Table of Content

1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 Aim ............................................................................................................................................... 4
1.2 Objectives ..................................................................................................................................... 4
1.3 Content of this Thesis ................................................................................................................... 4
2 Literature Review .................................................................................................................................. 5
2.1 Alternative materials for substituting Portland Cement Mixture ................................................. 5
2.1.1 Pozzolanic Materials ............................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Factors that influences the strength and durability of Cement Mix proportion ........................ 14
2.3 Laboratory tests on to determine the relative compressive strength of cube mortar. ............. 14
2.3.1 NON destructive test UPV ................................................................................................... 14
3 Medothology....................................................................................................................................... 15
3.1 Description of Laboratory Tests .................................................................................................. 15
3.1.1 Mixtures .............................................................................................................................. 15
3.1.2 Flow test .............................................................................................................................. 16
3.1.3 Molding and Curing test...................................................................................................... 18
3.1.4 Laboratory Test to determine the homogeneity of the Cube Mortar Using UPV .............. 20
3.1.5 Laboratory Test on the Crushing Strength .......................................................................... 23
4 Presentation and Discussion of Result ................................................................................................ 24
References .................................................................................................................................................. 25

[Type text] Page 1

1 INTRODUCTION

In regards to the fast growing and massive construction in the industry, the cost of cement
production is of high demand due to its main constituent. Additionally, the high demand of
conventional aggregates for cement or concrete mixture has adversely caused an ecological
imbalance to the earth. This prompts the necessity for research for alternative material which
could be substitute for cement. Moreover several researchers have contributed to this area of
research by proposing substitute materials which meets the suitable strength and durability of
cement paste or concrete mixtures (Adaba et al, 2012). Most of these researchers focused their
research on maximum economy of the substitute material in terms of volume stability, cost and
reduction of energy dissipation during cement or concrete raw mix production (Jackson et al,
1996).

Cement is considers as a bonding agents when mixed with water and other additive liquid to
produce a paste termed cement paste or mortar. In every production of 1 ton of cement, a certain
quantity of CO2 is dissipated into the atmosphere which is indirectly causes pollution in the
sense that, the ozone layers are depleted and the oxygen is reduced in the environment. Still
much adverse effect observed from cement production to the ecosystem is seen considering
about 1.6 ton of natural resources are consumed. This requires a large amount of energy for the
production.

The application of substitute materials such as bone ash, rice husk, recycled concrete, Palm oil,
wood ash are seen to be adequate substitute for cement mixture. Though as much benefit is
obtain in production terms integrity of the cement mixture is diminish. This fact is valid
considering law of diminishing return. Most of these suitable binders substitute are pozzolanic
materials. Pozzolans material are cementing material with siliceous, aluminous of both has its
main constituent. These main proves better integrity of cement mixture in considering
segregation, reducing bleeding in all adequate workability of the mixtures (Uwe, 2015). . Palm
oil fuel ash, rice husk ash and wood ash contains pozzolanic material thus; they can be used as
cement replacement material since; their chemical composition meets the standard of ASTM.
Adding pozzolans as cement replacement material to concrete would reduce the slump and
increase the water demand due to the high neness of these replacement materials According to

[Type text] Page 2

the ASTM standard, the bone ash does not meet the requirement of been classify as pozzolan due
to the high content of calcium oxide (Adaba et al, 2012).

However, this thesis work was on bone ash which is rich in calcium carbonate which is an
important content for Ordinary Portland cement. Bone ash is commonly used in industries for
ceramic production a common product is the China porcelain. This is in concern to the strength
and reduction in weight of its product compared to full Portland cement mixtures. Some
researchers have proven from results obtained from the strength and cost analysis of the various
types of cement replacement materials showed that the bone powder ash had the highest
compressive strength due to its large amount of C3S while, rice husks ash had the highest value
of C2S (Adaba et al, 2012).

As it is expected that the primary function of the substituting material is the strength of the
concrete, the most influential factor to determine the full strength if the cement is curing despite
the cement mixture invariable affects the strength. The strength of the cement mixture increase
as the days of curing increases. The variable factor is the extent of hydration of the cement
mixture while place inside a deep clean water having a normal temperature. Thus, hydration of
the bone ash mixture in the concrete is relevant in this thesis which indirectly affects the cement
mixture.

On other hand, the mixture of the bone ash- cement paste homogeneity would varies which
affects the elastic modulus, density, void and that account for the strength of the its mixture. The
Ultrasound Pulse velocity apparatus is a commonly used to examine the density and voids. Its
other application measures structural engineering parameters which are detecting defects and
assess deterioration. Ultrasonic wave propagation characteristics that can be used for these
purposes are: velocity attenuation, frequency, and energy (Udegbunam et al. 1999). These test
evaluates were presented in relative to the curing days of the cement paste in this thesis.
Obviously, the strength of the BA cement mixtures is expected to vary to amount of the BA
percentage substitutes for the cement. Hence, this concern to the relative increase in strength of
the BA cement mixture to UPV measured properties and curing days.

[Type text] Page 3

1.1 Aim
This research aimed at using bone ash as a substitute for cement mixture (Portland cement
mixture) to analysis the effect of the percentage substitute the curing days.

1.2 Objectives
Prepare three cube mould of the Portland cement mixture with percentage substitute of
0%, 20%, 30% and 40% of bone ash
Determination of the workability of the different mixtures focusing more on the
consistency of the mixture through flow test.
Carryout curing test which is necessary in determine the difference in the cube mortars
strength
Determination and homogeneity (elastic modulus, void) of the cube mortar a non-
destructive test (UPV)
Establish a relative equation between the UPV and crushing compressive strength of the
cube mortar to determine the actual compressive strength relative to curing days.

1.3 Content of this Thesis

Chapter 1 of this thesis presents an introduction on the high demand of cement

production with the necessity of preferable substitute for the beneficial of light weight
construction and sustainability of the ecosystem.
Chapter 2 present the literature of subjects reviewed in order to acquire better
understanding to construct a methodology of fulfilling the aim of this research.
Chapter 3 provides detailed methodology of the thesis with examples showing the
evaluation of the workability and relation between the homogeneity content and the
crushing strength of the cube mortar.
Chapter 4 presents and discussed results obtained from laboratory test and parametric
analysis on curing days
Chapter 5 presents the conclusion and future recommendation of thesis.

[Type text] Page 4

2 Literature Review

The following subjects where review In order to acquire a good understanding of this research
topic and establish a logic methodology in attaining the aim and objectives, the following
subjects were reviewed;

Alternative materials for substituting Portland Cement Mixture; Pozzolans and Bone ash
properties and performance with Portland Cement mixture.

Factors that influences the strength and durability of Cement Mix proportion

Laboratory tests on to determine the relative compressive strength of cube mortar.

2.1 Alternative materials for substituting Portland Cement Mixture

2.1.1 Pozzolanic Materials

Pozzolans are powder like materials that reacts with lime powder, commonly ordinary Portland

cement which releases CO2 by hydration of the cement, to form compound to strengthen or bind

other properties of the concrete or mortar mixtures (B, King, 2000). Pozzolans are siliceous or

[Type text] Page 5

siliceous and aluminous materials which in themselves do not possess any cementitious value but

in finely divided form and in the presence of moisture will chemically react with calcium

hydroxide (CH) to form a compound with cementitious value according to this general equation:

Pozzolans + CH = C-S-H

Calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H) is the strength-forming products of cement hydration (Yilmaz,

K.2010).

They are different approach for the usage of pozzolans mortar that is well recommended for lime

mortars. In application, the necessary elements of adequate practice includes, appropriate

preparation of the pozzolans material by control the dampening down to modest suction, use of

small volumes of mortar, regulate the rate of curing and protection from the harsh weather

condition are very vital.

The hardened process of an ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is by drying and carbonation. This

transition is achieved by the conversion of the calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) to calcium

carbonate by reacting with the atmospheric carbon dioxide. Other other hand, an hydraulic

mortar becomes hardened by chemical reactions between calcium hydroxide and reactive

silicates aluminates in the presence of water. In natural hydraulic lime, the reacting minerals,

that is, silicates and aluminates are supplied by the clay minerals. Where hydraulic setting of

pozzolan mixture are required, the minerals for not in sufficient quantities to reach the setting

requirement.

Where pozzolan are used as additive for any lime mortar, regardless of hydraulic and non-

hydraulic modifies the characteristics. Their reaction assist to form stable reaction compound in

[Type text] Page 6

the mixture that reduces early leaching or frost damage, thus increases durability. The

compressive strength hand density of the mortar varies with the types of pozzolan material, also

increases as the porosity reduces. Moreover, the softer the pozzolanic material, less

impermeable and flexible the mortar mixture. Likewise, the harder the pozzolanic material which

are usually hard-burned materials, such as fly ash would react to produce a harder mortar closer

to the hardness of ordinary Portland cement. An example of a softer pozzolan is a brick dust

obtained from clay bricks heated at temperature less than 950C.

Past research have argued that early setting and increased in durability of lime mortar can be

achieved by addition of small ratio of cement to the pozzolan material. However, research have

proven that the pozzolan gauge for lime mortar are not durable unless in a relative ratio of

pozzolan cement are around 1:1. The ratio produces a very hard and brittle mortar that may not

be conservative enough for usage. Similar situation could also occur in some modern high fired

hydraulic Portland cements.

2.1.1.1 Types of pozzolans

Fly ash
Fly ash are the most come types of pozzolan material adopted for Portland cement or concrete.

[Type text] Page 7

For the over 50 years now, the application of fly ash have grown much significantly with about

15 million tons used in concrete, concrete production and grout in the U.S in 2005 (ACAA20

06). The average percentage usage of fly ash in concrete ranges from 15% to 25% by mass of the

cementitious material contents. Percentage usage may be influenced by geographical location or

climate. Higher percentage are of ranges of 30% to 50% applicable for massive structures such

as foundation and dams to modest temperature rise. Recent research have demonstrated high

percentage proportion of 40% to 60% can be adopted for structural applications with good

mechanical properties and durability (Marceau 2002). However, shortcomings are to be

expected for the use of higher percentage such as slow setting times and strength development

which causes early-age strength, thus slow down the rate of construction.

These shortcomings are observed particularly in cold weather concreting. In additional, the

durability of the concrete may be affected with regards to resistance to deicer-salt scaling and

carbonation.

Nevertheless, they is an optimum quantity of fly ash required to optimised the technical

performance of the mixture relative to the environmental and economic benefits without

affecting the rate of construction and long term performance of the finished product. The

maximum quantity of fly ash will be a subjective to the wide range of parameters and must be

quantified relative of the case by case basis.

2-1 Fly ash Dosage rating (PCA, 2015)

level of fly ash % Rating

15 low
15-30 moderate
30-50 high

[Type text] Page 8

 50 very high

Effect of Fly Ash on the Properties of Fresh Concrete Workability

Fly ash of high fineness and low carbon content reduces the water to cement ratio compare to

that of a full Portland cement mixture. The other words, the workability of the cement mixture

would be reduces compared to the Portland cement mixture. But, the variant of the water content

is relative to the nature of the fly ash and other mix material. It is estimated that, there about

10% of the fly ash reduces 3% of the actual water content for Portland cement mixture.

A good ratio of fly ash to Portland cement would increase the workability of the mortar

compared to a Portland full fixture of the same slump. This indicates the flowability for fly ash

cement mixture is better than that of Portland cement mixture when vibrated. Cohesiveness and

segregation is improved with the fly ash use in the mixture. The fly ash cement mix is lubricated

the spherical particles which ease flow when pumping the mixture and wearing of the equipment.

Effect of Fly Ash on Finishing and Curing

They are significant retardation in the setting time of a mortar mixture where fly ash is used, in
other words, finishing operations are delayed. The rate of pozzolanic reaction at normal
temperatures is slower than ordinary cement hydration and fly ash concrete are necessary to for
better curing of the mixture which is a dilemma. Higher ratio of fly ash to cement are commonly

[Type text] Page 9

recommended that the minimum amount of duration should be 7 days for moist curing (Malhotra
2005). In a circumstance where proper curing cannot be provided in practice, the amount of fly
ash should be limited.

The provision for fly ash to be added to a cement of about 50% should be satisfactory but
precaution should be considered for the required early strength for the project and adequate moist
curing. However, the necessary fly ash provision may be determine by the finishing
requirement. Where proper curing cannot be provided for the mortar or concrete mixtures, the
amount of fly ash should be limited to about less than 25% ratio of the Portland cement.

Slag material

Ground granulated blast-furnace slag GGBS are also commonly known as slag cement. It was
first developed in Germany in 1853 (Malhotra 1996). It began to be use as a cementitious
material in the early 1900s (Abram 1925). They are by-products form discharge in large amount
by the production process of iron and steel. The necessity of recycling slag in order to promote
sustainability in the ecosystem as per reducing environmental pollution. This pozzolan material
requires certain properties that as quite difficult to obtain form natural material. Though the
relevance of attaining a friendly ecosystem in this 21st century has prompt the necessity of saving
energy and reduction of carbon dioxide. In North America region, the commonly concrete or
mortar mixture constitute a partial replacement between 30% and 70% (PCA, 2000).

Lime (CaO) and silica (SiO2) are the primary minerals which constitute a slag and similar
minerals are contains in an ordinary Portland cement. This means that a slag is soluble in pure
water and exhibits alkalinity. When heated to a high temperature of 1,200C or greater, the

[Type text] Page 10

presence of any organic material are removed from its content and forms a glassy sandlike
granulated material. The GGBS is a by-product of pig iron and formed by rapid cooling of the
molten slag quench by water and instantaneously tapped. The granulated material are ground to
be less than 25 microns, having a surface area fineness of 400 to 600m2/kg Blaine. It relative
density ranges from 2.85 to 2.95 and a bulk density from 1050 to 1375kg/m3.

The rapid quenching facilitate the formation of the granulated slag and when properly done,
expected hydraulic property. Hence, this hydraulic property makes it effective for slag to be used
as pozzolan material preferred for cement replacement. In the case, when the hydraulic material
is slowly cool, then the hydraulic inert cannot provide the required effectiveness to be used as
pozzolanic material. Although, the application of GGBS in form of Portland slag cement is not
common in some places (India) and experiences of adopting it as a partial replacement of cement
or mortar mixture.

Performance of Slag as partial replacement for Portland cement

As similar to the case of fly ash, the water to cement ratio content is reduced as the percentage of
GGBS is increased. The affects the workability of the cement mixture, likewise the delay in
construction and finish. However, the hydration during curing is controlled which might be
preferable for required early strength of the concrete or cement mixture. The limitation is that the
retardation of the hydration heat slows the setting time of the mixture.

In considering the maximum compressive strength of concrete increased by 55% at 40%

replacement of fine aggregate by copper slag, and up to 75% replacement, concrete gain more
strength than control mix concrete strength which was full Portland cement mixture. It is
observed that for all percentage replacement of fine aggregate by Copper slag the flexural
strength of concrete is more than control mix (Chavan, et al, 2013).

BONE ASH
Bone ash is a produce of animal bone commonly used for china ceramics, up to 50% of the
ceramic weight. Its process of production is done by removing any meat articulated to the bone.
The bones is then treated to remove organic material by heating the bones to about 1000C or
more. During the process of heating, the bones are sterilised as well. Afterward they are grind

[Type text] Page 11

into fine particles to become powder like and suitable to be used as cementitious material. The
figure? Shows the sterilised bone and powder form. (Ceramic dictionary, 2015).

A research conducted at Universit Paul Sabatier in Castres, France in to determine the physical
and chemical properties if an incinerated bone or pulverised bones. The result showed that
pulverised bones are rich in calcium were calcium (30.7%) and phosphate (56.3%), that a rich
compounds, mainly a mixture of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 and Ca3(PO4)2. A significant amount of
sodium (2.7%), potassium (2.5%) and magnesium (0.8%) were also observed. The prompt of this
research was the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis in the European beef industry
as an effect of importing of waste products have been banned by the European community. Thus
the need for alternative disposal or recycling of the meat or bone meal waste product was
established (Deydier E., et al. 2005).

Moreover, the use of bone ash would be very applicable in developing country where livestock is
staple food production and relative to the fact for limitation of cement materials. The use of one
incinerated or pulverised bone can be considered as artificial pozzolanic material. Bone ash are
force to constitute the hydraulic property by calculating them are higher temperatures (Yilmaz,
K.2010).

The composition of a pulverised bone ash was compared to that of a Portland cement
composition. Table 2 presents the differences in percentage. The similarity between these
materials is of minimal differences for most of the minerals yet, pulverised bine bone cannot be a
cementitious material without the present of cement (BS 12, 1996). The reason for this
ambiguity is that unlike during cement production, the pulverise bones, do not go through much

[Type text] Page 12

high temperature. In the cause of this, remainders of the organic materials in the pulverised bone
retards the cementitious properties.

Table 2-2 Comparison of chemical composition of Portland cement and pulverised bone (aggregate form of
bone ash) (Falade, 2012)

The loss of ignition is limited is measured by considering the extent of carbonation and hydration
of free lime and free magnesium due to atmospheric exposure of the pulverised bone (1.14%).
The alkaline property cause by the combination of K2O and Na2O for pulverised bone is 2.18%
which is low. This is beneficial considering the possible reduction of the destructive alkali
aggregate reaction (Neville, A. M. 2003). Also, the limits pulverise bone alkalinity is free from
cyanide which is an agent of corrosion of reinforcement. In addition, the specific gravity is
lower than that of Portland cement which indicate the applicability of pulverised bone ash
mixture to be a light weight cement or concrete mixture.

Performance of Pulverised Bone ash as partial replacement of Portland cement

A research study was done (Falade et al, 2012), that the partial replacement of pulverised bone
ash to cement paste and mortar. It was concluded that the replacement of 20% cement with
pulverised bone have no significant effect for a 28 days compressive strength of a full Portland
cement mixture (control specimen without pulverised bone).

[Type text] Page 13

2.2 Factors that influences the strength and durability of Cement Mix
proportion
Get from text book

2.3 Laboratory tests on to determine the relative compressive

strength of cube mortar.
2.3.1 NON destructive test UPV
Destructive test CRUSHING STRENGTH

[Type text] Page 14

3 Medothology

This chapter described the following features of this thesis;

Description of Laboratory tests on :

o Evaluating the solid mortar relative variance in its homogeneity (properties density,
porosity and actual compressive strength) in respect to days of curing using Ultra
Pulse Velocity apparatus.
o Flow test to examine the workability of the mortar in respective to the mixtures and
curing days
o Destructive test to evaluate the axial compressive strength of the mortar mixtures
using a UTEST compression machine.
Analytical procedure to determine the UPV and the mortar NDT compressive strength
equation for better degree of accuracy in evaluating the mortar compressive strength.

3.1 Description of Laboratory Tests

3.1.1 Mixtures
A parametric study was carried out on different mortar mixtures for better accuracy of result to be
evaluated on a specific mix. The mortar mixtures as earlier stated were substitution of bone ash (BA) for
Portland cement in proportions of 10% to 40%. Each of the mortar mixtures, three (3) batches were
mixed to fill three moulds. A control mix of full Portland cement was also made for relative comparison
to the BA mixtures. The

Table 3-1 Samples of adopted for Parametric Study

% Mixtures Bone Ash Portland Sand (g) Water (g) W/C

(BA) (g) Cement
(PC)(g)
BA 0% 0 1 3000 600 0.55
BA 20% 200 800 3000 600 0.55
BA 30% 300 700 3000 600 0.55
BA 40% 400 600 3000 600 0.55

[Type text] Page 15

 Figure 3-1 Mortar mixture for 30% BA substitution for Portland cement

Afterward, the workability of the mortar mixtures was examined before placing them into the moulds.

3.1.2 Flow test

It is alluring to predict the actual variables that influence the mortar mixture to attain required
wetness and cohesion. However, a flow test was adopted to examine the workability of the BA
mixtures in order to give account of the most adequate proportion of the BA mixtures. The water
content plays an important role in the mixtures in terms of the mix consistency that is the
wetness of the concrete mix suitable for workmen on site. But water-cement ratio was kept sand
throughout the test in order to differences in the wetness and binding of the BA mixtures.

The following procedure of the flow test is itemized as below:

The necessary full Portland or BA mixtures was mixed as described in section (Mixture)
Then the mortar mixture was poured into the truncated cone and then flush
Next, the mortar mixture is tap 20 -25 times with a tamp rod to prevent air entrapment
and void
The filled truncated cone is vibrated as well
Top of the truncated cone filled with the mortar mixture is flushed with a trowel

[Type text] Page 16

 Figure 2 Flow test on the Bone ash cement mixture workability

Afterward, the truncated cone filled with mortar mixture is lifted and instantly dropping
the truncated cone 20 times in a circular manner at the ends of the poured mortar mixture
less than 15 second.
Allow the mortar mixture to flow freely and settle
Lastly the average diameter of the spread is estimated as the difference between the
diameter (25cm) initial base of the truncated cone and the maximum diameter of the
spread for both perpendicular directions was sum up and then divided by diameter of
initial cone base. The result is represented

Example 3.1
For 0% BA mixtures consistency is evaluated as below:

[Type text] Page 17

Table 3-2 Results from flow test

BA %Mixtures 0 20 30 40
Diameters (cm) 17.7 17.5 1 2
Flow % 70.8 70 4 8

The result 70.8% from the full Portland cement mixture indicates the relative high degree
of wetness compared to others as the BA% mixture is increased to 40%. This explains the
reduction in consistency of the mortar mixture as more volume of bone ash are
substituted for the Portland cement. In practical terms, the mortar mixture, the lesser the
workability rate the mortar which thus gives difficulty of to site men. The setting time
and hardening time of the concrete is quicker. Therefore, if a higher percentage of bone
ash is to be used, then the mixtures is to be made of use immediately on site. The
conventional acceptable flow percent value for a good workability mortar in terms of
consistency is estimated to be 100 5% (Masonry construction world, 2015). In making
comparison of the flow test result to 100 5%, implies the water to cement ratio of the
mortar is quite minimal to improve the consistency ignoring the high cohesion, that poor
resistance to segregation observed as the BA proportion to Portland cement is increased.

3.1.3 Molding and Curing test

The main variable which influences the aim of this research is the curing period of the
cube mortar mixtures. This influences the water absorption, homogeneity properties
(density, elastic modulus, capillarity a) of the cube material and likewise the compressive
strength of the cube mortar. A sequence of moulding and curing the cube mortar

Please i need the photo for curing of the cube here

The moulds were well assembled and oiled with lubricant to allow ease in
releasing the mortar after hardening
After evaluating the workability of each of the BA mixtures, they were poured
into cubic moulds to form the cube BA mix mortars

[Type text] Page 18

 The moulds were left covered for 24 hours with a cloth to retained moisture after
hardening in regards to reduce hydration of the mortar.
After 24 hours, the mould were removed and washed after used for the next batch
of BA mortar mixtures to be poured.

Figure 3 Label cube mortar BA 20%

At this time the mortars had hardened which was then labelled accordingly to the
batch mixtures.

3.1.3.1 Curing stage

Next is curing, a clean water with a room temperature about 20 to 32 was
filled up in a tank. Proper precautions were taken to ensure the water is free from
acidic material by checking the acidic level of the water to indicate 7.
Demarcation was created to differentiate between the full Portland mixtures and
the BA mixtures. The BA mixtures were also separated in respect to the
percentage mixtures for easier identification.
Then, next the cube mortars are weighed to account for the initial mass before
curing. This is required to evaluating the amount of water absorbed by the mortar
and porosity.

[Type text] Page 19

 Lastly they are placed deep inside the water filled tank, ensuring that whole
surface area of are sink in water.
These cube mortar are left with the designated days for curing and then taken out to determine
their homogeneity properties by using an Ultrasound Pulse velocity sensor.

3.1.4 Laboratory Test to determine the homogeneity of the Cube Mortar

Using UPV
The ultrasound pulse sensor was used for two main variables in this experiment which were the
actual compressive strength of the cube mortar and the density of each BA mixtures type. This
approach is on the basis of sending high frequency sound waves through the cube mortar. The
speed of the velocity is an inverse proportion of the time the sound waves travels through the
cube mortar. In this thesis, the direct method was used in achieving the aim of the test, see figure
(3.2)

Figure 3-4 Test on the cube mortar homogeneity properties

The delay in transition of the sound wave estimates the relative porosity of the cube mortar to its
density or volume. Also the elastic property of the influences the velocity of the sound waves

[Type text] Page 20

transit. There about 25 to 60 kHz was the frequency transferred through the cube mortar (Pundit,
1990). A simplified relation for the aforementioned description is given as

Furthermore, the modulus of elasticity would be regard as common parameter suitable to

describe the homogeneity properties of the cube mortar. This is established as seen below:

Where g is acceleration due to gravity and

Example 2 Evaluation the modulus of elasticity for 10% BA mixture where UPV was measured
2874 m/s after 24 hours of curing

Mortar density

Therefore,
.
It was observed as the curing days increased which influence the compressive strength of the
concrete, the modulus of elasticity increases. This effect is shown graphically in figure 3 where
the was observed that the modulus of elasticity , E of BA 0% (full Portland cement mixture)
stands to have a higher modulus of elasticity which depicts a better homogeneity properties, that
per se adequate durability for construction. Hence, it could be agreed that the substitution of
bone ashes reducing the durability of the mortar mixtures. Table 3 summarizes the UPV in
respect to their expected durability for construction in respect to the curing days .

[Type text] Page 21

 20.00

Modulus of elasticity GPa

15.00

BA 0%
10.00
BA 20%
BA 30%
5.00
BA 40%

0.00
3145.00 3827.67
UPV value m/s

Figure 5 Relationship between Modulus of elasticity and UPV in respect to the adopted curing sequence days (day 1 and day
7)

Table 3-3 Summary and remark of estimated modulus of elasticity E in respect to the curing days and UPV

Theoretical
UPV Modulus of Remark on Mortar in respect to
Curing day
m/s elasticity, E UPV
GPa
Adequate, but durability
3145.00 14.19 1
condition is uncertain
BA 0%
3827.67 17.27 7 Very Adequate
28
Inadequate for construction, poor
2990.67 13.50 1
workability
BA 20% Tagged good - very good, but
3686.33 16.63 7
slight possibly of porosity
28
Inadequate for construction, poor
2930.67 13.22 1
workability
BA 30% Tagged good - very good, but
3686.33 16.63 7
slight possibly of porosity
28
Inadequate for construction, poor
2555.67 11.53 1
workability
BA 40% Adequate, but durability
3433.33 15.49 7
condition is uncertain
28

[Type text] Page 22

3.1.5 Laboratory Test on the Crushing Strength

The crushing strength of the cube mortar as itemised as follows:

After the homogeneity content of the cube are determined, the cube mortar is taken to the
uni-axial compressive machine.
The sitting platform for the concrete is cleaned thoroughly before plating the cube mortar
The cube is arrange properly with I side facing the compressive hammer. The hammer is
rest on the upward side of the cube mortar.
Next, the blind screen was used to cover the crushing machine to take caution while the
cube mortar is crushed.
The compressive mortar was set to application of load at

Figure 6 Crushing cube test of BA mortar mixture

[Type text] Page 23

4 Presentation and Discussion of Result

C3S and C2S are two important compounds responsible for strength. Together they constitute 70 to 80%
of cement (Neville and Brooks, 2003).

[Type text] Page 24

 References
[Jackson, N. and Dhir, K. Civil Engineering Materials. Macmillan Press Ltd,
Houndsmills, London, 1996.].
Tornsen, H. N. 1980. "The Practical Use of Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Measurements in
the Assessment of Concrete Quality." Magazine of Concrete Research, V 32, No. 110,
pp. 7-t5.
Swamy. R. N.. and AI-Hamed. A. H., 1982. "The Use of Pulse Velocity Measurements to
Estimate Strength of Air-Dried Cubes and Hence InSitu Strength of Concrete." In-
SiIII/NDT Testing of Concrete. SP-82, V M. Malhotra, ed., Amencan Concrete lnstitllle,
Farmington Hills. Mich.. pp.20)-227
Udegbunam, 0., Yaman. I. 0., Aklan, H.. and Hohm. T., 1999, "Developing a Rapid
Measure of Concrete Permeability for Use in QNQC Specifications," Proceedings of the
Tramponariorr Research Board, Paper No. 990565, Washington, D.
B. King, A Brief Introduction to Pozzolans. in: Alternative Construction - Contemporary Natural
Building Methods, John Wiley & Sons, London, 2000.
(2) According to Eckel, in the 1920s American publication Cements, Lime and Plaster, natural
pozzolans contain between 42 and 66 per cent silica and between 15 and 17 per cent alumina.

ACAA, 2005 Coal Combustion Product (CCP) Production and Use Survey, American Coal Ash
Association, www.acaa-usa.org, 2006.
Marceau, M.L., Gajda, J., and VanGeem, M.G., Use of Fly Ash in Concrete: Normal and High
Volume Ranges, PCA R&D Serial No. 2604, Portland Cement Association, Skokie, Illinois, 2002.
Malhotra, V.M. and Mehta, P.K., High-Performance, High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete.
Supplementary Cementing Materials for Sustainable Development Inc., Ottawa, Canada, 2005,
124 pages.
[8] Falade, F. Ikponmwosa, E and Fapohunda, C (2012) Potential of Pulverized Bone as a
Pozzolanic Material. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, Vol. 3, Issue 7,
June 2012.
[20] Neville, A. M. (2003). Properties of Concrete. Pearson Education, 4th Edition.
Chavan, et al, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies E-ISSN2249
8974 Int. J. Adv. Engg. Res. Studies /II/IV/July-Sept., 2013/95-98 Research Paper PERFORMANCE
OF COPPER SLAG ON STRENGTH PROPERTIES AS PARTIAL REPLACE OF FINE AGGREGATE IN

[Type text] Page 25

 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN R R Chavan*1 & D B Kulkarni2 Address for Correspondence 1 Student,
M.Tech. (Civil Structures), *Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Rajarambapu
Institute of Technology, Rajaramnagar
http://ceramicdictionary.com/en/b/4031/bone-ash-manufacture
Deydier E., G. R. (2005). Physical and chemical characterisation of crude meat and
bone meal combustion residue: "waste or raw material?". Journal of Hazardous
Materials , 141-148.
BS 12 (1996). Specifications for Portland Cement British Standard Institution, London, 15th
Edition.
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 7, June-2012 1 ISSN
2229-5518 IJSER 2012 http://www.ijser.org Potential of Pulverized Bone as a Pozzolanic
material F. Falade, E. Ikponmwosa, C. Fapohunda
Pak. J. Engg. & Appl. Sci. Vol. 13, July, 2013 (p. 82-93) 82 A Study on the Compressive and Tensile
Strength of Foamed Concrete Containing Pulverized Bone as a Partial Replacement of Cement
Funso Falade1 , Efe Ikponmwosa2* & Christopher Fapohunda3

[Type text] Page 26