDA Terapia combinada
Personalidad A
ADULTA
previo
Working on Early Detection and Preventive
Attention