ECE 427

Homework #2

From the course textbook, Power Electronics Circuits, Devices, and

Applications, Fourth Edition, by M.S. Rashid, do the following problems

1. Problem 3.1 on page 130.

Draw the output voltage and input current waveforms.
Compute the average output voltage.
Change the resistance to a DC current source with the same average
current value. Then draw the output voltage and input current
waveforms and compute the average output voltage.

3.1 A single phase bridge rectifier of Figure 3.3a has a purely resistive load R=5 Ohms, the peak
supply voltage Vm=170V, and the supply frequency of f=60Hz. Determine the average output
voltage of the rectifier if the source inductance is negligible.

rad
R 5.0 Vm 170 V f 60 Hz 2 f 376.991
sec

Compute the average value of the output voltage.

1
v o_avg Vm sin ( t) dt v o_avg 108.225V

0

Plot the output voltage and the input current for this resistive load.

v o ( t) Vm sin ( t) Vm sin ( t)
ii( t)
R
200 40

150 20

vo( t )100 ii( t ) 0

50 20

0 40
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
t t
Calculate the average output current. Then set the output current to this value as requested.

v o_avg
io_avg io_avg 21.645 A
R

Let the output current be Io io_avg

Plot the output voltage and the input current for this constant current load.

ii( t) Io if 0 t
v o ( t) Vm sin( t)
Io if t 2

200
20
150 10
vo( t) 100 ii( t) 0

10
50
20
0
0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6
t t

2. Problem 3.15 on page 131.

A single phase bridge rectifier of Figure 3.3a is supplied from a 120V, 60Hz source. The load
resistance RL=140 Ohms.
a. Design a C-filter so that the ripple factor of the output voltage is less than 5%.
b. With the value of capacitior Ce in part (a), calculate the average load voltage Vdc.

RL 140 f 60 Hz RF 5% Vm 120 2 V f 60 Hz

1
RF =
4 R L f C e 1

The textbook answer is from a

1 RF previous edition where the ripple
Ce Ce 625 F
RF 4 RL f was stated as 7%.

Vm
2
1
Vo_avg Vo_avg 161.624 V
R L 2 f C e
2

3. Problem 3.17 on page 132. Also plot the waveform for vo.

The singel phase half wave rectifier in figure P3.16 has a purely resistive load of R. Determine:
a. the efficiency
b. the form factor FF
c. the ripple factor RF
d. the Transformer Utilitization Factor TUF
e. the Peak Inverse Voltage PIV
f. the Crest Factor CF of the input current
g. the input power factor PF.

Assume Vm=100V.

Vm 100 V v o ( t) Vm sin( t) if 0 t Let R 1

0 if t 2

100

80

60
vo( t)
40

20

0
0 2 4 6
t

a. the efficiency

2
1 Vdc
Vdc v o ( t) dt Vdc 31.831 V Idc Idc 31.831 A
2 R
0

2
1 2
Vrms v o ( t) dt Vrms 50 V
2
0
Vrms
Irms Irms 50 A
R

Pdc Vdc Idc Pdc 1.013 kW Pac Vrms Irms Pac 2.5 kW

Pdc
efficiency efficiency 40.528 %
Pac
b. the form factor FF

Recall Vdc 31.831 V Vrms 50 V

Vrms
FF FF 157.08 %
Vdc

c. the ripple factor RF

Recall Vdc 31.831 V Vrms 50 V

2 2
Vac Vrms Vdc Vac 38.559 V

Vac
RF RF 121.136 %
Vdc

d. the tranformer utilitization factor TUF

Recall Pdc 1.013 kW Vrms 50 V

This procedure is the same as Example 3.5
Pdc on page 96 of the textbook. The answer is
TUF TUF 0.405 not the same as the back of the book.
Vrms Irms

e. Peak Inverse Voltage PIV

PIV Vm sin
3
PIV 100 V
2

f. Crest Factor CF
v o_pk
v o_pk Vm v o_pk 100 V Ipk Ipk 100 A
R

Irms 50 A

Ipk
CF CF 2
Irms

g. Input Power Factor PF

lagging 1
Pdc 1.013 kW Vrms 50 V Irms 50 A

Pdc
PF PF 0.405 lagging
Vrms Irms
4. Problem 3.28 on page 133. For part b, plotting the FFT amplitude is sufficient.

The three phase bridge rectifier of Fig. 3.11 supplies a ripple-free load curent of Ia. The primary and
secondary of the transformer are connected in Y. Assume a transformer turns ratio of unity.
a. Draw the waveforms for currents in D1, D3, D5, and the secondary phase current of the
transformer
b. Express the secondary phase curent in Fourier series.
c. Determine the input PF and HF of the input current.

Let Vm 1.00 Io 1.00

v bc( t) Vm sin t
2
v ca ( t) Vm sin t
2
v ab( t) Vm sin( t)
3 3

56 61 12 23 34 45

-vbc vab -vca vbc -vab vca

vbc( t)

vab( t) 0.5

vca( t)

vbc( t) 0

vab( t)

vca( t) 0.5

1
0 2 4 6
t
The current flows in diode D1 when vab and -vca is the greatest voltages. The diode is the constant
Ia.

iD1( t) 0 if 0 t iD3( t) 0 if 0 t iD5( t) Io if 0 t
3 3 3
2 2 2
Io if t 0 if t 0 if t
3 3 3 3 3 3
2 2 2
Io if t 0 if t 0 if t
3 3 3
4 4 4
0 if t Io if t 0 if t
3 3 3
4 5 4 5 4 5
0 if t Io if t 0 if t
3 3 3 3 3 3
5 5 5 t 2
0 if t 2 0 if t 2 Io if
3 3 3

iD1 ( t)

iD3 ( t)
0
iD5 ( t)

0 2 4 6
t

Seconday phase current is the sum of iD1 and iD4


ia( t) 0 if 0 t
iD4( t) 0 if 0 t 3
3
2
2 Io if t
0 if t 3 3
3 3
2
2 Io if t
0 if t 3
3
4
4 0 if t
0 if t 3
3
4 5
4 5 Io if t
Io if t 3 3
3 3
5
5 Io if t 2
Io if t 2 3
3

0.5

ia( t) 0

0.5

1
0 2 4 6
t
 iaa ia 2
NN 3 k
NN 10 pts 2 1.024 10 k 0 1 pts 1
k pts

1
iaffto fft iaa
pts

0.6

0.4

iaffto
k

0.2

0
0 5 10 15 20
k

Find the harmonic factor.

Irms_1 2 iaffto Irms_1 0.779

1

2

Irms
1
i ( t) 2 dt Irms 0.816
2 a
0

Irms_1
HF 0.954
Irms

Power factor is power in divided by the product of rms voltage in and rms current in. For an ideal
rectifier, power out equals power in. Using symmetry on the dc side, we get, for 1/6 of a cycle,

6
1
Pdc Vm cos( t) Io dt Pdc 0.955

3
6

2
2
Vm
1
Vrms cos( t) dt Vrms 0.408 Line to neutral voltage rms
2 3

0

2

ia(t)
1 2
Irms dt Irms 0.816
2
0

Pdc
PF PF 0.955 lagging
3 Vrms Irms

Irms_1
checking, PF PF 0.954 lagging
Irms

5. Problem 10.3 on page 547.

A single phase half wave converter in figure P10.1 is operated from a 120V, 60 Hz supply and the
resistive load is R=5 Ohms. If the average output voltage is 25% of the maximum possible average
output voltage,calculate
a. the delay angle,
b. the rms and average output cuirrents,
c. the rms and average thyristor currents,
d. the input power factor.

Vm 120 2 V R 5

1
v omax Vm sin( t) dt 54.019 V
2
0

2
1
For VO Vm sin( t) dt 13.505 V
3 2

VO
and, 0.25
v omax
VO
Io_ave Io_ave 2.701 A
R

2
1 Vm
Io_rms sin( t) dt Io_rms 7.504 A
2 R

The thyristors have the same currents as the output. The average and rms values are the same.
Vi_rms 120 V

Ii_rms Io_rms Ii_rms 7.504 A

Vm
Vm sin(t)
1
Po sin( t) dt Po 281.522 W
2 R

Po
PF PF 0.313 lagging
Vi_rms Ii_rms

10.22 Semicontrolled Recitifier problem

10.22 abc A three phase semiconverter in Figure P10.22 is operated from a three phase Y
connected 208V 60Hz supply and the load resistance R=10 Ohms. If it is required to obtain an
average output voltage of 50% of the maximum possible output voltage, calculate
a. the delay angle
b. the rms and average output currents,
c. the aveage and rm thyristor currents,
d. plot one of the thyristor currents over a plot of vab . Identify which thyristor you choose.

Vm 208 2 V fs 60 Hz s 2 fs Rload 10
v ab( t) Vm sin s t
Let us start with a diode rectifier to understand the waveforms.
 Vm sin s t if 0 t

v o ( t)
3 3 s

2
Vm sin s t if

t
3 s 3 s

V sin t if 2 t 3
m s
3 3 s 3 s

V sin t 2 if 3 t 4
m s
3 3 s 3 s

V sin t 3 if 4 t 5
m s
3 3 s 3 s

V sin t 4 if 5 t 6
m s
3 3 s 3 s

Plot the voltage on the dc side.

56 61 12 23 34 45
cb ab ac bc ba ca

vo( t) 200

vab( t)
100

0
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t

Average voltage is Average current, assuming an

2
inductance-dominated load, is

s s Vo
Vo v o ( t) dt 280.899 V Io 28.09 A
2 Rload
0

This is the diode case, a situation that yields the

 maximum possible output voltage. 50% of this is
ia( t) 0 if 0 t
3 s

2 Vx 50% Vo 140.449 V
Io if t
3 s 3 s

2 3
Io if t
3 s 3 s

3 4
0 if t
3 s 3 s

4 5
Io if t
3 s 3 s

5 6
Io if t
3 s 3 s

Plot the current in phase a.

56 61 12 23 34 45
cb ab ac bc ba ca

40

20

ia( t) 0

20

40
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t

Now let us consider a six-thyristor rectifier to understand the waveforms.

Let 20 deg
 2
Vm sin s t

v o ( t) if 3 t
3 s s s

Vm sin s t if

t
3 s 3 s s

2
Vm sin s t if

t
3 s s 3 s s

V sin t if 2 t 3
m s
3 3 s s 3 s s

V sin t 2 if 3 t 4
m s
3 3 s s 3 s s

V sin t 3 if 4 t 5
m s
3 3 s s 3 s s

V sin t 4 if 5 t 6
m s
3 3 s s 3 s s

45 56 61 12 23 34 45

ca cb ab ac bc ba ca

vo( t) 200

vab( t)
100

0
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t
 2

s s Vo
Vo v o ( t) dt 263.958 V Io 26.396 A
2 Rload
0

ia( t) Io if t
3 s s s

0 if t
s 3 s s

2
Io if t
3 s s 3 s s

2 3
Io if t
3 s s 3 s s

3 4
0 if t
3 s s 3 s s

4 5
Io if t
3 s s 3 s s

5 6
Io if t
3 s s 3 s s

45 56 61 12 23 34 45
ca cb ab ac bc ba ca

40

20

ia( t) 0

20

40
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t
Now consider the semicontrolled rectifier. Commutations between even-numbered devices, the
diodes, occur at =0. Commutations between odd-numbered devices, the thyristors, occur at a
specified value of .

20 deg

Vm sin s t if 0 t

v o ( t)
3 3 s s

2
Vm sin s t if

t
3 s s 3 s

V sin t if 2 t 3
m s
3 3 s 3 s s

V sin t 2 if 3 t 4
m s
3 3 s s 3 s

V sin t 3 if 4 t 5
m s
3 3 s 3 s s

V sin t 4 if 5 t 6
m s
3 3 s s 3 s

56 61 12 23 34 45

cb ab ac bc ba ca

vo( t) 200

vab( t)
100

0
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t

45 56 61 12 23 34 45
ca cb ab ac bc ba ca
 2

s s Vo
Vo v o ( t) dt 272.429 V Io 27.243 A
2 Rload
0

This value of 20 degrees for a semicontrolled

ia( t) 0 if 0 t
3 s s rectifier does not meet the 50% voltage
request.
2
Io if t
3 s s 3 s

2 3
Io if t
3 s 3 s s

3 4
0 if t
3 s s 3 s

4 5
Io if t
3 s 3 s s

5 6
Io if t
3 s s 3 s

56 61 12 23 34 45
cb ab ac bc ba ca
40

ia( t) 20

vab( t) 0
10
20

40
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t
Now take the semicontrolled bridge to 60 degrees. This is the delay angle limit of the diodes
overtaking the thyristors.

60 deg

Vm sin s t if 0 t

v o ( t)
3 3 s s
2
Vm sin s t if

t
3 s s 3 s

2 3
Vm sin s t if

t
3 3 s 3 s s

V sin t 2 if 3 t 4
m s
3 3 s s 3 s

3 4 5
Vm sin s t

if t
3 3 s 3 s s

V sin t 4 if 5 t 6
m s
3 3 s s 3 s

56 12 34
cb ac ba

300

vo( t) 200

vab( t)
100

0
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t
 2

s s Vo
Vo v o ( t) dt 210.674 V Io 21.067 A
2 Rload
0

ia( t) 0 if 0 t
3 s s

2
Io if t
3 s s 3 s

2 3
Io if t
3 s 3 s s

3 4
0 if t
3 s s 3 s

4 5
Io if t
3 s 3 s s

5 6
Io if t
3 s s 3 s

56 12 34
cb ac ba

30
20
10
ia( t) 0
10
20
30
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t

Take the angle past 60 degrees. We get an inability to achieve the negative part of the
waveform. The thyristor stay on during the interval past 60 degrees; the diode commutates.
 Let 80 deg

v o ( t) 0 if 0 t
3 s s

V sin t if t 2
m s
3 3 s s 3 s

2
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

Vm sin s t if
4
t
3 3 s s 3 s

4 3
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

V sin t 3 if 3 t 6
m s
3 3 s s 3 s

36 56 52 12 14 34
0 cb 0 ac 0 ba

vo( t) 200

vab( t)
100

0
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t

2

s s Vo
Vo v o ( t) dt 164.838 V Io 16.484 A
2 Rload
0
 80 deg

ia( t) 0 if 0 t
3 s s

2
0 if t
3 s s 3 s

2
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

4
Io if t
3 s s 3 s

4 3
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

3 6
Io if t
3 s s 3 s

36 56 52 12 14 34
0 cb 0 ac 0 ba

20

10

ia( t) 0

10

20
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t
At =90 degrees, the voltage is half of the maximum voltage. 90 deg Vx 140.449 V

v o ( t) 0 if 0 t
3 s s

V sin t if t 2
m s
3 3 s s 3 s

2
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

Vm sin s t if
4
t
3 3 s s 3 s

4 3
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

V sin t 3 if 3 t 6
m s
3 3 s s 3 s

36 56 52 12 14 34
0 cb 0 ac 0 ba

vo( t) 200

vab( t)
100

0
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t

At =90 degrees, the voltage is half of the maximum voltage.

2

s s Vo
Vo v o ( t) dt 140.449 V Io 14.045 A
2 Rload
0

ia( t) 0 if 0 t
3 s s

2
0 if t
3 s s 3 s

2
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

4
Io if t
3 s s 3 s

4 3
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

3 6
Io if t
3 s s 3 s

36 56 52 12 14 34
0 cb 0 ac 0 ba

40

ia( t) 20

vab( t) 0

10 20

40
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t
Now answer the problem's questions:

a. the delay angle

90 deg

b. the rms and average output currents,

Io 14.045 A The rms value is the same; the output current is DC. This must be the
answer because the maximum voltage is 280.9V and the resistance is 10
Ohms. Therefore, to conserve energy in the inductive part of the load, the load
current is always Vo/Rload.

c. the average and rms thyristor currents; plot one of the thyristor currents over a plot of vab .
Identify which thyristor you choose.

I choose Thyristor T1. Its current is the positive current labelled 61 and 12 in the diagram below.

Plotting the thyristor T1 current from this, we have only the (12) part of the waveform.

iT1 ( t) 0 if 0 t
3 s s

2
0 if t
3 s s 3 s

2
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

4
Io if t
3 s s 3 s

4 3
0 if t
3 s 3 s s

3 6
0 if t
3 s s 3 s

I kept track of the phase relationships by plotting vab(t) on each of my voltage plots and now here
on the last current plot. I divided it by 10 to make the plot more readable; Phase angle is
important for this plot and it shows up better this way.
 iT1( t) 20

vab( t) 0

10 20

40
3
0 5 10 0.01 0.015
t

2 2

s s s s 2
ITa iT1 ( t) dt 3.511 A iT1_rms iT1 ( t) dt 7.022 A
2 2
0 0

This makes intuitive sense because the current in phase a triggers when =90 degrees. It
remains ON for 90 degrees before expiring. That is only ON for 1/4 of a cycle. Therefore, the
average value is 1/4 of the Io value of 14.0A or 3.5A. The RMS value is sqrt(1/4) of the rms
value of Io or 7.0A.